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AS CHEMICAL ENERGETICS

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30 views

AS CHEMICAL ENERGETICS

Uploaded by

rahmatovmuhammadumarferps
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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AS-CHEMISTRY

Chemical energetics
• Chemical reactions are accompanied by enthalpy changes and these
changes can be (ΔH is negative) or (ΔH is
positive).
• Chemical reactions that absorb energy from the surroundings are
described as endothermic.
• In an endothermic reaction the temperature of the surroundings
decreases.
Chemical reactions that release energy to the surroundings are
described as exothermic.
In an exothermic reaction the temperature of the surroundings
increases.
is the total energy associated with the materials that react.

• For an exothermic reaction, energy is released to the surroundings. So


the enthalpy of the reactants must be greater than the enthalpy of
the products.ΔH is negative
• For an endothermic reaction, energy is absorbed from the
surroundings by the chemicals in the reaction. So the enthalpy of the
products must be greater than the enthalpy of the reactants.ΔH is
positive.
• Endothermic reaction Exothermic reactions
• The activation energy is the minimum energy that colliding particles must possess
to start the reaction.
• Activation energy always has a positive value of ΔH because enough energy has
to be absorbed to increase the kinetic energy of the reactant molecules so that
they collide with enough force to break bonds.
• To make any comparison of enthalpy changes a fair comparison, we
must use the same conditions, called standard conditions. These are:
• 1. a pressure of 101 kPa (1.01 × 105 Pa, approximately normal
atmospheric pressure)
• 2. a temperature of 298 K (25 °C) (add 273 to the Celsius temperature
to convert a temperature into kelvin)
• 3. each substance involved in the reaction is in its normal physical
state (solid, liquid or gas) at 101 kPa and 298 K.
• The symbol ⦵ is used to indicate that the enthalpy change refers to a
reaction carried out under standard conditions.
• 1.Standard enthalpy change of reaction, ΔHrꝊ - It is the enthalpy change when the amounts of
reactants shown in the stoichiometric equation react to give products under standard
conditions.

• 2.Standard enthalpy change of formation, ΔHfꝊ - It is the enthalpy change when one mole of a
compound is formed from its elements under standard conditions.

• 3.Standard enthalpy change of combustion, ΔHcꝊ - It is the enthalpy change when one mole of
a substance is burnt in excess oxygen under standard conditions.
conti
4.Standard enthalpy change of neutralisation, ΔHneutꝊ - It is the
enthalpy change when one mole of water is formed by the reaction of
an acid with an alkali under standard conditions.
• We can measure the enthalpy change of some reactions by a technique called calorimetry.
• Calorimetry is a technique used to measure changes in enthalpy of chemical reactions
• The apparatus used is called a calorimeter. A simple calorimeter can be a polystyrene drinking
cup, a vacuum flask or a metal can.

When we multiply this up to 1 mole of a stated product


or reactant, the equation we use is ΔH = -mc∆T
1.Place 50 cm3 of 1.0moldm–3 hydrochloric acid in the cup and record its temperature. Add 50
cm3 of 1.0moldm–3 sodium hydroxide (at the same temperature) to the acid in the cup. Stir the
reaction mixture with the thermometer and record the highest temperature.
Measuring the enthalpy change of combustion
The total enthalpy change in a chemical reaction is independent of the
route by which the chemical reaction takes place as long as the initial and final conditions are the
same.
• Hess’s law can be illustrated by drawing enthalpy cycles. These are often called energy cycles or
Hess cycles.
• In Figure below,the reactants A and B combine directly to form C. This is the direct route.
• Two indirect routes are also shown. One other way of changing A + B to C is to convert A + B
into different substances F + G (intermediates), which then combine to form C.
Worked example:
: The amount of energy needed to break a specific covalent bond.
also called the bond dissociation energy exact bond energy or bond enthalpy.

• During a reaction, enthalpy changes take place because bonds are being
broken and formed.
• Energy (in the form of heat) is needed to overcome attractive forces between
atoms.Bond breaking is therefore endothermic.
• Energy is released from the reaction to the surroundings (in the form of heat)
when new bonds are formed.Bond forming is therefore exothermic.
• If more energy is required to break bonds than energy is released when new
bonds are formed,
• If more energy is released when new bonds are formed than energy is
required to break bonds,
:is the average energy needed to break a specific covalent bond averaged from a
variety of molecules in the gaseous state.
• Since bond energies cannot be determined directly, enthalpy cycles are used to calculate the average
bond energy.
is the enthalpy change when one mole of
gaseous atoms is formed from its element under standard conditions.
• So, ΔHatꝊ [H2] relates to the equation: ½ H2(g) → H(g).
• The reaction for the Haber process is shown below.

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