

Contact No : 9904 39 1259

Visit us:
Chandkheda Vastral
Tri Angle Technical Academy Parth Classes,
224/Orange Mall, 6,7,8/ Harsiddhi Complex,
Near Chnadkheda Bus stop. Vastral Road.

C.T.M Bapunagar
Excellent Technical Academy, Marks Classes,
T-314/Krishna Complex, Opp.Kalarav Hospital,
Near Wonder Point. India Colony.

Also Available at NIKOL, MANINAGAR and GANDHINAGAR

for personal coaching.

ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

Sem-3
Advanced Engineering Mathematics

Nilesh R Patel (9904391259) Page 1

 

ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

First Order Differential Equations Higher Order Differential Equations
 dy   d2 y d3 y 
 only dx   2 , 3 , ... 
   dx dx 

Method -1 Order and Degree

Degree : The Degree or Power of the highest
Order : Highest derivative appearing in
derivative and also derivatives are
Differential Equation. free from radicals and fractions.

Examples: Find order and Degree for given differential equations.

1
 d2 y 
2
 dy 2  dy  dy k
(1)   y   sin x (2) cos  2   sin x    8y  tan x (3) y  x 
 dx   dx   dx  dx  dy 
 dx 
 
1 1 1
d y   dy   4
2 5
 d y   d y   dy   dy  5  d y  7
3 2 10 2 3 2
(4)  3    2      y 10  1 (5)  y     (6)     2 
 dx   dx   dx  dx 2   dx    dx   dx 

Method -2 General Solution of equations  Equation  Differential Equation 

 Remove arbitrary constant from the  A number of arbitrary constants = Order of the
equation. differential equation.
Examples: Form differential equations from given equations.
(1) y  ae2x  be3x (2) y  Acos 2x  Bsin 2x (3) y  acos(nx  b)
(4)y  Ae2x  be2x (5)y  ex  Acos x  Bsin x  (6)y  mx  c

Method -3 Particular Solution of Differential Equations

 Differential Equation  Equation 
 Order of the differential equation = A number of
 Remove Differentiation from the equation.
arbitrary constants
Examples: Form differential equations from given equations.
d2 y dy dy d2 y
(1) 0 (2) x (3) 0 (4) Show that  y  0 is solution of y  A cos x  Bsin x.
dx2 dx dx dx2

First Order Differential Equations  only dy 

 dx 

 Solution of Differential equation of First Order and First Degree.

Here We have Four (1) Variable Separable Method and Special

Examples
method to solve (2) Homogeneous Differential Equations.
differential equation of (3) Linear Differential Equations and Bernoulli
Equation.
first order and degree (4) Exact Differential Equations and Non-
exact differential equations.
Nilesh R Patel (9904391259) Page 2
 

Method -1 Variable Separable Method

Solution:  f (x) dx   g(y) dy  c or log c

Equation Form: f(x) dx  g(y) dy  0
where c  arbitry constant

Examples: Solve Differential Equations by Variable separable method.

(1) xy '  y 2  y (2) 9yy ' 4x  0 (3) xy ' y  0 with y(2)  2
dy
(4) xy  1  x  y  xy (5) y '  e x  y  x 2 e  y (6) y 'tan y  sin(x  y)  sin(x  y)
dx
(7) (x  y 2 x)dx  (y  x 2 y)dy (8) x 1  y 2 dx  y 1  x 2 dy  0 (9) x 2 (y  1)dx  y 2 (x  1)dy  0

Special Examples:
dy dy dy
  4x  y  1  e x y
2
(1)  cos x.cos y  sin x.sin y
(2) (3) 1 
dx dx dx
dy  dy   dy 
(4) (x  y)(dx  dy)  dx  dy (5)  sin(x  y)  cos(x  y) (6) (x  y)2  x  y   xy 1  
dx  dx   dx 

Method -2 Homogeneous Differential Equations.

Equation Form:
dy f (x, y) Solution:
(i)  , if f (x, y) & g(x, y) are
dx g(x, y) dy dv
Put y = vx then =v+x
hom ogeneous function dx dx
of same deg ree in x & y.  put above values in equation and
y then solve by variable seprable method .
(or) Equation in terms of
x

dx f (x, y)
(ii)  , if f (x, y) & g(x, y) are
dy g(x, y) Solution:
hom ogeneous function dx dv
Put x = v y then =v+y
of same deg ree in x & y. dy dy
x  put above values in equation and
(or) Equation in terms of
y then solve by variable seprable method .

