Chapter 1

Introduction
Partially Edited and
Presented by
Dr. Md. Abir Hossain

1.1 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 1-1 DATA COMMUNICATIONS
v The term telecommunication means communication at a
distance.
v The word data refers to information presented in
whatever form is agreed upon by the parties creating and
using the data.
v Data communications are the exchange of data between
two devices via some form of transmission medium such
as a wire cable or in wireless form. Major
Characteristics:
v Delivery-System must deliver data to the correct
destination
v Accuracy-System must deliver data accurately
vTimeliness-System must deliver data in a timely manner
1.2 vJitter- minimize the jitter of the delivery
 Components- Data Communication
4. Transmission medium. The
1. Message. The message is the transmission medium is the
physical path by which a message
information (data) to be travels from sender to receiver.
communicated between sender Some examples of transmission
and receiver. Popular forms of media include twisted-pair wire,
information include text, numbers, coaxial cable, fiber-optic cable,
and radio waves.
pictures, audio, and video.
5. Protocol. A protocol is a set of
2. Sender. The sender is the device rules that govern data
that sends the data message. It communications. It represents an
agreement between the
can be a computer, workstation, communicating devices. Without a
telephone handset, video camera, protocol, two devices may be
and so on. connected but not communicating,
just as a person speaking French
cannot be understood by a person
3. Receiver. The receiver is the who speaks only Japanese.
device that receives the message.
It can be a computer, workstation,
telephone handset, television, and
so on.
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 Figure 1.1 Five components of data communication

5
1

2 4 3

1.4
 Data Representation

n Text (Unicode, American Standard Code

for Information Interchange (ASCII))
n Numbers
n Images ( Divided into pixel with size in bit
patterns, has color scheme of RGB- red,
green, and blue or YCM- yellow, cyan, and
magenta.
n Audio
n Video
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 Data Flow

n Simplex In simplex mode, the communication is unidirectional, as on a one-way

street. Only one
of the two devices on a link can transmit; the other can only receive.
n Duplex
n Half Duplex In half-duplex mode, each station can both transmit and receive,
but not at the same time.

Full Duplex
When one device is sending, the other can only receive, and vice
n versa..

In full-duplex mode (also called duplex), both stations can transmit

and receive simultaneously .

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 Figure 1.2 Data flow (simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex)

Unidirectional/One way

Ex. Keyboards and traditional monitors, television

Bidirectional/conditional

Ex. Walkie-talkie and few radio

Bidirectional/unconditional

Ex. Telephone/Mobile network

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 1-2 NETWORKS

Ø A network is a set of devices (often referred to as

nodes) connected by communication links.
Ø A node can be a computer, printer, or any other device
capable of sending and/or receiving data generated by
other nodes on the network.
Topics discussed in this section:
• Network Criteria (performance(throughput and delay), reliability,
security)
• Physical Structures (Type of Connection: Multipoint, Point to
Point.
• Topology: Mesh, Star, Bus, Ring, Hybrid)
• Network Models (OSI, TCP/IP)
• Categories of Networks (PAN, LAN, MAN, WAN)
• Interconnection of Networks: Internetwork
 Network Criteria
n Performance can be measured in many ways as
Transit and Response Time and Throughput and
Delay.
n Transit time is the amount of time required for a

message to travel from one device to another.

n Response time is the elapsed time between an
inquiry and a response.
n Throughput is the amount of data successfully

received from a device.

n Delay defines the total time of an entire message

arrived at the destination after the first bit of the

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message sent from the source device
 Figure 1.3 Types of connections: point-to-point and multipoint

Dedicated
Link capacity is reserved for transmission
Ex. Microwave or satellite links

Shared
Timeshared connection

Ex. Bus topology

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 Figure 1.4 Network topology

Network topology is the geometric representation of all the

links and linking devices(usually called nodes) to one
another.

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1.12
 Figure 1.5 A fully connected mesh topology (five devices)

n Dedicated point-to-point link

n If n nodes exist, then each node

connected n-1 nodes or link.

n So, for n nodes need to connected

total n(n-1) physical links

n For duplex mode, divide the total

number of links by 2 means

n(n-1)/2
Duplex mode links present in a mesh
network
Fig. Mesh Topology

1.13
 Figure 1.6 A star topology connecting four stations

n Dedicated point-to-point link to a

central hub
n No direct link between nodes
n Hub or controller acts as media to
send data to one another
n Each node connected to the
controller via a single (one) links
n If only one link fails, only that
links affected.
n This topology used in LAN Fig. Star Topology
communication.

