KYAMBOGO UNIVERSITY

TEEM 1101:GENERAL CHEMISTRY

BY
NALWEYISO AMINA
(MSc. Renewable Energy, BSc. Agricultural Engineering)

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Course Objectives; To provide an overview and insight into some concepts of
physical, organic and inorganic chemistry as foundation to Material Science and
Welding Principles

Learning Outcomes; At the end of the course student should be able to

a) State the fundamental properties of matter, number of protons, neutrons
and electrons
b) Describe the periodic arrangement of elements in the periodic table
c) Describe the uniqueness of carbon in the periodic table
d) Describe the chemistry of elements along some periods
e) Calculate the e.m.f of a sample and concentration
f) Describe petroleum as fuel

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TOPICS
Introduction to Atomic Structure and Periodic table
Bonding
Equilibrium
Electrochemistry
Carbon uniqueness in the Periodic table
Halogen alcohol, Carboxylic acids and benzene, Petroleum, fuels
Polymers

Mode of Delivery; Lectures, Tutorial, practical

Assessments; Assignments 5%, Tests 10%, Practical 25%,
Examinations 60%

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 STUDY MATERIALS
• Jonathan Clayden,Nick Greeves, Stuart Warren and Peter Wothers,
(2001) Organic Chemistry, OUP Oxford ISBN-
10:0198503466/ISBN-13:978-01
• Peter Atkins and Julio de Paula, (2006) Atkins’ Physical Chemistry,
OUP Oxford; 8th edition, ISBN-10:0198700725/ISBN-13:978-
0131755536
• Prof Catherine Housecroft and Alan G. Sharpe, (2007) Inorganic
Chemistry, Prentice Hall; 3rd edition, ISBN-10:0131755536/ISBN-
13:978-0131755536
• Andrew Burrows, John Holman, Andrew Parsons, Gwen Pilling and
Gareth Price (2013) Chemistry3:Introducing Inorganic,Organic and
Physical Chemistry, OUP Oxford; 2nd edition ISBN-
10:0199691851/ISBN-13:978-0199691852
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 Introduction to the Atomic
Structure and the Periodic Table

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 Atomic structure
• An atom is the smallest unit of an
element which consists of a dense,
central positively charged nucleus
surrounded by negatively charged
electrons.
• The protons and neutrons make up the
nucleus which contains most of the
mass of an atom and is found in the
centre
• Orbiting the nucleus is the smallest
subatomic particle, the electrons, which
are negatively charged
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• Atoms are neutral because their number of protons and electrons is
equal. The formation of ions results from either a loss or gain in
electrons, not protons
• Mass number; The relative mass of the atom, given by the total number
of protons and neutrons
• Hydrogen is the lightest of all elements and the nucleus of hydrogen
atom contains one proton surrounded by one electron
• The number of protons (atomic number) an atom has dictates what
element it is.
• Atoms of the same element (same number of protons) can have
different numbers of neutron and these are called isotopes of that
element

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Atomic number: Number of protons present in the nucleus is called
atomic number (Z) of an element.

Atomic weight: The sum of mass number of proton and mass number
of neutron is called atomic weight or atomic mass number (A).
A = Z + n°
Example: 19K39
Z = 19 and A = 39 as per atomic weight definition.
A = Z + n°
n° = A - Z
n° = 39-19
n° = 20
Similarly for 53I 127, no of neutron n° = A - Z = 127-53 = 74
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 Each atom has a specific atomic structure depending on the
number of electron present in atom. The distribution of electrons
in the atomic orbitals of an element is called the electron
configuration. It is controlled by three rules.
• Auf-bau principal
• Hund’s rule
• Pauli’s principal
The Aufbau principle: electrons must completely fill the atomic
orbitals of a given energy level before occupying an orbital
associated with a higher energy level. Electrons occupy orbitals in
the increasing order of orbital energy level. The order of energies of
the orbital is s < p < d < f. According to this principle, electrons are
filled in the following order: 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d,
5p, 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p, 7s, 5f, 6d, 7p…