Examples: Solve Differential Equations.

dy dy
(1) y  x  xy (2) (x 2  y 2 )dx  2xydy  0 (3) xydx  (x 2  y 2 )dy  0
dx dx
(4) y 2 dx  (xy  x 2 )dy  0 (5) (3x 2  y 2 )dy  (x 2  3y 2 )dx  0 (6) x(x  y)dy  y(x  y)dx
 y y y
(7) xdy  ydx  x 2  y 2 dx (8) x dy  y  log y  log x  1 (9)  x tan  y sec 2  dx  x sec2 dy  0
 x x  x
 y  dy y  x
 x
 x dy y y
(10) x cos    y cos    x (11)  1  e y  dx  e y  1   dy  0 (12)   tan
 x  dx x    y dx x x
 

Nilesh R Patel (9904391259) Page 3

 

Method -3 (i) Linear Differential Equations.

Solution:
Equation Form:
Find Integrating factor  (I.F)  e 
P(x) dx
dy
(i)  P(x) y  Q(x)
dx solution  y(I.F)   Q(x).(I.F)dx  c or log c
Solution:
Find Integrating factor  (I.F)  e 
dx P(y ) dy
(ii)  P(y) x  Q(y)
dy
solution  x(I.F)   Q(y).(I.F)dy  c or log c
Examples: Solve Differential Equations.
dy dy
(1) yx (2) (1  y 2 )dx  (x  tan 1 y)dy  0 (3)  y tan 2x  sin 2x
dx dx
e 2x
1 3
dy
(4) x 2
 y  6x e
2 x
(5) y ' y sin x  e cos x
(6) y ' 6x y  2 , y(1)  0
2

dx x
dy dy 1
(7) (e  y sec 2 y  x)dy  dx (8) cos 2 x  y  tan x (9) (1  x 2 )  y  e tan x
dx dx
Method -3 (ii) Bernoulli Equations.(Non-Linear Equation)
Equation Form: Solution:
 First keep Q(x) free from f (y).
1 dy y
  P(x)  Q(x)
f (y) dx f (y)
y
dy  Now,  v and then take differentiation both side.
(i)  P(x) y  Q(x) f (y) f (y)
dx  Put above values in equation
 Now, equation became linear Diff equation in
form of v and x.

 Find I.F  e 
P(x)dx

 Solution v(I.F)   Q(x).(I.F) dx  c or log c

 First keep Q(y) free from f (x).
1 dx x
  P(y)  Q(y)
f (x) dy f (x)
x
 Now,  v and then take differentiation both side.
f (x)
dx
(ii)  P(y) x  Q(y) f (x)  Put above values in equation
dy
 Now, equation became linear Diff equation in
form of v and y.

 Find I.F  e 
P(y )dy

 Solution v(I.F)   Q(y).(I.F) dy  c or log c

Examples: Solve Differential Equations.
dy 1 ey dy tan y dy
(1)   (2)   (1  x)e x sec y (3)  2y tan x  y 2 tan 2 x
dx x x2 dx 1  x dx
dy dy y y dy y3
(4) x
dx
 y log y  xye x (5)  log y  2 (log y) 2
dx x
(6) 
dx e2x  y 2
I.M.P 
x
Nilesh R Patel (9904391259) Page 4
 

Method -4 (A) Exact Differential Equations.

Equation Form: Solution:
M N
 Condition for exact  =
M(x, y) dx  N(x, y) dy  0 y x
 Solution : 
y=constant
M dx  
free from ' x '
N dy  c or log c

Examples: Solve Differential Equations.

(1) (x  1)e x  e y  dx  xe y dy  0 , y(1)  0 (2) (sin x  xcos y  x)dy  (y cos x  sin y  y)dx  0
x dy  y dx
(3) yex dx  (2y  e x )dy  0 , y(0)  1 (4) xdx  ydy  0
x2  y 2
 x
 x
 x   1 
(5) 1  e  dx  e
y y
1  y  dy  0 (6)  y  1    cos y  dx  x  log x  xsin y dy  0
      x 

Method -4 (B) Non-Exact Differential Equations.

