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fourier_transform

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
34 views

4chapter15_fourier_transform (1)

fourier_transform

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宇峻
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CHAPTER 15

INTEGRAL TRANSFORM METHOD


(15.3~15.6)

1
Chapter Contents
15.3 Fourier Integral

15.4 Fourier Transforms

15.5 Finite Fourier Transform

15.6 Fast Fourier Transform

2
15.3 Fourier Integral
Fourier Series:
1 p 1 ∞  p nπ  nπ
=f ( x) ∫ f (t )dt + ∑  ∫ f (t )cos t dt  cos x
2 p −p p n=1  − p p  p
 p nπ  nπ 
+  ∫ f (t )sin t dt  sin x
 −p p  p  (1)
Let αn = nπ/p, ∆α = αn+1− αn = π/p

= f ( x)
1
2π ∫ −
p

p ( )
1 ∞  p
( )
f (t )dt ∆α + ∑ ∫ f (t )cos α nt dt cos α n x
π n=1  − p
+ (∫
−p
p
)
f (t )sin α nt dt sin α n x  ∆α
 (2)
3
Fourier Integral
Let p → ∞, ∆α → 0
Fourier Integral of f on (−∞, ∞): ∞
A(α ) = ∫ f ( x) cos α x d x
−∞
1 ∞

π∫
f ( x) [ A(α )cos α x + B (α )sin α x]dα ∞
0 B (α ) = ∫ f ( x) sin α x d x
−∞

Conditions for Convergence:


 Converges to f(x) at a point of continuity.

f ( x + ) + f ( x −)
 Converge to at a point of discontinuity
2

4
Example 1: Fourier Integral 0, x < 0

Find the Fourier Integral of the functions f (=
x) 1, 0 < x < 2
∞ 0, x > 2
A(α ) = ∫ f ( x)cos α xdx 
Solution: −∞
0 2 ∞
= ∫
−∞
f ( x)cos α xdx + ∫ f ( x)cos α xdx + ∫ f ( x)cos α xdx
0 2
2 sin 2α
= ∫=
0
cos α xdx
α
∞ 2 1 − cos 2α
B (α ) ∫=
f ( x)sin α xdx = ∫ sin α xdx
−∞ 0 α
1 ∞  sin 2α   1 − cos 2α  
f ( x) ∫  
π 0  α 
 cos α x + 
 α


sin α x 

2 ∞ sin α cos α ( x − 1)
= ∫ dα
π 0 α 5
Cosine and Sine Integrals
Fourier cosine integral for an even function on (–∞, ∞):
2 ∞ ∞
f ( x) = ∫ A(α )cos α x dα A(α ) = ∫ f ( x)cos α x dx
π 0 0

Fourier sine integral for an odd function on (–∞, ∞):


2 ∞ ∞
B (α ) = ∫ f ( x) sin α x d x
π∫
f ( x) = B (α )sin α x dα
0 0

6
Example 2
1, | x |< a
Find the Fourier Integral of the functions f ( x) = 
0, | x |> a
Solution:
∞ a ∞
f is=
even  A(α ) ∫=
f ( x)cos α xdx ∫
0 0
f ( x)cos α xdx + ∫ f ( x)cos α xdx
a
a sin aα
= ∫=
cos α xdx
0 α
2 ∞ sin aα cos α x
f ( x) = ∫ dx
π 0 α

7
Example 3
Represent f(x) = e–x, x > 0 (a) by a cosine integral,
(b) by a sine integral.
Solution:
∞ −x 1
(a) A(α ) = ∫ e cos αxdx =
0 1+α 2
2 ∞ cos αx
f ( x) = ∫ 2
dα (13)
π 1+α
0

∞ −x α
(b) B (α ) = ∫ e sin αxdx =
0 1+α 2
2 ∞ α sin αx
f ( x) = ∫ 2
dα (14)
π 0 1+α
8
Complex Form
Rewrite the Fourier integral…
1 ∞ ∞
f (t ) [ cos α t cos α x + sin α t sin α x ] dtdα
π∫ ∫
f ( x)
0 −∞