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•Pauli’s exclusion principle: states that no two electrons can have equal
values for all four quantum numbers. Consequently, each subshell of an
orbital can accommodate a maximum of 2 electrons and both these electrons
MUST have opposite spins.
•Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity: All the subshells in an orbital must
be singly occupied before any subshell is doubly occupied. Furthermore, the
spin of all the electrons in the singly occupied subshells must be the same (in
order to maximize the overall spin). It explains that electrons occupy orbital
of equal energy such that maximum possible number of electrons remains
unpaired and their spins remain parallel.
• Paired electrons – Two electrons with opposite spins in an orbital is called
paired electrons.
• Unpaired electrons – One electron in an orbital with spin only in one
direction is called unpaired electrons.
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 QUANTUM NUMBER

 Definition: Energy levels of electron in an atom are indicated by

integers called quantum number. In an atom, the relative distance of
electron from the nucleus,
 types of orbital, and direction of spin is shown by the quantum
numbers. They are divided into 4 types.
• Principal quantum number
• Angular momentum quantum number
• Magnetic quantum number
• Spin quantum number

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• Orbit/Shell; Circular path of electrons around the nucleus and is
shown by Principal quantum number (n). It indicates the value of
energy level and determines the total energy (En) of an atom and ions
containing one electron. An electron having higher value of n is away
from the nucleus compared to another electron having a lower value of
n in the same atom.
• The maximum number of electrons that can be accommodated in a
shell is represented by the formula 2n2, where ‘n’ is the shell number

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Orbital/subshell: The spatial area in which there is highest probability of
finding an electron is called orbital/subshell.
•The subshells into which electrons are distributed are based on the azimuthal
quantum number (‘l’). Also called the Angular momentum quantum number
•This quantum number is dependent on the value of the principal quantum
number, n. Therefore, when n has a value of 4, four different subshells are
possible.
•When n=4. The subshells correspond to l=0, l=1, l=2, and l=3 and are named
the s, p, d, and f The maximum number of electrons that can be
accommodated by a subshell is given by the formula 2*(2l + 1).
•Therefore, the s, p, d, and f subshells can accommodate a maximum of 2, 6,
10, and 14 electrons, respectively.
•subshells, respectively.
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Magnetic quantum number (m):
It describes orientation of orbital in space under magnetic field which
obtained due to angular momentum of electron and thus it relates to
the value of l. m = 2l + 1 (values of l = +1 to -1 including zero)
l = 0, m = 0 the orbital is s
l = 1, m = +1, 0,-1 the orbital is p
l = 2, m = +2, +1, 0,-1, -2 the orbital is d
l = 3, m = +3, +2, +1, 0,-1, -2, -3 the orbital is f
Spin quantum number (s):
Electron has two types of velocity – orbital velocity and axial velocity.
Orbital velocity is velocity obtained by movement of electrons around
nucleus. Axial velocity is velocity obtained by movement of electrons
around its own axis. Electron revolves clockwise and anticlockwise around its
own axis and produce magnetic field. This is shown by spin quantum number and
value of spin quantum number is +1/2AminaorNalweyiso
-1/2 14
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 An organized
chart that
contains all of
the known
chemical
elements.

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 MOLE CONCEPT AND BALANCING IONIC EQUATIONS
Molar Mass (Atomic weight Aw).The mass of an element atoms per one
mole (g/mol)
= Atomic Mass numerically

Mole (mol); The amount of a substance that contains as many

elementary particles (atoms, molecules or ions), where each mole has
number of 6.022 × 1023 particles.
1 mole= 6.022 × 1023 particles = Avogadro’s number Na
1 mol Al = 6.02 × 1023 atoms
1 mol CO2 = 6.02× 1023 molecules
1 mol NaCl = 6.02× 1023 Na+ ions = 6.02× 1023 Cl ions
The number of atoms in exactly 12 g of 12C is one mole
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Molar Mass ( Atomic weight Aw): mass (weight) of 1 mole of atoms in
grams
1 mol C atoms = 12.01 g Aw of C = 12.01* g/mol
1 mol Cl atoms = 35.45 g Aw of Cl = 35.45* g/mol *( get from periodic table)
1 mol Fe atoms = 55.85 g Aw of Fe = 55.85* g/mol
Molar Mass ( Molecular weight Mw):The sum of atomic weights of 1 mol
of the molecule
Mw of 1 mol of H2O = 2 (Aw of H) + Aw of O
= (2× 1.008) + 16
= 18.02 g/mol

Number of moles (n)

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 Example
Methane (CH4) is the principal component of the natural
gas. How many moles of methane are present in 6.07 g
of CH4?

