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IS371Assignment1

assignment

Uploaded by

myhealth632
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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UNIVERSITY OF DAR ES SALAAM

COLLEGE OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION


TECHNOLOGIES

(CoICT)

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

IS371: SYSTEM ADMINISTRATION IN LINUX

Assignment 1

Members:
1. MWAKASOKE, Meshack M.
2. TERI, Anjela E.
3. NNKO, Gift A.
4. BAKARI, Abdillah I.
5. NSIMBA, Eric M.
6. MWAFYUMA, Emmanuel
Solutions
1. Login guest
username:​ ​guest
password:​ ​guest
2. guest@guest-pc~$​ ​pwd
/home/guest
3. guest@guest-pc~$ ​cd / && ls
Linux Directory structure
/ – The Root Directory
This is the main folder of Linux systems. Everything on a Linux system is contained
within this folder. It is similar to the C:/ folder in Microsoft Windows systems.

/bin – Essential User Binaries


The ​/bin directory contains the essential user binaries (programs) that must be
present when the system is mounted in single-user mode. It contains important
system programs and utilities such as the bash shell. Placing these files in the ​/bin
directory ensures the system will have these important utilities even if no other file
systems are mounted.

/boot – Static Boot Files


The ​/boot directory contains the files needed to boot the system – for example, the
GRUB boot loader’s files and the Linux kernels are stored here. However, the
boot-loader configuration files are not stored in this folder.

/cdrom – Historical Mount Point for CD-ROMs


The ​/cdrom directory isn’t part of the FHS standard, but still available on Ubuntu and
other operating systems. It’s a temporary location for CD-ROMs inserted in the
system. However, the standard location for temporary media is inside the ​/media
directory.

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/dev – Device Files
Linux exposes devices as files, and the /dev directory contains a number of special
files that represent devices. These are not actual files as we know them, but they
appear as files – for example, ​/dev/sda​ represents the first SATA drive in the system.

This directory also contains virtual devices that don’t actually correspond to
hardware. For example, ​/dev/random produces random numbers. ​/dev/nu​ll is a
special device that produces no output and automatically discards all input.

/etc – Configuration Files


The /etc directory contains configuration files, which can generally be edited by hand
in a text editor. The ​/etc directory only contains system-wide configuration files.
User-specific configuration files are located in each user’s home directory.

/home – Home Folders


The ​/home directory contains a home folder for each user. For example, if the user’s
name is guest, he will have a home folder located at ​/home/guest​. This home folder
contains the user’s data files and user-specific configuration files. Each user only has
write access to their own home folder and must obtain elevated permissions (become
the root user) to modify other files on the system.

/lib – Essential Shared Libraries


The /lib directory contains libraries needed by the essential binaries in the /bin and
/sbin folder.

/lost+found – Recovered Files


Each Linux file system has a lost+found directory. If the file system crashes, a file
system check will be performed at next boot. Any corrupted files found will be placed
in the lost+found directory, so you can attempt to recover as much data as possible.

/media – Removable Media


The ​/media directory contains subdirectories where removable media devices
inserted into the computer are mounted. For example, when you insert a CD into your
Linux system, a directory will automatically be created inside the ​/media ​directory.
You can access the contents of the CD inside this directory.

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/mnt – Temporary Mount Points
The ​/mnt directory is where system administrators mounted temporary file systems
while using them in the past. For example, if you’re mounting a Windows partition to
perform some file recovery operations, you might mount it at ​/mnt/windows​. However,
current Linux systems allow a user to mount the file systems at any folder in the
system.

/opt – Optional Packages


The ​/opt directory contains subdirectories for optional software packages. It’s
commonly used by proprietary and other software that doesn’t obey the Linux
standard file system hierarchy – for example, a Google Chrome program might dump
its files in /opt/google/chrome when installed.

/proc – Kernel & Process Files


The /proc directory similar to the /dev directory because it doesn’t contain standard
files. It contains special files that represent system and process information.