1 ∞ ∞

π∫ ∫
f (t )cos α (t − x)dtdα
0 −∞
Even function
1 ∞ ∞
2π ∫−∞ ∫−∞
f (t )cos α (t − x)dtdα (15)
odd function, 0 integral
1 ∞ ∞
2π ∫ −∞ ∫ −∞
f (t )[cos α (t − x) + i sin α (t − x)]dtdα (16)

1 ∞ ∞
1 ∞
=
2π ∫ ∫ −∞ −∞
f (t )eiα ( t − x ) dtdα f ( x) =
2π ∫
−∞
C (α )e − iα x dα

∫ (∫ )
1 ∞ ∞
iα t − iα x
 ∞
= f (t )e dt e dα C ((17)
α ) = ∫ f ( x)eiα x dx
2π −∞ −∞ −∞ 9
15.4 Fourier Transforms ∞

iα x
Fourier transform: F { f ( x)}
= =f ( x ) e dx F (α )
−∞
Inverse Fourier transform: 1 ∞

− iα x
= F {F (α )} =
−1
F (α ) e dα f ( x )

2 π −∞

=
Fourier sine transform: F s { f ( x)} ∫= f ( x)sin α x d x F (α )
0

Inverse Fourier sine transform: 2 ∞


F s {F (α )} = ∫ F (α )sin α x dα f ( x)
−1
=
π 0

=
Fourier cosine transform: F c { f ( x)} ∫= f ( x)cos α x d x F (α )
0
Inverse Fourier cosine transform: 2 ∞
F c {F (α )} = ∫ F (α )cos α x dα f ( x)
−1
=
π 0

 Nice video:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=spUNpyF58BY&ab_channel=3Blue1Brown
 Fourier’s song: https://sethares.engr.wisc.edu/mp3s/fourier.html 10
15.4 Fourier Transforms

11
Fourier Transform of Derivitives ∞
0

iα x ∞
If f(x) → 0 as x → ±∞, = F { f ′( x)} ∫= f ′( x)e dx f ( x)e  −∞
iα x
− iα ∫ f ( x)eiα x dx
−∞ −∞
 F { f ′( x)} = −iα F (α )
In general, F { f ( x)} = (−iα ) n F { f ( x)} = (−iα ) n F (α ) where n = 1, 2, …
(n)

Fourier Cosine & Sine Transform:


F s { f ′( x)} = −α F c { f ( x)} F c { f ′( x)} α F s { f ( x)} − f (0)
=
If f → 0 and f’ → 0 as x → ∞,

F s { f ′′( x)} = ∫ f ′′( x)sin α xdx Similarly
0 0 ∞
f ′( x)sin α x ]0 − α ∫ f ′( x)cos α xdx

0
F c { f ′′( x)} =
−α 2 F (α ) − f ′(0)

−α  f ( x)cos α x 0 − α ∫ f ( x)sin α xdx 
 ∞
=
 0 
α f (0) − α 2F s { f ( x)}  F s { f ′′( x)} = −α 2 F (α ) + α f (0) 12
Example 1: Using the Fourier Transform
∂ 2u ∂u
Solve the heat equations k = 2
, − ∞ < x < ∞, t > 0, subject to
∂x ∂t
u0 , | x |< 1
= u ( x, 0) f= ( x), where f ( x) 
Solution: 0, | x |> 1


iα x
F {u ( x, t )} =u ( x , t ) e dx U (α , t )
−∞

 ∂ 2u 
F k 2  = F
 ∂x 
{}
∂u
∂t

dU dU
then − kα U (α , t =
2
) , or + kα 2U (α , t =
) 0
dt dt
− kα 2t
U (α , t ) = ce
13
Example 1: Using the Fourier Transform
From inverse Fourier transform:

u0 ∞ sin α − kα 2t − iα x u0 ∞ sin α − kα 2t
u ( x, t )
π
=∫ −∞α
e e dα
π ∫ −∞
e
α
(cos α x − sin α x)dα

u0 ∞ sin α cos α x − kα t
= ∫
2
e dα (15)
π −∞ α
∞ sin α
since ∫
2
e − kα t sin α xdα = 0
−∞ α