Equation Form: M N
Condition for Non  Exact  
M(x, y) dx  N(x, y) dy  0 y x
Here, We have total 4 cases for Non-Exact Differential Equations.
Equation Form: Solution: How to solve:
Case (i) 1
 Find I.F 
M(x, y) dx  N(x, y) dy  0 Mx  Ny
Given equation is Homogeneous *For All cases *
Case (ii) 1  I.F  Equation 
 Find I.F 
f1 (x, y)y dx  f2 (x, y) xdy  0 Mx  Ny  then New equation
1  M N  M* dx  N* dy  0 is Exact
Case (iii)  Find     f(x) only.
N  y x   Solution :
M(x, y) dx  N(x, y) dy  0
 then I.F  e   
f (x) dx
M* dx  N* dy  c
1  N M  y=constant free from ' x '

Case (iv)  Find     f(y) only.

M  x y 
M(x, y) dx  N(x, y) dy  0
 then I.F  e
f (y) dy

Examples: Solve Differential Equations.

 x
 y 
x
x
(1) x ydx  (x  xy )dy  0
2 3 2
(2)  1  e  dx  e  1   dy  0
y
   y
 
(3) (x 2 y  2xy 2 )dx   x 3  3x 2 y  dy  0 (4) y(1  xy)dx  x(1  xy  x 2 y 2 )dy  0
(5) (xy sin xy  cos xy)y dx  (xy sin xy  cos xy)x dy  0
(6) (x 3 y 3  x 2 y 2  xy  1)y dx  (x 3 y 3  x 2 y 2  xy  1) x dy  0
 y 3 x2 
  dx   x  xy 2  dy  0
1
(7) (x 2  y 2  1)dx  x(x  2y)dy  0 (8)  y 
 3 2  4
 2 1

(9)  xy  e x3
 dx  x y dy  0
2
(10)  xy 3  y  dx  2  x 2 y 2  x  y 4  dy  0

 
(11)  y 4  2y  dx   xy 3  2y 4  4x  dy  0 (12)  xy 2  x 2  dx   3x 2 y 2  x 2 y  2x 3  y 2  dy  0

Nilesh R Patel (9904391259) Page 5

 
Method -5 Orthogonal Trajectories.
Step to Solve
(i) Give the eq no. (i) to the Given curve.
(ii) Take diff w.r.t.x of given curve then give
eq(ii).
(I) Cartesian curves. f (x, y) (iii) Eliminate arbitrary constant by using eq(i) and
eq(ii).
dy dx
(iv) Replace by  then solve that eq.
dx dy
Examples: Find orthogonal trajectory for given curve.
(1) x 2  y 2  c2 (2) xy  c (3)y  x 2  c (4)y  axn
2
 dy  a
(5)    (6)x  4y  c (7)y  ce x (8)y  a  sec x  tan x 
 dx  x
Step to Solve
(i) Give the eq no. (i) to the Given curve.
(ii) Take diff w.r.t.  of given curve then give
(II) Polar curves. f(r, )
eq(ii).
(iii) Eliminate arbitrary constant by using eq(i) and
eq(ii).
dr d
(iv) Replace by r 2 then solve that eq.
d dr
Examples: Find orthogonal trajectory for given curve.
(1) r  a(1  sin  ) (2)r  a(1  cos  ) (3)r n  a n cos n
(4) r  1  sin  (5)r  a cos  (6) r  a sin 

Higher Order Differential Equations  d y , d y , .... 

2 3

2
 dx dx 3 
Method -1 Linearly Dependent and Independent
y1 y 2
Wronski Determinate (W) 
 Given Function y 1 , y 2 y1 ' y 2 '
 then find y 1 ' and y 2 '.  if W  0 then Linearly Dependent.
 if W  0 then Linearly Independent.
Examples: Check Given functions are LD or LI?
(1) W(1,e x ,e  x ) (2)W(e x ,e  x ,cosh x) (3)W(e x , xe x ,e 4x ) (4)W  sin x,ex sin x,e x cos x 
Note:
d2 y dy
2
 P(x)  Q(x)y  R(x)  Second order Linear Differential equation.
dx dx
d2 y dy
2
 P(x)  Q(x)y  0  Second order Linear Homogeneous Differential equation.
dx dx
Second Order Linear Homogeneous Differential equations with
constant coefficients.
 Auxiliary equation.(A.E)
Equation Form: m 2  am  b  0
y'' ay' b  0 5 a  a 2  4b
 then find m1 ,m 2 
2

Nilesh R Patel (9904391259) Page 6

 
Case(1) Case(2) Case(3)
m1  m 2  Re al and Distinct  m1  m 2  Re al and Same  m  p  i q  Complex form 
Ans  y  c1em1x  c2 em2x Ans  y   c1  c 2 x  em1x Ans  y  epx  c1 cosqx  c 2 sinqx 

Ex. Ex. Ex.

