EOY 3rd Form Information Technology

Study Guide
Note: Alot of the info on this doc isn’t
from canvas

Exam Topics
Database Management
● Define the following terms database,database management,table,queries,report,record,fields
● Explain and justify the need for database management systems
● Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of database systems.
● Compare and contrast electronic databases and manual databases
● List at least three (3) examples of database management software packages
● Identify and explain the five database objects: Table,query,forms and reports
● Identify and explain the data types (Number,Text,Memo,Date/time,Currency,Yes/No)
 ● Design and populate a database table
● Create simple queries from single tables
● List the types of relationships that exists between tables in a database
● Create relationships between two(2) tables
● Identify the type of relationship that is needed for each pair of tables in a given situation.
● Identify the three (3) types of queries used in an database management system
● Develop queries using multiple tables or tables, query combinations.
● Create simple reports using multiple tables or tables, query combinations.

Data Communication & Computer Networks

● Define a network, internet, the World Wide Web.
● List the types of networks.
● Differentiate among the types of networks (Personal Area Network, Local Area Network,
Metropolitan Area Network, Wide Area Network)
● List and explain the level of privacy on a network (Internet,Extranet & Intranet)
● Differentiate the types of wired and wireless transmission medium

Problem Solving
● Define the term problem & problem solving
● List the steps to solve a problem.
● Explain the steps involved in the problem solving process.
● Define the term algorithm.
● Explore characteristics of a good algorithm
● Explain three different ways of representing an algorithm
 ● Describe sequencing, selection and iteration control structures
● Define the term flowchart.
● Identify flowchart symbols.
● Identify and distinguish between variables and constants
● Identify and explain the types of data types use in problem solving

Careers in Computing
● Identify various IT professions
● State the functions of IT professionals

Web Page Design

● Define terms related to website design
● Analyze website to determine domain names
● Examine steps to be followed when creating webpages
● Understand the website development process
● Design a website using HTML syntax and tags
● Identify various web authoring tools eg:wix,dream weaver,godaddy
● Analyze the design characteristics that makes a good website design
● Describe what is an html tag
● Create an html file using the major html tags – html, head, body, address, title
● Identify and explain the usage of tags to do the following
a. Paragraphs, line breaks, horizontal rules, alignment, italic, bold text, underline, font size
adjustments, font faces and styles, color, special characters
● Create a website using online or offline web authoring Software. Identify a useful html editor
 a. Add graphics
b. Add simple linking features to a webpage

NB: Additional details would have been provided through discussions and notes****

Database Management
Eoy Objectives
● Define the following terms database,database management,table,queries,report,record,fields
● Explain and justify the need for database management systems
● Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of database systems.
● Compare and contrast electronic databases and manual databases
● List at least three (3) examples of database management software packages
● Identify and explain the five database objects: Table,query,forms and reports
● Identify and explain the data types (Number,Text,Memo,Date/time,Currency,Yes/No)
● Design and populate a database table
● Create simple queries from single tables
● List the types of relationships that exists between tables in a database
● Create relationships between two(2) tables
● Identify the type of relationship that is needed for each pair of tables in a given situation.
● Identify the three (3) types of queries used in an database management system
● Develop queries using multiple tables or tables, query combinations.
 ● Create simple reports using multiple tables or tables, query combinations.

What is a Database?
A database is an organized collection of related information. Such as the accounting details of a company. It
Provides easy and fast storage and retrieval of information.

Examples of Common Databases

Examples of common databases:
Telephone book
Mailing List
Recipe book
Book shelf

It includes tools needed to work with data:

● Sorting
 ● Extracting
● Summarizing

Uses of Databases
● The police having details of all known criminals in a database, e.g. crimes they've committed.
● Schools using a database to store details about their pupils, e.g. how many days they've been off school
sick.
● A hospital storing details of all its patients in a database, e.g. a history of their health issues.
● The Government using a database to store records of people's income tax payments.
● A database keeping track of all the drivers in Montego Bay who have not paid their driving tickets.

