Module 1(Nature of mathematics)

Mathematics

- Diverse discipline
- Science of patter and order (data‟s)
- Science of abstract object (logic)
- Experiencing/ experience with mathematical modes of thoughts build mathematical power (capacity of mind)

John William Navin Sullivan

- Famous science writer

- Mathematics is at the center of history and development of culture
- Mathematics is evident in ancient arts, Egyptian architecture, and music

Mathematics – is very beneficial to every human being in his or her day to day live.

It helps individual to develop:

 Reasoning
 Analytical thinking
 Critical thinking

Mathematics played a central role in the physical sciences for centuries, and currently it is being used by life scientists in
analyzing patterns present in animals, plants, and humans.

Mathema learnt (ancient greek language) lesson (modern greek)

Mathema Manthano (derived) Mathaino (Modern Greek)

(to learn)

The definition of mathematics does not seem as readily available as other fields, like science

Math Dilemma

 Discovered- Realism
 Invented- Anti-Realism

Pure Mathematics

- It‟s all about itself

- Number system, natural number, integers, real numbers, rational number, complex number

Applied Mathematics

- Combination of pure mathematics

- Aims to solve problem
Module 2 (Mathematics in Our World)

Symmetry

- Comes from a Greek word which means “to measure together“

- One shape becomes exactly like another shape when you move it in some way.
- Must be of the same size and shape, with one object having a different orientation from the first.

Symmetry

- Not all objects have symmetry.

- If an object is not symmetrical, it is called asymmetric.
- Symmetry indicates that you can draw an imaginary line across an object and the resulting parts are mirror images
of each other.

Type of Symmetry

Line or Bilateral Symmetry

- The left and right portions are exactly the same.

- It is evident in most animals, including humans.
- The fruit fly has only one possible line of symmetry.

Radial or Rotational Symmetry

- If you rotate the lily flower above by several degrees you can still achieve the same appearance as the original.
- The smallest angle that a figure can be rotated while still preserving the original formation is called the angle of
rotation.

Spherical Geometry

- The Streptococcus bacteria as anyway you cut it along its center, it will generate two identical halves.

Angle of Rotation.

- It can be observed that the patterns on a snowflake repeat six times, indicating that there is a six-fold symmetry.

Theory by Alan Turing

- A new model by Harvard University researchers predicts that there are three variables that could affect the
orientation of these stripes
- The substance that amplifies the density of stripe patterns
- The substance that changes one of the parameters involved in stripe formation; and
- The physical change in the direction of the origin of the stripe.

Type of Progression

 ARITHMETIC SEQUENCE

- It is a sequence of numbers such that the difference between the consecutive terms is constant. The constant is
called a common difference.

EX: 2, 5, 8, 11, 14, 17, 20, …

 Geometric Sequence
- It is a sequence of numbers where each term after the first is found by multiplying the previous one by a fixed,
non-zero number called the common ratio.

EX: 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 96, 192, …

 Harmonic Sequence
- It is a sequence formed by taking the reciprocals of an arithmetic sequence
 EX: 1/4, 1/9, 1/14, 1/19, 1/24, 1/29, 1/34

 Fibonacci Sequence
- It is a sequence such that each number is the sum of the two preceding ones, starting from 0 and 1.

EX: 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, …
0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, 233, 377, 610, 987, 1597, 2584, 4181

Leonardo Pisano Fibonacci

- also known as Fibonacci (c.1170-1250) is one of the best-known mathematicians of medieval Europe. In 1202,
after a trip that took him to several Arab and Eastern countries, Fibonacci wrote the book Liber Abaci.
- In this book Fibonacci explained why the Hindu-Arabic numeration system that he had learned about during his
travels was a more sophisticated and efficient system than the Roman numeration system.
- It also contains a problem created by Fibonacci that concerns the birth rate of rabbits.

A recursive definition for a sequence is one in which each successive term of the sequence is defined by using some of the
preceding terms.

The ratios of successive Fibonacci numbers approach the number φ (Phi), also known as the golden ratio. This is
approximately equal to 1.618.