(1) m  2, 3 (1) m  3, 3 (1)m  3  2i
Ans  y  c1e2x  c2 e 3x Ans  y   c1  c2 x  e3x Ans  y  e 3x  c1 cos 2x  c 2 sin 2x 
(2) m  2, 3, 4,5 (2) m  2, 2, 2, 2 (2)m   i
Ans  y  c1e 2x
 c2 e  c3e
3x 4x
 c4e 5x
Ans  y   c1  c2 x  c3 x  c4 x  e
2 3 2x
Ans  y  c1 cos x  c 2 sin x

Second Order Linear Non-Homogeneous Differential equations.

General Solution (y) = Complementary function (yc) + Particular integral (yp)
 yc has above three cases.
 y p  Particular solution.  For that Remember below theorem .
d
Theorem(1).  D f (x)  f (x)
dx
1
Theorem(2) 
D
f (x)   f (x) dx
1 1
Theorem(3)(i) 
Da
 f (x)  eax  e ax f (x) dx (ii) 
Da
 f (x)  e  ax  eax f (x) dx

1 ax 1 ax
Theorem(4)  e  e  f (a)  0 
f (D) f (a)
1 ax x ax
 e  e  f (a)  0 
f (D) f '(a)

Theorem(5) 
1
f (D )2
sin ax OR cos ax 
1
f ( a 2 )
sin ax OR cos ax  f  a 2   0  

1
2
f (D )
sin ax OR cos ax 
x
f '( a )
2
sin ax OR cos ax  f  a 2   0  
1 m 1
xm  1   (D) xm
1
Theorem(6)  x 
f (D) 1   (D)
n(n  1) 2 n(n  1)(n  2) 3
Binomial Theorem  (1  x)n  1  nx  x  x  ...
2! 3!
 (1  x)1  1  x  x 2  x 3  x4  x5  ...
 (1  x)1  1  x  x 2  x 3  x 4  x 5  ...
 (1  x)2  1  2x  3x 2  4x 3  5x 4  6x 5  ...
 (1  x)2  1  2x  3x 2  4x 3  5x 4  6x 5  ...

1 ax 1
Theorem(7)  e f (x)  eax f (x)
f (D) f (D  a)

1 1 f '(D)
Theorem(8)  x f (x)  x f (x)  f (x)
f (D)
2
f (D) f (D)

Nilesh R Patel (9904391259) Page 7

 

METHOD-2
Examples:
(1) Solve. y " 5y ' 6y  0 , y(1)  e 2 , y '(1)  3e 2 .
 
(2) Solve. y " 2y ' 2y  0 , y(0)  1 , y    0.
2
(3) Solve. y"'  y " 100y ' 100y  0 , y(0)  4 , y '(0)  11 , y "(0)  299.
d4 y d2 y
(4) Solve.  18 2  81y  0.
dx 4 dx
(5) Solve.  D  2D3  2D  1  y  0.
4

D  1 D  D  1 y  0.
3 2
2 2
(6) Solve.
(7) Solve. D 4
 D3  9D2  11D  4  y  0.
e2x
(8) Solve. D2 y  4Dy  4y 
x5
e2x
(9) Solve.  D  4D  4  y  2
2

x
(10) Solve. y"' 3y " 3y ' y  4e x
(11) Solve. (D  1)2 y  cosh x
(12) Solve.  D3  5D2  7D  3  y  e 2x cosh x
(13) Solve. y " 3y ' 2y  20cos 2x
(14) Solve.  D  2a D  a  y  cos ax
4 2 2 4

(15) Solve.  D  4  y  sin x

2 2

(16) Solve.  D  1 y  sinx.sin 2x

2

(17) Solve. y"' 2y " y  cos x  e 2x  log 2

(18) Solve.  D3  D2  6D  y  x 2  1
(19) Solve. y " 2y ' 5y  5x 3  6x 2  6x
(20) Solve.  D4  2D3  3D2  y  x 2  sin x
(21) Solve. y " 4y  8e 2x  4x 2  2 , y(0)  y '(0)  2.
(22) Solve.  D2  1 y  cosh x.cos x
d2 y dy x
(23) Solve. 3  2y  2e x cos  
 2
2
dx dx
(24) Solve.  D  D  3D  5  y  e cos 3x
3 2 x

