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Module 2

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Module 2

My schools work not mine

Uploaded by

kinyuaangelo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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UNIVERSITY OF EMBU

Department of Mathematics and Statistics

MODULE 2

COURSE CODE: CSC 114 COURSE TITLE: Differential and integral Calculus

CHAPTER ONE

BASIC MATHEMATICS
1.1 Numbers
The Integers
The most common numbers are those used for counting, namely the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, , which
are called the positive integers.

Even for counting, we need at least one other number, namely, 0 (zero). For instance, we may
wish to count the number of right answers you may get on a test for this course, out of a possible
100. If you get 100, then all your answers were correct. If you get 0, then no answer was correct.

For convenience, it is useful to have a name for the positive integers together with zero, and we
shall call these the natural numbers.

The natural numbers can be used to measure other things. For example, in a thermometer used
for measuring temperature, we encounter other types of numbers besides the natural numbers,
because there may be temperatures which may go below 0. Thus, we encounter naturally what
we call negative integers, i.e. -1 , -2 , -3 , -4 , . . . .

The positive integers, negative integers, and zero all together are called the integers.

Rules for Addition

Commutativity: If a , b are integers, then a+ b=b+a .

Associativity: If a , b , c are integers, then ( a+ b ) +c=a+(b+c ).


Practice
1. If a+ b=0, then b=−a and a=−b .
Proof
Add −a to both sides of the equation a+ b=0, we get
−a+ a+b=0+ (−a )=−a ⇒ b=−a .
Similarly, we find a=−b .

2. For any integers a and b , we have −( a+ b )=−a−b.


Proof
Remember that if x , y are integers, then x=− y and y=− x means that x + y=0 .
Thus, to prove our assertion, we must show that
( a+ b ) + (−a−b )=0.
But this comes out immediately since
( a+ b ) + (−a−b )=a+ b−a−b ( by associativity )
¿ a−a+ b−b ( by commutativity )
¿ 0+0=0.

3. If a and b are negative integers, then a+ b is negative.


Proof
We can write a=−n and b=−m where m and n are positive.
Therefore,
a+ b=−n−m=−(n+ m)
Which shows that a+ b is negative because n+ m is positive.

Rules for Multiplication

We again have the rules of commutativity and associativity:

Commutativity: ab=ba

Associativity: ( ab ) c=a(bc)

These rules apply whether a , b , c are negative, positive, or zero.

Distributivity: a ( b +c )=ab +ac OR ( b+ c ) a=ba+ ca.

Exercise
Prove that
1. (−1 ) a=−a.
2. −( ab )=(−a)b.
3. −( ab )=a (−b).
4. (−a )(−b )=ab.

When we multiply a number with itself several times, it is convenient to use a notation to
abbreviate this operation. Thus, we write aa=a 2 , aaa=a3, etc.
In general, if n is a positive integer, a n=aa ⋯ a (the product is taken n times).

We say that a n is the nth power of a .

If m , n are positive integers, then a m+n =am a n.

This simply states that if we take the product of a with itself m + n times, then this amounts to
taking the product of a with itself m times and multiplying this with the product of a with itself n
times.
n
We have another rule for powers, namely ( a m ) =amn.

This means that if we take the product of a with itself m times, and then take the product of a m
with itself n times, then we obtain the product of a with itself mn times. Also, ( ab )n=a n b n.

Exercise

The population of Embu county was 300,000 in 1960 and doubled every 20 years. What is the
county’s population in 2020?

Even and Odd Integers

Theorem:

Let a , b be positive integers.


i) If a is even and b is even, then a+ b is even.
ii) If a is even and b is odd, then a+ b is odd.
iii) If a is odd and b is even, then a+ b is odd.
iv) If a is odd and b is odd, then a+ b is even.

Proof

Let us prove the 2nd statement and leave the others as exercises.

Assume that a is even and that b is odd. Then we can write


a=2 n∧b=2 k +1
for some positive integer n and some natural number k .

Then
a+ b=2 n+ 2k + 1=2 ( n+k )+1=2 m+1 ( where m=n+ k ) .

This proves that a+ b is odd.

Rational Numbers
m
By a rational number, we mean an ordinary fraction where m , n are integers and n ≠ 0.
n

14 7 141
Finite decimals also give us examples of rational numbers. E.g., 1.4= = , 1.41= , etc.
10 5 100

m
We say that a rational number is positive if it can be written in the form where m , n are
n
positive integers.

r
Let a be a positive rational number, we say that a is expressed in lowest form as a fraction a=
s
where r , s are positive integers if and only if the common divisor of r and s is 1.

−m −m m
A negative rational number can be written in the form = = .
n n −n

A number which is not rational is called irrational.

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