14
15.5 Finite Fourier Transform

15
Operational Properties

16
15.6 Fast Fourier Transform
Consider a function f defined on [0, 2p]. The complex Fourier series is

1 2p
f ( x) ∑=
n =−∞
cn
inω x
e where cn ∫
2p 0
f ( x )e inω x
dx (1)

where ω = π/p. When we sample this


function with a sampling period T, the
discrete signal is


n =−∞
f ( x)δ ( x − nT ) (2)

17
Discrete Fourier transform ∞

The Fourier transform of (2): n =−∞


F (α ) = ∫
−∞
∑ f ( x)δ ( x − nT ) eiα x dx

Discrete Fourier transform (DFT): F (α ) =

n =−∞
f (nT ) eiα nT

Now consider the values of f(x) at N equally spaced points, x = nT, n = 1,


2, …, N – 1 in the interval [0, 2π], that is f0, f1, f2, …, fN–1. The finite
discrete Fourier series f(x) using the N terms gives us

f ( x) = ∑ cn einω x
n =−∞
i1⋅0 i 2⋅0 i ( N −1)⋅0
f 0 =+
c0 c1e + c2e + ... + cN −1e
c0 c1ei 2π / N
f1 =+ + c2ei 4π / N + ... + cN −1ei 2( N −1)π / N
 
c0 + c1ei 2( N −1)π / N + c2ei 4( N −1)π / N + ... + cN −1ei 2( N −1)2π / N
f N −1 =
18
Discrete Fourier transform  F=
N FN F=
N FN NI ,
2π 2π
i 2π / n 1
ωn e= cos
Let= + i sin , then FN = F N , then
−1
n n N
f 0 = c0 + c1 + c2 + ... + cN −1
 c0   f0 
c0 c1ω N
f1 =+ + c2ω N2 + ... + cN −1ω NN −1 (5)  c   f 
 1
 1  1 
   c2  = F N  f 2 
( N −1) 2    N   
f N −1 = c0 + c1ω N −1
N + c2ω 2( N −1)
N + ... + cN −1ω N    
c  f 
The matrix form  N −1   N −1  𝑓𝑓𝑛𝑛
FN ∞

 f0  1 1 1  1   c0  ∑
n =−∞
 𝑐𝑐𝑛𝑛 = F (α ) = f (nT ) eiα nT
 f1  1 ω ω 2
ω N −1  
c  Discrete Fourier
  N N N  1 
 f2   1 ω 2
ω 4
ω 2( N −1)
  c2  (6) transform pair
N N N
   
  1
    =   c = F N f and f FN c
  
f N −1  1 ω N
N −1
ωN
2( N −1)
 ωN( N −1) 2  
c  N
   N −1  19
Example 1: DFT 1 1 1 1
1 i −1 −i 
Let N = 4 so that ω4 = eiπ/2 = i. The matrix F4 is F4 =  
1 −1 1 −1
1  c0  1 1 1 1  f 0   3  1 −i −1 i

We have c = F 4f ,   1 −i −1  f   −1 + i   
4 c 1 i
=  1 =   1   
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)
 c2  4 1 −1 1 −1  f 2   −1 
c  1 i −1 −i  f   −1 − i 
6
𝑓𝑓2
𝑓𝑓3
 3   3   
4
2
𝑓𝑓1 Theorem 15.5.1 Sampling Theorem
𝑓𝑓0
𝜋𝜋/2 𝜋𝜋 3𝜋𝜋/2
𝑥𝑥 f(x) is band-limited if the frequencies of the
𝑐𝑐0 signal lie in a band −A < k < A, then the signal
can be reconstructed by sampling two times of
the highest frequency; in fact,
𝑐𝑐1 𝑐𝑐3 ∞
 nπ  sin( Ax − nπ )
𝑐𝑐2 f ( x) = ∑ f  
n =−∞  A  Ax − nπ
20
Example 2: DFT
2 sin 𝛼𝛼
𝐹𝐹 𝛼𝛼 =
𝛼𝛼

𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)
𝐹𝐹(𝛼𝛼)

 DFT of f

−1 1

21
Aliasing

22

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