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 Figure 1.7 A bus topology connecting three stations

Fig. Bus Topology

n Single connection is shared(multipoint) by multiple nodes
n Signal becomes weak as it travels further distance
n Signal reflection at tapes reduces the signal quality.
n A fault or break in the bus cable stops all transmission.
n Advantages:
n Ease of Installation.
n Uses less cables.
n Less complex.
n Disadvantages:
n Difficult to fault isolation and reconnection.
1.15 n Difficult to add new devices.
 Figure 1.8 A ring topology connecting six stations

n Dedicated point-to-point connection with

two neighbor devices on each side
n Signal passed along the ring in one
direction, until it reaches the destination.
n Each device has a repeater to regenerate
the bits
n If the signal is not intended to a receiver
that repeater regenerate the signal and
passes through the ring.
n Advantages:
n Easy to install and reconfigure
n Fault isolation is simplified
n Disadvantages: Fig. Ring Topology
n Unidirectional traffic(maximum ring length and
number of devices)
n A break in the ring (such as a disabled station)
can disable the entire network. Solution: Dual
Ring.
1.16
 Figure 1.9 A hybrid topology: a star backbone with three bus networks

Bus topology

star topology

1.17
 Figure 1.10 An isolated LAN connecting 12 computers to a hub in a closet

n Local Area Network(LAN) –

Privately owned network and links
a single office, building, or
campus.
n LANs are designed to share
resources among the computers as
printers, scanner
n Some LANs connect workstations
in a group called domain controller.
n Currently, LAN size is limited to a
few kilometers.
n Early LANs had data rates in 4 to
16 Mbps but currently it is 100 or
1000 Mbps
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 Metropolitan Area Network(MAN)

n Large network that connects different

organizations
n It might connect different corporate
LANs together
n Controlled or own by multiple
organization
n Maintain by a group or single network
provider
n Share regional resources.
n Apex or different showroom`s are
interconnected
n A telephone network which share high
speed DSL distributed to customer
also a good example of MAN
 Figure 1.11 WANs: a switched WAN and a point-to-point WAN

n Wide Area Network(LAN) – covers large

geographical area
n WANs are designed to provide long distance
transmission of data, image, audio and video
information
n A WAN can be
n Complex backbone network that
connects the internet called switched
WAN or
n Simple dial up line that connects a home
computer to the internet called point-to-
point WAN
n Early example of switched WAN is X.25 and
also current ATM service example of WAN
service.

1.20
 1-3 THE INTERNET

v The Internet has revolutionized many aspects of our

daily lives.
v It has affected the way we do business as well as the
way we spend our leisure time.
v The Internet is a communication system that has
brought a wealth of information to our fingertips and
organized it for our use.

Topics discussed in this section:

A Brief History
The Internet Today (ISPs)

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 Brief History
n Came into existence in 1969 only after Packet Switched Network was invented in 1961 at
MIT by Leonard Kleinrock.
n DoD (Dept of Defense) through ARPA (Advanced Research Projects Agency) represented
ARPANET in ACM (Association of Comuting Machinery) meeting in 1967.
n Introduced IMP (Interface Message Processor).
n In 1969, UCLA – UCSB – SRI – UoU got connected.
n University of California Los Angeles – UCLA
n University of California Santa Barbara – UCSB
n University of Utah – UoU
n Sanford Research Institute (SRI)
n Software Support by NCP – Network Control Protocol.
n 1972, Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn came up with paper on TCP with networking concepts of
encapsulation, datagram, gateways, end to end delivery of packets.
n Soon TCP was split into TCP and IP.
n In 1981, UC Berkeley modified the UNIX operating system to include TCP/IP which
popularized Internetworking.
n Then came creation of CSNET in 1981. Computer Science Network (CSNET) was a
network sponsored by the National Science Foundation (NSF).
n In 1983, ARPANET split into two networks: Military Network (MILNET) for military
users and ARPANET for nonmilitary users.
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n Today, it is managed by ISP – Internet Service Providers.
 Figure 1.13 Hierarchical organization of the Internet

ISP – Internet Service Provider

NAP – Network Access Point

ISP Communicate with each

others network through NAP

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 Standards Organization
n ISO – International Organization of Standardization
n ITU-T – International Telecommunication Union
Telecommunication Standards formed CCITT in 1993
for research.
n CCITT – Consultative Committee for International
Telegraphy and Telephony.
n ANSI – American National Standards Institutions.
n IEEE – Institute of Electric and Electronics Engineers
n EIA – Electronic Industries Association
n FCC – Federal Communication Commission
n RFC – Request for Comment
n How about Controlling body in India?

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