Mw of CH4 = 12.01 + (4× 1.008) = 16.04 g/mol

Mw = 16.04 g/mol

n of CH4 = 6.07 g (CH4) × ( 1mol (CH4) ) = 0.378 mol

(CH4)
16.04 g (CH4)

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Percent Composition of Compounds; Mass percent (weight percent) of
each element in a compound.

𝑛 is number of atoms of each element in the compound

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A molecular formula shows the exact number of atoms of each element
in the smallest unit of a substance
An empirical formula shows the simplest whole-number ratio of the
atoms in a substance

molecular empirical
H2O H2O

C6H12O6 CH2O

O3 O
N2H4 NH2

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 Question 1 Question 3
Determine the number of moles of One mole of H2
aluminum in 0.2154 kg of Al. A) contains 6.0 x 1023 H atoms
A) 1.297 x 1023 mol B) contains 6.0 x 1023 H2 molecules
B) 5.811 x 103 mol C) contains 1 g of H2
C) 7.984 mol D) is equivalent to 6.02 x 1023 g of H2
D) 0.1253 mol E) None of the above
E) 7.984 x 10-3 mol
Question 4
Question 2 How many oxygen atoms are present in 5.2 g
How many phosphorus atoms are there in of O2?
2.57 g of P? A) 5.4 x 10-25 atoms
A) 4.79 x 1025 B) 9.8 x 1022 atoms
B) 1.55 x 1024 C) 2.0 x 1023 atoms
C) 5.00 x 1022 D) 3.1 x 1024 atoms
D) 8.30 x 10-2 E) 6.3 x 1024 atoms
E) 2.57

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Question 5
How many protons and neutrons are in sulfur-33? Question 7
A) 2 protons, 16 neutrons Determine the mass percent of iron in
Fe4[Fe(CN)6] 3.
B) 16 protons, 31 neutrons A) 45% Fe
B) 26% Fe
C) 16 protons, 17 neutrons
C) 33% Fe
D) 15 protons, 16 neutrons D) 58% Fe
E) None of the above.
Question 6
What is the mass of 5.45 x 10-3 mol of
glucose, C6 H12O6?
A) 0.158 g
B) 982 g
C) 3.31 x 104 g
D) 0.982 g
E) None of the above.

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 Chemical Reactions in solutions and concentrations

Solution: a homogeneous mixture of two or more

substances
Solute: a substance that is being dissolved
(smaller amount)
Solvent: a substance which dissolves a solute (larger
amount)
Solute
particle

Molarity; The number of moles of solute dissolved in one liter of

solution.

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 Example

A solution has a volume of 2.0 L and contains 36.0

g of glucose (C6H12O6). If the molar mass of
glucose is 180 g/mol, what is the molarity of the
solution?
No. of mol of glucose = wt (g) / Mw (g/mol) = 36.0 g/ 180
g/mol
= 0.2 mol
M = n (mol) / V (L) = 0.2 mol /2.0 L = 0.1 mol/L

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Molality; The number of moles of solute dissolved in one kilogram of solvent

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Chemical Reactions; A process in which one or more substances is
changed into one or more new substances.
Reactants Products

2H2 (g) + O2 (g) 2H2O (l)

2HgO (s) 2Hg (l) + O2 (g)
l = liquid, g = gas, s = solid

Chemical Equations; It is a way to represent the chemical reaction. It shows:

The chemical symbols of reactants and products
The physical states of reactants and products– (s), (l), (g), (aq)
Balanced equation (same number of atoms on each side)

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Balancing Chemical Equations; The number of atoms of each element
must be the same on both sides of the equation.

C2H6 + O2 CO2 + H2O C2H6 + 7/2O2 2CO2 + 3H2O

2C2H6 + 7O2 4CO2 + 6H2O

Reactants Products Reactants Products

2C 1C 4C 4C
6H 2H 12 H 12 H
2O 3O 14 O 14 O

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 Balance the following equations:

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