Introduction

Tahmina Islam
Lecturer

Department of Computer Science and Engineering

University of information Technology And Sciences

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Topic
Contents
▪ What Is AI?

▪ The Foundations of Artificial Intelligence

▪ The History of Artificial Intelligence

▪ The State of the Art

▪ Philosophical Foundations
▪ Logic Programming Language
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What Is
AI?
❑ AI (Artificial Intelligence) is a branch of computer science concerned
with the study and creation of computer systems that exhibit some
form of intelligence:
• systems that learn new concepts and tasks,
• systems that can reason and draw useful conclusions about the
world around us,
• systems that can understand a natural language or perceive and
comprehend a visual scene, and
• systems that perform other types of feats that require human
types of intelligence.
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What Is
AI?...
Thinking Humanly Thinking Rationally
Systems that think like Systems that think rationally
humans -Rational Agent Approach
-The Turing Test Approach
Acting Humanly Acting Rationally
Systems that act like Systems that act rationally
humans -The law of thought approach
-The Cognitive
Modelling Approach
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Goals of Artificial Intelligence

Following are the main goals of Artificial

Intelligence:

• Replicate human intelligence

• Solve Knowledge-intensive tasks
• An intelligent connection of perception
and action
• Building a machine which can perform
tasks that requires human intelligence
• Creating some system which can exhibit
intelligent behavior, learn new things by
itself, demonstrate, explain, and can
advise to its user.
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Major Branches of AI

▪ Artificial Neural Networks

▪ Computer Vision
▪ Expert Systems
▪ Fuzzy Systems
▪ Game Artificial Intelligence
▪ Heuristic Search
▪ Knowledge Management
▪ Machine Learning
▪ Metaheuristic and swarm intelligence
▪ Natural Language Processing
▪ Pattern Recognition
▪ Robotics
▪ Virtual Intelligence
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Major Branches of AI…
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The Foundations of AI

❑ A brief history of the disciplines that contributed ideas,

viewpoints, and techniques to AI is provided here.
❑ The history is organized around a series of questions.
❑ It is not wished to give the impression that these
questions are the only ones the disciplines address or that
the disciplines have all been working toward AI as their
ultimate fruition.
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The Foundations of AI…

❑ Philosophy (428 B.C. – present)

• Can formal rules be used to draw valid conclusions?
• How does mental mind arise from a physical brain?
• Where does knowledge come from?
• How does knowledge lead to action?

❑ Mathematics (800 B.C. – present)

• How are the formal rules to draw valid conclusions?
• What can be computed?
• How do we reason with uncertain information?
o Algorithms
o Intractability
o NP-completeness
o probability
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The Foundations of AI…

❑ Neuroscience (1861 – present)

• How do brain process information?
o Neurons

❑ Economics (1776 – present)

• How do we make decisions so as to maximize payoff?
• How should we do this when others may not go along?
• How should we do this when the payoff may be far in the future?
o Decision theory ( probability theory + utility theory)
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The Foundations of AI…

❑ Computer Engineering (1940 – present)

• How can we build an efficient computer?

❑ Cybernetics (1948 – present)

• How can artifacts operate under their own control?

❑ Psychology (1879 – present)

• How do human and animals think and act?

❑ Linguistics (1957 – present)

• How do languages relate to thought?
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The Foundations of AI…

❑ What is Cybernetics?
• The term cybernetics was coined by Norbert
Wiener,
• an
TheAmerican
scientificmathematician of the twentieth
study of communication century.
and control processes
in biological, mechanical, and electronic systems.
• The study of human control functions and of mechanical
and electronic systems designed to replace them, involving
the application of statistical mechanics to communication
engineering.
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The Foundations of AI…

❑ Are AI and Cybernetics the same subject?

❑ No.
❑ AI and Cybernetics are widely misunderstood to be the
same subject.
❑ However, they differ in many dimensions.
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The History of AI

❑ The gestation of AI (1943 – 1955)

❑ The birth of AI (1956)
❑ Early enthusiasm, great expectations (1952 – 1969)
❑ A dose of reality (1966 – 1973)
• Genetic algorithm
❑ Knowledge base systems (1969 – 1979)
❑ AI becomes an industry (1980 – present)
❑ The return of neural network (1986 – present)
❑ AI becomes a science (1987 – present)
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The State of the Art

❑ Autonomous planning and scheduling

❑ Game playing
❑ Autonomous control
❑ Medical diagnosis
❑ Logistic planning
❑ Robotics
❑ Language understanding and problem solving
❑ etc.
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Philosophical Foundations

❑ Philosophers have been around far longer than

computers and have been trying to resolve some
questions that relate to AI:
• How do minds work?
• Is it possible for machines to act intelligently in the way
that people do, and if they did, would they have real,
conscious minds?
• What are the ethical implications of intelligent machines?
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Philosophical Foundations…

❑ The assertion that machines could act as if

they were intelligent is called the weak AI
hypothesis by philosophers.