Electronic vs Manual Databases

What is a Database Management System?
Is an electronic database/software that stores large volumes of data for easy manipulation and retrieval as well as
controlling who has access to information.
Uses and Application of Database Management System
Library Management System
There are thousands of books in the library so it is very difficult to keep record of all the books in a copy or
register. So DBMS used to maintain all the information relate to book issue dates, name of the book, author and
availability of the book.

Banking
We make thousands of transactions through banks daily and we can do this without going to the bank. So how
banking has become so easy that by sitting at home we can send or get money through banks. That is all possible
just because of DBMS that manages all the bank transactions.

Universities and colleges

Examinations are done online today and universities and colleges maintain all these records through DBMS.
Student’s registrations details, results, courses and grades all the information are stored in database

Social Media Sites

We all are on social media websites to share our views andn connect with our friends. Daily millions of users
signed up for these social media accounts like facebook, twitter, pinterest and Google plus. But how all the
information of users are stored and how we become able to connect to other people, yes this all because DBMS.

Airline Reservation system

Airlines also needs DBMS to keep records of flights arrival, departure and delay status. So in short, one can say the
DBMS is used everywhere around us and we cannot rely without DBMS

Advantages and Disadvantages of Database Management Systems

Advantages
1. Information can be retrieved faster(Speed)
2. There are reduced updating errors and increased consistency as data is in standardized for..(Data Integrity)
3. Security of data is increased(Privacy & Security)
4. It allows its users to store, retrieve and update data(Data Storage)
 5. It allows the user to recover the most recent contents of the database in the event of system failure(Backup
and Recovery)
6. Data can be shared easily

Disadvantages
1. They are more time-consuming to design than a manual database.
2. Initial training is required
3. Suitable hardware and software are need to run the program
4. They can be expensive to buy and maintain
5. The program depends on a working computer. If there is a power outage or a computer malfunction, you
cannot use the database.
6. Computer virus or malfunctions may corrupt the database or stop it from working

Key Terms
● Table: is a collection of records made of a set of rows and columns.
● Record: is a collection of related fields. It contains a single row and many columns.
● Field: is a single column in a table that stores data. A field is sometimes referred to as an attribute.
● Form: is a window or screen that contains numerous fields, or spaces to enter data.
● Field Name: identifies the data stored in a field.
● Field Type: also called data type , which determines what operation can be performed with the data.
 ● Field Length/size: determines the size of each field in the table
● Field Description: allows you to determine the purpose of the field with a maximum of 255 characters
● Field properties: Checks that data is valid
● Query: Allows the user to display records that meet particular criteria, or to display records from tables.
● Report: Are used to present the information retrieved from the tables of a database in a presentable manner
so that it is useful and appealing ot the user.
● Primary Key: Is a field(or combination of fields) that uniquely identifies each record in a table
● Foreign Key: A key that is a primary key in a different table
● Candidate Key: Any key in a table that can qualify as a primary key
● Secondary key: Is a candidate key that is not used as a primary key
● Relationship: The linking of tables and files to share records

Field/Data Types
Steps to create a Database
1. Open Microsoft Access 2013
2. Click Blank Database
Type a name for your database in the file name box
Click the folder icon to save the database in your Z drive
 3. Click create
Click Table design(This is to create headings or fields in a table eg. First name, Last name and Customer ID)
4. In Design View there are 3 columns , Field Name, Data type and Description
5. For telephone number you can set input mask
For input mask you will type (999-000-0000), to get the hyphens to appear automatically in each telephone
number.

Queries
Query: Allows the user to display records that meet particular criteria, or to display records from tables.

Tables normally display records in the order they were entered. Instead of working with a table’s jumbled record
order, you can create a simple query that sorts the table information and presents it in an ordered, easy to read
display.

