Chapter 9 - WAN Technology and Protocols
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1. Switching Nodes provide a switching facility that move data between nodes
2. Stations devices attached to the network
3. Nodes switching devices that provide communication
4. Communica- collection of nodes
tions Network
5. Switched Com- data entering the network from a station are routed to the
munication Net- destination by being switched from node to node
work
6. Circuit Switching Uses a dedicated path between two stations
Can be inefficient
Channel capacity dedicated for duration of connection
If no data, capacity is wasted
Set up (connection) takes time
Once connected, transfer is transparent
Has 3 Phases
- Establish
- Transfer
- Connect
7. Circuit-Switch- Driven by applications that handle voice traffic
ing Technology
Key requirement is no transmission delay and no variation
in delay
Efficient for analog transmission of voice signals
Inefficient for digital transmission
Transparent
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Once a circuit is established it appears as a direct connec-
tion; no special logic is needed
8. Digital Switch Provides a transparent signal path
Must allow full-duplex transmission
9. Network Inter- Functions and hardware needed to connect digital devices
face
10. Control Unit Establishes, maintains, and tears down the connection
11. Blocking Net- May be unable to connect stations because all paths are
work in use
Used on voice systems because it is expected for phone
calls to be of short duration and that only a fraction of the
phones will be engaged at any one time
12. Non-blocking Permits all stations to connect at once
Network
Grants all possible connection requests as long as the
called party is free
When using data connections terminals can be continu-
ously connected for long periods of time so nonblocking
configurations are required
13. Space Division Originally developed for analog, it has been carried over
Switching into the digital realm
Signal paths are physically separate from one another
Path is dedicated solely to transfer signals
Basic building block of switch is a metallic crosspoint or
semiconductor gate
14.
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Space Division Originally developed for analog, ____ has been carried
Switching over into the digital realm
Signal paths are physically separate from one another
Path is dedicated solely to transfer signals
Basic building block of switch is a metallic crosspoint or
semiconductor gate
15. Packet Switching Transmitted in small packets
Packets contain user data and control info
User data may be part of a larger message
Control information includes routing (addressing)
Packets are received, stored briefly (buffered) and passed
on to the next node
Advantages
- Line Efficiency
- Data Rate Conversion
- Packets accepted even when network is busy
- Priorities can be used
16. Switching Tech- Station breaks long message into packets
niques
Packets sent one at a time to the network
Packets can be handled in two ways:
- Datagram
- Virtual Circuit
17. Datagram Each packet is treated independently with no reference to
previous packets
No call setup phase
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More flexible
More reliable
18. Virtual Circuit A preplanned route is established before any packets are
sent
Network can provide sequencing and error control
Packets are forwarded more quickly
Less reliable
19. External Network ITU-T standard for interface between host and packet
Interface switched network
Almost universal on packet switched networks and packet
switching in ISDN
Defines three layers
- Physical
- Link
- Packet
20. Asynchronous A switching and multiplexing technology that employs
Transfer Mode small, fixed-length packets called cells
(ATM)
A fixed-size packet ensures function could be carried out
efficiently, with little delay variation
Small cell size supports delay-intolerant interactive voice
service with a small packetization delay
Designed to provide the performance of a circuit-switch-
ing network and the flexibility and efficiency of a pack-
et-switching network
Standardization effort was to provide a powerful set of
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tools for supporting a rich QoS capability and a powerful
traffic management capability
Commonly used by telecommunications providers to im-
plement wide area networks
Used by many DSL implementations
Used as a backbone network technology in numerous IP
networks
Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) has reduced the
role for ATM
21. Virtual Channel Logical connection in ATM
Connection
Analogous to a virtual circuit
Basic unit of switching in an ATM network
Set up between two end users through the network, and
a variable-rate, full duplex flow of fixed-size cells is ex-
changed over the connection
Also used for user-network exchange and network-net-
work exchange
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