(25) Solve.  D  6D  13  y  8e sin 4x  2

2 3x x

(26) Solve.  D  9  y  x.sin x

2

(27) Solve.  D  1 y  x.cos x

4

(28) Solve.  D  2D  1 y  x.e .sin x

2 x

(29) Solve. y " 4y ' 4y  e 2x x cos 2 x

(30) Solve. y " y  e x  cos x  x

Nilesh R Patel (9904391259) Page 8

 
Method -3 Reduction of order method
Equation  one solution  Find Second solution
Solution:
Equation Form:  Second solution  y 2  u y1
1   P(x) dx
 y" P(x)y' Q(x)y  0 where u   e dx
y 12
 one solution  y1
 General Solution :y  c1 y1  c2 y 2
Examples:
sinx
(1) Find the second LI solution and general solution of xy"+ 2 y'+ xy = 0 given that y 1 =
x
(2) Find the second LI solution and general solution of x y " xy ' y  0 given that y 1  x
2

1
(3) Find the second LI solution and general solution of x 2 y " 3xy ' y  0 given that y1 
x
(4) Find the second LI solution and general solution of x y " 4xy ' 6y  0 given that y 1  x 2
2

(5) Find the second LI solution and general solution of y " 6y ' 9y  0 given that y 1  e 3x
Method -4 The Method Of Undetermined Coefficients
Equation Form:
y" P(x)y' Q(x)y  R(x)

No. Term in R(x) Choice of Particular integral(yp)

1 eax y p  A eax

sin ax
2 yp = A sinax + b cosax
or cos ax

3 x5 yp = A + Bx + Cx2 + Dx3 + Ex4 + Fx5

eax sin(bx  c)
4 y p  Aeax sin(bx  c)  Beax cos(bx  c)
or e cos(bx  c)
ax

5 x4eax y p  Aeax  Beax x  Ceax x 2  Deax x 3  Eeax x 4

6 eax  sinbx  x2 y p  Aeax  Bsin bx  Ccosbx  Dx 2  Ex  F

Note: Duplication in yc and yp

(1) If yes then change yp and multiply yp with x.
(2) If no then consider yp as y for simplification.

Examples: Solve by undetermined coefficient method.

(1) y" 4y  2sin 3x
(2) y" 4y  8x 2
(3) y" 2y ' 10y  25x 2  3
(4) y"' 3y" 3y ' y  30e  x , y(0)  3, y '(0)  3, y"(0)  47
(5) y" y ' 6y  6x  3x 2  6x 3
(6) (D2  1)y  12 cos 2 x

Nilesh R Patel (9904391259) Page 9

 

Method -5 The Method Of Variation of Parameter

Solution:
 C.F for given equation yc  c1y1  c2y 2
 P.I for given equation y p  uy 2  vy1
Equation form:(Second Order)
y1R(x) y R(x)
where u   dx and v   2 dx
W W
y" P(x)y' Q(x)y  R(x) y y2
W 1
y1 ' y 2 '
 General solution y  y c  y p

Solution:
 C.F for given equation y c  c1y 1  c 2y 2  c 3y 3
 P.I for given equation y p  u1y 1  u 2y 2  u 3y 3

 For solving above eqn we have 3 eqn to solve.

u1 '.y 1  u 2 '.y 2  u 3 '.y 3  0

Equation form:(Third Order) u1 '.y 1 ' u 2 '.y 2 ' u 3 '.y 3 '  0

r(x)
u1 '.y 1 " u 2 '.y 2 " u 3 '.y 3 " 
a0 (x)y"' a1 (x)y" a2 (x)y' a3 (x)y  r(x) , a0 (x)  0 a0 (x)
 By cramer 's rule we get the values of
u1 ',u 2 ' and u 3 '.
 By int egrating u1 ',u 2 ' ,u 3 ' we get the
values of u1 ,u 2 ,u 3 .
 Put that values in y p .
 General solution y  y c  y p .