/root – Root Home Directory


The /root directory is the home directory of the root user. Instead of being located at
/home/root, it’s located at /root. This is distinct from /, which is the system root
directory.

/run – Application State Files


The ​/run directory gives applications a standard place to store transient files they
require like sockets and process IDs. These files can’t be stored in ​/tmp because files
in ​/tmp​ may be deleted.

/sbin – System Administration Binaries


The ​/sbin directory is similar to the ​/bin directory. It contains essential binaries that
are generally intended to be run by the root user for system administration.

/selinux – SELinux Virtual File System


If your Linux distribution uses SELinux for security (Fedora and Red Hat, for
example), the ​/selinux directory contains special files used by SELinux. It’s similar to

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/proc.​ Ubuntu doesn’t use SELinux, so the presence of this folder on Ubuntu appears
to be a bug.

/srv – Service Data


The ​/srv directory contains “data for services provided by the system.” If a system
uses the Apache HTTP server to serve a website, the website’s files should be stored
in a directory inside the /srv directory.

/tmp – Temporary Files


Applications store temporary files in the ​/tmp directory. These files are generally
deleted whenever your system is restarted and may be deleted at any time by utilities
such as tmpwatch.

/usr – User Binaries & Read-Only Data


The /usr directory contains applications and files used by users, as opposed to
applications and files used by the system. For example, non-essential applications
are located inside the /usr/bin directory instead of the /bin directory and non-essential
system administration binaries are located in the /usr/sbin directory instead of the
/sbin directory. Libraries for each are located inside the /usr/lib directory. The /usr
directory also contains other directories – for example, architecture-independent files
like graphics are located in /usr/share.

The /usr/local directory is where locally compiled applications install to by default –


this prevents them from mucking up the rest of the system.

/var – Variable Data Files


The ​/var directory is the writable counterpart to the ​/usr directory, which must be
read-only in normal operation. Log files and everything else that would normally be
written to ​/usr during normal operation are written to the /var directory. For example,
you’ll find log files in /var/log.

4. The ​/bin folder contains user binaries used by users while ​/sbin contains system
binaries contained in the system
Examples:

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/bin /sbin

mkdir ifconfig

chmod reboot

which shutdown

5. guest@guest-pc~$ ​ ​find -type d -name “guest” -ls


6. guest@guest-pc~$​ ​mkdir test
7. guest@guest-pc~$​ cp /etc/resolv.conf test
8. guest@guest-pc~$​ mv test testing
9. guest@guest-pc~$​ rm -r testing
10. guest@guest-pc~$​ c​ hmod 700 .
11. guest@guest-pc~$ s​ udo chmod 700 /tmp (Will only work if guest user is in sudoers
file)
12.

Single User mode Multi-user mode

Run-Level 1 2

Action Does not configure network interfaces, It does not configure


start daemons, or allow non-root logins network interfaces or start
when used. daemons.

13.

.bashrc For bash shell. It contains commands and runs whenever


the shell is opened

.bash_profile For bash shell. It also contains commands but only runs
when the user logs in.

.cshrc For C shell. It contains C shell constructs.

.login For C shell. It also contains C shell constructs but only runs

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when the user logs in.

.emacs Contains LISP functions for Emacs editor

.exrc Contains commands for vi editor

.f​ vwm2rc Contains commands for the fvwm2 window manager

.twmrc Contains commands for the twm window manager

.newsrc It contains a list of all newsgroups offered at the site.

.xdefault For programs using the X Window System. Each line


specifies a resource (usually the name of a program and
some property of that program) along with the value that
resource should take.

.xinitrc For the X Window System. Consists of shell commands


that run whenever you log into an X session.

14. guest@guest-pc~$​ sudo shutdown -h now


15. guest@guest-pc~$​ rm *.ext​ (Where ext stands for the targeted extension)

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