❑ The assertion that machines that do so are

actually thinking (not just simulating
thinking) is called the strong AI hypothesis.
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Philosophical Foundations…

❑ Philosophers are interested in the problem of

comparing two architectures—human and
machine.

❑ Furthermore, they have traditionally posed the

question not in terms of maximizing expected
utility but rather as, "Can machines think?”
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Philosophical Foundations…

❑ Alan Turing suggested that instead of asking whether machines can

think, we should ask whether machines can pass a behavioral
intelligence test, which has come to be called the Turing Test.

• The test is for a program to have a conversation (via online

typed messages) with an interrogator for five minutes. The
interrogator then has to guess if the conversation is with a
program or a person; the program passes the test if it fools the
interrogator 30% of the time.
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Philosophical Foundation:Turing Test
in AI
• In 1950, Alan Turing introduced a test to check whether a machine can
think like a human or not, this test is known as the Turing Test.
• Player A is a computer, Player B is human, and Player C is an
interrogator. Interrogator is aware that one of them is machine, but he
needs to identify this on the basis of questions and their responses.
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Philosophical Foundations…

❑ Turing conjectured that, by the year 2000, a computer with a storage of

109 units could be programmed well enough to pass the test.
❑ He was wrong — programs have yet to fool a sophisticated judge.
❑ On the other hand, many people have been fooled when they didn't know
they might be chatting with a computer.
• The ELIZA program
• The Internet chatbots such as MGONZ and NATACHATA
• The chatbot CYBERLOVER
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Philosophical Foundations: A Big
Controversy

❑ Eugene Goostman is a chatterbot developed in Saint

Petersburg in 2001 by a group of three programmers; the
Russian-born Vladimir Veselov, Ukrainian-born Eugene
Demchenko, and Russian-born Sergey Ulasen.

❑ The Goostman bot has competed in a number of Turing

test contests since its creation, and finished second in the
2005 and 2008 Loebner Prize contest.
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Philosophical Foundations: A Big
Controversy

❑ In June 2012, at an event marking what would have been the

100th birthday of the test's namesake, Alan Turing, Goostman
won a competition promoted as the largest-ever Turing test
contest, in which it successfully convinced 29% of its judges
that it was human.
❑ On 7 June 2014, at a contest marking the 60th anniversary of
Turing's death, 33% of the event's judges thought that
Goostman was human; the event's organiser Kevin Warwick
considered it to have passed Turing's test.
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Philosophical Foundations: A Big
Controversy

❑ The validity and relevance of the announcement of

Goostman's pass was questioned by critics.

❑ Altough there had been several claims that the Turing test is
not the best way to test a computer's intelligence, Turing test
remains the most popular one.
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Philosophical Foundations:
Some Facts about Turing
Test
❑ The field of AI as a whole has paid little attention to Turing test.
❑ Few AI researchers pay attention to the Turing test, preferring to
concentrate on their systems' performance on practical tasks, rather
than the ability to imitate humans.

❑ Arguments for and against strong AI are inconclusive.

❑ Few mainstream A1 researchers believe that anything significant
hinges on the outcome of the debate.
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Advantages of Artificial Intelligence
• High Accuracy with less errors: AI machines or systems are prone to less
errors and high accuracy as it takes decisions as per pre-experience or
information.
• High-Speed: AI systems can be of very high-speed and fast-decision making,
because of that AI systems can beat a chess champion in the Chess game.
• High reliability: AI machines are highly reliable and can perform the same
action multiple times with high accuracy.
• Useful for risky areas: AI machines can be helpful in situations such as
defusing a bomb, exploring the ocean floor, where to employ a human can be
risky.
• Digital Assistant: AI can be very useful to provide digital assistant to the
users such as AI technology is currently used by various E-commerce
websites to show the products as per customer requirement.
• Useful as a public utility: AI can be very useful for public utilities such as a
self-driving car.
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Disadvantages of Artificial Intelligence

❑ High Cost: The hardware and software requirement of AI is very costly .

❑ Can't think out of the box: Even we are making smarter machines with AI,
but still they cannot work out of the box.
❑ No feelings and emotions: AI machines can be an outstanding performer,
but still it does not have the feeling.
❑ Increase dependency on machines: With the increment of technology,
people are getting more dependent on devices and hence they are losing
their mental capabilities.
❑ No Original Creativity: As humans are so creative and can imagine some
new ideas but still AI machines cannot beat this power of human
intelligence and cannot be creative and imaginative.
Thank
You