Examples:

(1) y" 4y  sec 2x

(2)  D2  a 2  y  cosec ax
3
(3)  D2  2D  1 y  3x 2 e x
(4) y" a 2y  tan ax
1 ex
(5) y" 3y ' 2y  or
1  e x ex  1
(6) y"' y '  cosec x
d 3 y dy
(7)   sec x
dx 3 dx

Nilesh R Patel (9904391259) Page 10

 

Method- 6 Differential Equation with variable co-efficient

Euler-Cauchy Differential How to solve:
 Put x  ez  z  log x
Equation. d
D
dz
Equation Form:
dy
x  Dy
dn y n 1 dx
n1 d y dy
a 0 xn  a x  ...  an1x  an y  f (x) 2
n1 2 d y
n 1
dx dx dx x  D(D  1)y
dx 2
d3y
 x3 3  D(D  1)(D  2)y
dx
dn y
 xn n  D(D  1)(D  2)...(D  n  1)y
dx
 Put that all values in main eqn then solve it.
Legendre’s linear How to solve:
 Put ax  b  e z  z  log  ax  b 
Differential Equation. d
D
dz
Equation Form: dy
dn y n 1 d
n 1
y  (ax  b)  aDy
a0  ax  b  1 
n
n
 a ax  b n 1
 ... dx
dx dx 2
2 d y
dy   ax  b   a 2D(D  1)y
 an1  ax  b   an y  f (x) dx 2
dx
d 3y
 (ax  b)3 3
 a 3D(D  1)(D  2)y
dx
dn y
 (ax  b)n n  an D(D  1)(D  2)...(D  n  1)y
dx
 Put that all values in main eqn then solve it.
Examples:
(1) x 2y" 2.5xy ' 2y  0
 1
(2) x 3 y"' 2x 2y" 2y  10  x  
 x
(3) x D
2 2
 2xD  2  y  x 3 cos x
(4) x 2y" 4xy ' 6y  21x 4
(5)  x 2D2  3xD  4  y  x 2 , y(1)  1 , y '(1)  0

(6)  3x  2  y" 3  3x  2  y ' 36y  3x 2  4x  1

2

(7) (1  x)2 y" (1  x)y ' y  4cos log(1  x)

(8)  2x  3  y" 2(2x  3)y ' 12y  6x
2

(9) (x  3)2 y" 4(x  3)y ' 6y  x

(10) (2x  1)2 y" 6(2x  1)y ' 16y  8(2x  1) 2 , y(0)  0 , y '(0)  2

Nilesh R Patel (9904391259)

Nilesh R Patel (9904391259) Page 11

 

# Formulas of Integration #
xn+1 (17) 
dx x
(1)  xn dx = +c = sin-1 +c
n +1 a2 - x2 a
1 (ax +b)n+1 (18) 
dx 1 x
(2)  (ax +b)n dx = +c 2 2
= tan-1 +c
a n +1 a +x a a
dx 1 -1 x
1
(3)  dx = log x +c (19)  = sec +c
x x x2 -a 2 a a
dx
(4) 
1 1
dx = log ax +b +c (20)  = log x + x 2 ±a 2 +c
2 2
ax +b a x ±a
kx dx 1 a+x
(5)  ekx dx =
e
+c (21)  2 2
= log +c
k a - x 2a a-x
ax dx 1 x -a
(6)  a x dx = +c (22)  2 2
= log +c
loge a x -a 2a x +a
x 2 2 a 2 -1 x
(23)  a 2 - x 2 dx = a - x + sin +c
2 2 a
(7)  sinx dx = -cosx +c 2
x a
(24)  x 2 ±a 2 dx = x 2 ± a 2 + log x + x 2 ±a 2 +c
(8)  cosx dx = sinx +c 2 2
ax
e
(9)  cosec2 x dx = -cotx +c (25)  eax sinbx dx = 2 2 asinbx -bcosbx +c
a +b
(10)  sec2 x dx = tanx +c eax
(26)  eax cosbx dx = 2 2 acosbx + bsinbx +c
a +b
(11)  secx tanx dx = secx +c  du 
(27)  u v dx = u  v dx -    v dx dx +c
 dx 
(12)  cosecx cotx dx = -cosecx +c
(28)  u v dx = uv1 -u'v2 + u"v3 -u'''v4 +...
(13)  tanx dx = log secx +c
f(x)
n+1

29  f(x) f '(x) dx =  n +1  +c

n

(14)  cotx dx = log sinx +c

  x  f '(x)
(15)  secx dx = log secx + tanx +c = log tan  +  +c 30  f(x) dx = log f(x) +c
  4 2 
 x (31)  ex f(x) +f '(x) dx = ex f(x) +c
(16)  cosecx dx = log cosecx -cotx +c = log tan  +c
 2 
(32)  f(x) + x f '(x) dx = x.f(x) +c

Nilesh R Patel (9904391259)

Nilesh R Patel (9904391259) Page 12