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Researchpaper

Uploaded by

Jaimin Patel Office
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POWER SERIES
Sem-3
Advanced Engineering Mathematics

Nilesh R Patel (9904391259) Page 1


POWER SERIES(SECOND ORDER)


The Power series method is the standard basic method for solving linear diffn eqn with
variable coefficients.
 Analytic function: At x  x0 function is defined or (not infinitive) then it is called
Analytic function.

METHOD -1 Ordinary Point , Singular Point ,


RSP(Regular Singular Point) , ISP(Irregular Singular Point)
d2y dy
Equation form: 2
 P(x)  Q(x) y  0
dx dx
 Ordinary point:
 A Point x  x0 is said to be an ordinary point of the differential
equation if both P(x) and Q(x) are anylytic at x0 .

 Singular point:
 A Point x  x0 is said to be an singular point of the differential
equation if both P(x) and Q(x) are not anylytic at x0 .

RSP ISP
(Regular singular point) (Irregular singular point)
 At x  x0 , Term  At x  x0 , Term
(x x0 )P(x) and (x x0 )2 Q(x) (x x0 )P(x) and (x x0 )2 Q(x)
both are analytic or defined then both are not analytic or not defined then
x  x0 is called RSP. x  x0 is called ISP.
Regular singular Point  Irregular singular Point

Examples: Find Ordinary Point , Singular Point RSP and ISP.(or) Check singularity.
(1) x(x  1) 2 y '' (2x  1)y ' x 2 y  0
(2) 2x(x  2) 2 y '' 3xy ' (x  2)y  0
(3) x 2 (x  1) 2 y '' (x 2  1)y ' 2y  0
(4) (x 2  1)y '' xy ' y  0
(5) 2x 2 y '' 6xy ' (x  3)y  0
(6) Show that x  0 regular sin gular point of the equation xy '' y sin x  0

Nilesh R Patel (9904391259) Page 2


METHOD -2 Power series at Ordinary Point.

Step to Solve:
(1) First find ordinary point (Generally x0=0)

(2) Power series at ordinary point y =  cn  x- x0 
n

n=0

(3) Find y’ and y’’ then put in equation and simplify.


(4) Expand  up to x4.
(5) Take common the equal power of (x-x0) terms.
(6) Find Values of c2 ,c3 ,c4 ,c5 and c6 in terms of c0 and c1 and put in step (2).
(7) Then common c0 and c1 from the series.

Examples: Find Series Solution About Ordinary Point.


(1) x 2
 1 y '' xy ' xy  0 (2) 1  x  y" xy ' 9y  0
2

(3) y" xy ' y  0, y(0)  3 , y '(0)  7. (4) y" xy ' x 2 y  0


(5) y '  2xy (6) y" x 2 y  0
(7) y"  2y ' (8) y" xy  0
(9) y" y  0 (10) xy" y ' 2y  0 about x  1.
(11) y" xy ' 2y  0 Find series solution in terms of (x  1).
(12) y" (x  1)y ' y  0 in powers of (x  2).

METHOD - 3 Power series at Singular Point.

Step to solve (FROBENIUS Method for Regular Singular Point x0=0)


 
(1). Series solution at Regular singular point y   c k (x  x o ) m  k   c k x m  k ,  c0  0  &  x0  0
k 0 k 0
 
(2). Find y '   (m  k) c
k 0
k x m  k 1 & y"   (m  k)(m  k  1) c k x m  k  2 and put in equation.
k 0
(3). Equate to zero the coefficient of the smallest power of x in the step 2 , we get a quadratic equation in m ,
which is known as the indicial equation. Solving indicial equation we get two roots say m1 and m2.
(4). The following cases arise on the nature of m1 and m2.
Case (i) m1 and m2 are distinct and differ by a non-integer.
Case (ii) m1 and m2 are equal.
Case (iii) m1 and m2 are distinct and differ by an integer.
(5). Equate to zero the coefficient of general power of x in step 2. The equation so obtained is called the
Recurrence relation because it connects together the coefficients ck & ck-2 or ck & ck-1.
(6). After getting various coefficients then put that values in step (1).
(7). Obtain the general solution by using above steps and above appropriate cases.

Nilesh R Patel (9904391259) Page 3


Case (i) m1 and m2 are distinct and differ by a non-integer.


General solution: y = A y1(x) + B y2(x) where A and B are arbitrary constants.

y1 (x)  x m1  c 
k 0
k m=m1 xk

y 2 (x)  x m2  c 
k 0
k m=m2 xk

Case (ii) m1 and m2 are equal.


General solution: y = A y1(x) + B y2(x) where A and B are arbitrary constants.

y1 (x)  x m1  c 
k 0
k m=m1 xk

 y(x, m)  
 dck 
y 2 (x)  
 m 
 m=m1
 y1 (x) log x  x m1   dm 
k 0
xk
m=m 1

Case (iii) m1 and m2 are distinct and differ by an integer. (m1 < m2)
General solution: y = A y1(x) + B y2(x) where A and B are arbitrary constants.

y1 (x)  x m1  c 
k 0
k m=m1 xk

 y 
y 2 (x)   
 m m=m1
Note: The solution in above case(iii) corresponding to the larger root (m2)is reject for the series.

Examples: Find Series Solution About Singular Point(RSP).

(1). 9x(1  x)y" 12y ' 4y  0


(2). 2x 2 y" xy ' (1  x 2 )y  0
(3). 2x 2 y" 3xy ' (x 2  1)y  0
(4). xy" y ' xy  0
(5). xy" y ' y  0
(6). x(x  1)y" (3x  1)y ' y  0
(7). xy" (4  x)y ' 2y  0
(8). xy" 2y ' xy  0
(9). x 2 y" xy ' (x 2  1)y  0

Nilesh R Patel (9904391259)

Nilesh R Patel (9904391259) Page 4

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