1. Click the row that you want to sort by

2. CLick the sort arrow for the field that you want to sort the table by
3. Select a sort order
4. Repeat steps 1-3 to sort by additional fields. If you want to use a field to sort the table, but you don’t want
that field to appear, you can deselect its show box
5. Save and run the query

Types of Queries
● Simple Queries
● Complex Queries
 ● Calculated Queries

Creating Queries
Single:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LUL1nnxUz_c&pp=ygU2SG93I
HRvIGNyZWF0ZSBkYXRhYmFzZSBhbmQgcXVlcmllcyBpbiBta
WNyb3NvZnQgYWNjZXNz

Multi Table: https://youtu.be/pcjXQqKWWNw

https://youtu.be/vtgwXZMXBTo

Create Relationship: https://youtu.be/U_mFvOQ84Xo

Create Report:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1XUeGq80R5Q&pp=ygUvaG93I
HRvIGNyZWF0ZSBzaW1wbGUgcmVwb3J0IGluIG1pY3Jvc29md
CBhY2Nlc3M%3D

Relationships
A relationship in Access helps you combine data from two different tables. Each relationship consists of fields in
two tables with corresponding data. For example, you might have a ProductID field in a Products table and in an
OrderDetails table. Each record in the OrderDetails table has a ProductID that corresponds to a record in the
Products table with the same ProductID.
When you use related tables in a query, the relationship lets Access determine which records from each table to
combine in the result set. A relationship can also help prevent missing data, by keeping deleted data from getting
out of synch, and this is called referential integrity
ONE TO ONE
In simple terms, a one to one relationship is a relationship between one record in two different tables. A one-to-one
(1:1) relationship means that each record in Table A relates to one, and only one, record in Table B , and each
record in Table B relates to one, and only one, record in Table A . Look at the following example of tables from a
company's Employees database:
Above, tables with a one-to-one relationship from a database of information about employees. Each record in the
Personal table is about one employee. That record relates to one, and only one, record in the Payroll table. Each
record in the Payroll table relates to one, and only one, record in the Personal table. (This is what looking at it from
both directions means.)

In a one-to-one relationship, either table can be considered to be the primary or parent table

:ONE TO MANY
A one-to-many (1:N) relationship means a record in Table A can relate to zero, one, or many records in Table ,.
Many records in Table B can relate to one record in Table A. The potential relationship is what's important; for a
single record in Table A, there might be no related records in Table B, or there might be only one related record,
but there could be many. Look at the following tables about a company's Customers and Orders
Above, tables with data about customers and orders that have a one-to-many relationship The Customers table
holds a unique record for each customer. Each customer can (and, we hope, does) place many orders. Many records
in the Orders table can relate to only one record in the Customers table. This is a one-to-many relationship (1:N)

MANY TO MANY
Examine the sample data below. These tables hold data about employees and the projects to which they are
assigned. Each project can involve more than one employee and each employee can be working on more than one
project (the "do more with less" thing). This constitutes a many-to-many (N:N) relationship
 Data Communication
Eoy Objectives
● Define a network, internet, the World Wide Web.
● List the types of networks.
 ● Differentiate among the types of networks (Personal Area Network, Local Area Network, Metropolitan
Area Network, Wide Area Network)
● List and explain the level of privacy on a network (Internet,Extranet & Intranet)
● Differentiate the types of wired and wireless transmission medium

Network: A system containing any combination of computers or other devices(computer terminals, printers, etc)
interconnected by telecommunication equipment or cables, used to transmit or receive information
Internet: A worldwide system of computer networks, a network of networks in which users at any one computer
can, if they have permission to, get information from any other computer
World Wide Web: an information system on the internet which allows documents to be connected to other
documents by hypertext links, enabling the user to search for information by moving from one document to another

Types of Networks
LAN(Local Area Network)
○ Local Area Network is a group of computers connected to each other in a small area such as building, office.
○ LAN is used for connecting two or more personal computers through a communication medium such as
twisted pair, coaxial cable, etc.
○ It is less costly as it is built with inexpensive hardware such as hubs, network adapters, and ethernet cables.
○ The data is transferred at an extremely faster rate in Local Area Network.
 ○ Local Area Network provides higher security.

PAN(Personal Area Network)

○ Personal Area Network is a network arranged within an individual person, typically within a range of 10
meters.

○ Personal Area Network is used for connecting the computer devices of personal use is known as Personal
Area Network.