The golden ratio can also be expressed as the ratio between two numbers, if the latter is also the ratio between the sum and
the larger of the two numbers.

Module 3 (The Language of Mathematics and Its Symbols)

Definition of Language:

 A language may be a system of words or codes used within a discipline.

 Language may refer to a system of communication using symbols or sounds.
 Linguist Noam Chomsky defined language as a set of sentences constructed using a finite set of elements.
 Linguists believe language should be able to represent events and abstract concepts.

Characteristics of Language

 There must be a vocabulary of words or symbols.

 Meaning must be attached to the words or symbols.
 A language employs grammar, which is a set of rules that outline how vocabulary is used.
 A syntax organizes symbols into linear structures or propositions.
 A narrative or discourse consists of strings of syntactic propositions.
 There must be (or have been) a group of people who use and understand the symbols.

Characteristics of Mathematical Language

Precise – able to make very fine distinctions

Concise – able to say things briefly

Powerful – able to express complex thoughts with relative ease

Language of Mathematics

Mathematical Expressions

- the “noun” of mathematics

- a name given to some mathematical object of interest
- numbers, set or functions

Examples: (Synonyms)

2 + 3 10 ÷ 2 (6 − 2) + 1 1 + 1 + 1 + 1
Mathematical Sentence

 a correct arrangement of mathematical symbols that states a complete thought

 Should show relationship between mathematical expressions

Definitions

- By defining words and phrases, it is assured

that everyone agrees on their meaning.

-It avoids ambiguity and confusion.

Mathematical Symbols

Mathematical „Nouns‟

- refer to numbers or values that are manipulated in a mathematical sentence.

- can refer to either variables or constants.

Variables

- are symbols or letters that may have one or

- more possible value.
- This is usually represented by English or Greek letters.

Constants

- are numbers with fixed value.

- They are usually based on Hindu-Arabic numerals but there are special symbols that have exact numerical value
which are called mathematical constants.
- An example of this is φ which was mentioned in the previous lesson

Mathematical „Verbs‟

- are symbols that show the relationship of at least two expressions.

- Two expressions are either equal or unequal.
- If they are unequal, one expression is either greater than or lesser than the other value.

Basic Mathematical Operations

- Addition, subtraction, multiplication and division are the basic mathematical operations.
- The following symbols are different variations of the four operations

Algebraic Expression

- When we apply one or more fundamental operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication and/or division to
these constants and variables.
- In expressions that involve addition and subtraction, constants and variables between “+” and “-” signs are called
TERMS

9x³ - x² + 5x + 1

Example:

Find the value of 2x – y when x = 2 and y = 7.

= 2(2) – 7

=4–7

= -3

Types of Algebraic Expression

- An algebraic expression consisting of one term is called a MONOMIAL

- An algebraic expression consisting of two terms is called a BINOMIAL
- An algebraic expression consisting of three terms is called a TRINOMIAL
- An algebraic expression that consist of more than three terms is called a MULTINOMIAL

A POLYNOMIAL is an algebraic expression that consists of a sum or difference of certain algebraic expressions called
“terms.” Each term is a product of a real number and a variable (or variables) raised to whole number exponents.
Addition of Polynomials

(3x³ + 2x² - 5x - 7) + (9x³ - 7x² - 5x + 8)

Solution:

Combining similar

= (3x³ + 9x³) + (2x² - 7x² ) + (- 5x - 5x ) + (- 7 + 8)

= 12x³ - 5x² - 10x +1

Subtraction of Polynomials

( 5x² - 2xy + 3y²) - (-5x² - 5xy + 6y²)

Solution:

Distribute the negative sign over the terms of the

second polynomial

= 5x² - 2xy + 3y² + 5x² + 5xy - 6y²

Then combine like terms and compute

= (5x² + 5x²) + (- 2xy + 5xy) + (3y² - 6y²)

= 10x² + 3xy - 3y²

Multiplication of Polynomials

( 5x² - 2x + 1)(3x)

Solution:

Multiply each term by 3x

= (5x²)(3x) – (2x)(3x) + (1)(3x)

= 15x³ - 6x² + 3x