○ Thomas Zimmerman was the first research scientist to bring the idea of the Personal Area Network.

○ Personal Area Network covers an area of 30 feet.

○ Personal computer devices that are used to develop the personal area network are the laptop, mobile phones,
media player and play stations.

There are two types of Personal Area Network:

 ○ Wired Personal Area Network

○ Wireless Personal Area Network

Wireless Personal Area Network: Wireless Personal Area Network is developed by simply using wireless
technologies such as WiFi, Bluetooth. It is a low range network.

Wired Personal Area Network: Wired Personal Area Network is created by using the USB.

Examples Of Personal Area Network:

○ Body Area Network: Body Area Network is a network that moves with a person. For example, a mobile
network moves with a person. Suppose a person establishes a network connection and then creates a
connection with another device to share the information.
 ○ Offline Network: An offline network can be created inside the home, so it is also known as a home network.
A home network is designed to integrate the devices such as printers, computer, television but they are not
connected to the internet.

○ Small Home Office: It is used to connect a variety of devices to the internet and to a corporate network using
a VPN

MAN(Metropolitan Area Network)

○ A metropolitan area network is a network that covers a larger geographic area by interconnecting a different
LAN to form a larger network.

○ Government agencies use MAN to connect to the citizens and private industries.

○ In MAN, various LANs are connected to each other through a telephone exchange line, fibre optic cables,
etc

○ The most widely used protocols in MAN are RS-232, Frame Relay, ATM, ISDN, OC-3, ADSL, etc.

○ It has a higher range than Local Area Network(LAN).

○ MAN is used in communication between the banks in a city.

○ It can be used in an Airline Reservation.

 ○ It can be used in a college within a city.

○ It can also be used for communication in the military

WAN(Wide Area Network)

A Wide Area Network is a network that extends over a large geographical area such as states or countries.
○ A Wide Area Network is quite bigger network than the LAN.
○ A Wide Area Network is not limited to a single location, but it spans over a large geographical area through
a telephone line, fibre optic cable or satellite links.
○ The internet is one of the biggest WAN in the world.
○ A Wide Area Network is widely used in the field of Business, government, and education

Examples Of Wide Area Network:

○ Mobile Broadband: A 4G network is widely used across a region or country.

○ Last mile: A telecom company is used to provide the internet services to the customers in hundreds of cities
by connecting their home with fiber.

○ Private network: A bank provides a private network that connects the 44 offices. This network is made by
using the telephone leased line provided by the telecom company.
Internetworks
1. Internet - A selected Internetworking, consisting of a worldwide interconnection of governmental,
academic, public, and personal networks based mostly upon the Advanced analysis comes Agency Network
(ARPANET) developed by ARPA of the U.S. Department of Defense additionally home to the World Wide
Web (WWW) and cited as the ‘Internet’ to differentiate from all different generic Internetworks. Participants
within the web, or their service suppliers, use IP Addresses obtained from address registries that manage
assignments
2. Extranet - An extranet is a communication network based on the internet protocol such as Transmission
Control protocol and internet protocol. It is used for information sharing. The access to the extranet is
restricted to only those users who have login credentials. An extranet is the lowest level of internetworking.
It can be categorized as MAN, WAN or other computer networks. An extranet cannot have a single LAN,
atleast it must have one connection to the external network.
3. Intranet - An intranet is a private network based on the internet protocol such as Transmission Control
protocol and internet protocol. An intranet belongs to an organization which is only accessible by the
organization's employee or members. The main aim of the intranet is to share the information and resources
among the organization employees. An intranet provides the facility to work in groups and for
teleconferences
Modes of Transmission
1. Simplex - The communication between the sender and receiver only occurs in one direction (i.e.
unidirectional). In this case, the sender can only send data and the receiver can only receive data. It can be
thought of as a one-way road: cars are only allowed to drive in one direction. An example is a keyboard and
monitor - the keyboard can only send data and the monitor can only receive and display the data.
2. Half-duplex - Each station can send an receive data, but not at the same time. The sender and receiver can
both send and receive data, but never simultaneously. It is used in situations where there is no need for
communication in both directions at the same time. An example is a walkie-talkie, where only one person
can speak at a time. Note: it only uses one data channel
3. Full-duplex - Both stations can send and receive data simultaneously. This type of link either has two
separate transmission paths or has its capacity divided between sending and receiving signals in both
directions. It is used when communication is required all the time (think of a road where people drive up the
road on one side and down the road on the other). An example is a telephone line, where people can talk and
listen at the same time.

Wired Transmission Media

Computers that are linked by cables(short distance communication) there are three choices:
1. Twisted pair cable: A twisted pair is a cable made by by intertwining two separate insulated wires. The
twist or lays are varied in length to reduce the potential for signal interference between pairs. It is capable of
transmitting video, data and telephone signals.
2. Coaxial Cable: Coaxial cable is a copper wire covered in a very thick layer of insulation. It provides faster
transmission speeds than twisted pair. These are the cables connected to your cable television provider and
one medium used to connect computers in a LAN, It can be used to transmit sound, voice and video across a
network

3. FIber optic cable: A technology that uses glass(or plastic) threads(fibers) to transmit data, It is best for
WANs and MANs. The tiny threads of glass tubes are about the size of a human hair. Large volumes of data
 can be transmitted at the speed of light through these glass tubes. It sends light signals and is used for
transmitting telephone, voice and video signals.

Wireless Transmission Media

Refers to a form of wireless media that does not require the establishment of physical links between two or more
devices. All wireless connections use electromagnetic waves. Electromagnetic waves includes microwave, infrared
and satellite.
1. Microwave - Very high frequency signals that can be submitted through space, In this communication
channel the medium is not a solid substance, but air itself. Microwave is a good media for sending data
between buildings in a city or on a large college campus
2. Infrared - Infrared is used in remote controls for television and other domestic devices. It is occasionally
used in computer systems, for example, when controlling robots. However the signal cannot travel very far
and needs clear space for the signal to travel. There are two types of infrared: Line of sight and scattered
3. Satellite - This is a man made equipment that orbits around the earth or the moon. It acts as a relay station in
outer space, It accepts signals beamed to it from a point on Earth and then reflects the signal to another point.
 It can transmit data that can include text, voice, pictures and video. A network of three satellites can cover th
earth.’
4. Bluetooth - Wireless technology that allows the exchange of data between devices

Problem Solving
Eoy Objectives
● Define the term problem & problem solving
● List the steps to solve a problem.
● Explain the steps involved in the problem solving process.
● Define the term algorithm.
● Explore characteristics of a good algorithm
● Explain three different ways of representing an algorithm
● Describe sequencing, selection and iteration control structures
● Define the term flowchart.
● Identify flowchart symbols.
● Identify and distinguish between variables and constants
● Identify and explain the types of data types use in problem solving

Problem - A situation in which there are barriers or difficulties between person and reaching their goal
Problem Solving - A series of steps or actions that will overcome the difficulties of reaching a goal
Steps to Problem Solving
1. Definition of the problem – determine and understand what the actual problem is.
2. Analyse the problem - the problem is examined to determine the things that would be needed to help solve
the problem, some possible solutions and the desired result of the problem being solved. For example, being
hungry is a problem, your analysis would determine that food is needed, some possible places you could get
food and that the stomach being full is the aim.
3. Propose and evaluate solutions - all possible solutions are listed and analysed. Which of them would cause
another problem? Which of them work fastest? Which of them would take the longest? Which is practical or
feasible in this situation?
4. Select the most appropriate or most efficient solution - the fastest, easiest and cheapest solution to implement
is selected.
5. Implement the solution selected in step 4 – the action where we would carry out or do what is required to
solve the problem
6. Testing -A good decision (which is the solution selected in step 4) isn't always the right decision (which is
the decision that will work). As such testing whether or not the proposed solution is effective in solving the
problem is important. If it does not solve the problem fully or if it solves it but creates another problem
accidentally, then adjustments would have to be made and implemented (step 5) and then we test again.
Steps 4, 5 and 6 would be repeated in a cycle until it produces a solution that works
Algorithms
An algorithm is a set of rules or formal procedures for solving a problem by a sequence of steps in a logical order.

CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD ALGORITHM

-number of steps must be finite
-steps must be precise
-steps must be unambiguous
-steps must have flow control from one process
-steps must terminate

STEPS FOR DEVELOPING AN ALGORITHM

-The input(i/p) step
-The processing step
>Assignment
>Decision
-The output(o/p) step

CONTROL STRUCTURES
-sequence, selection, repetition
SEQUENCE
The sequence control structure is used when you have instructions to be carried out in a specific or particular order.

Example:-

Start

Read a, b

Sum = a + b

Print Sum
Stop

SELECTION/DECISION
The selection control structure is used in problems with instructions to be carried out if a certain condition is met.
The choice of the options will be dependent on whether the condition is true or false.

If < condition> then

Trueresult

Else

False result

endif

Example
Start

Read Score

If (score>=75) then
 Print “Congrats you have passed”

Else

Print "Sorry you have failed”

Endif

Stop

REPETITION/LOOPING/ITERATION
-statements or instructions are repeated
E.g. WHILE...ENDWHILE
REPEAT..UNTIL

There are two types:

● Bounded: Repetition of a set of instructions for a fixed number of times(Eg. For-endfor)
● Unbounded: Repetition of a set of instructions for a number of times until a particular conditions becomes
false.(Eg. While-endwhile, repeat-until)

VARIABLES & CONSTANTS

Variable-a memory location in which the item of data can be changed during the execution of the algorithm
E.g. num2, x, y, salary
num2<--1
num2=num2+1
num2=2

CONSTANT
-a memory location where a fixed item of data is stored i.e. the data item does not change during the execution of
the algorithm
E.g. pi=3.14
days of the week=7

DATA TYPES
1) Integers
-positive(+ve) and negative(-ve) whole numbers without decimal places
E.g. 0, -670, 230, -78
2) Real or Floating Point
-(+ve) or (-ve) numbers with decimal places
E.g.0.25, -767.84
3) Characters
-a single letter of the alphabet or symbol.
E.g. a,c,k,*,#,$
4) String
-a group of characters.
-it can be any number of characters
E.g. Firstname
5) Boolean
 -has two possible values
E.g. TRUE or FALSE

Methods of Expressing Algorithms

IPO Chart
A method used to analyze a problem by breaking it down into smaller pieces.
1. Input - any data that is necessary to solve a problem
2. Processing - the series of tasks that will be carried out to solve the problem
3. Output - The actual solution of a problem

Steps to Complete an IPO Chart

1. Write the input (what is needed from the person using the algorithm).

2. Write the output (the end result that is stated in the problem).

3. In the processing column write "get" and anything that is under the input column. If nothing is under the
input column, leave out this step.

4. Ask yourself the following question. “What do I have to do with the inputs in order to produce the desired
output?” Then write down what should be done.

5. Write "display " and anything under the Output column.

Flowcharts
A picture or diagram that shows the set of instructions in an algorithm by using symbols
Arrow - Flow Control - Shows the flow of data

Pseudocode
Pseudocode algorithm uses words and symbols that closely resemble computer programming language instructions
Example Problem statement# 1
Start

Read a, b

c=a

a=b

b=c

Stop

Careers in Computing
Eoy Objectives
● Identify various IT professions
● State the functions of IT professionals

Skilled personnel are needed in companies with computer systems to:

- Develop software
 - Maintain websites
- Manage databases
- Run social media
- Keep computers and networks running smoothly

Typical ICT Department Staff

Job Title Role/Duty
Network Engineer Responsible for the design and implementation of computer networks (LAN, MAN,
WAN)
Computer Programmer Writes programs based on specifications, prepares documentation and maintains
(different from existing software
software developer)
Systems Analyst Oversees activities related to the design and implementation of new information
systems
Computer Support Assists users who are having issues with their computer systems (also often available as
Specialist/Help Desk telephone support)
Database Admin Responsible for designing and maintaining the organisation’s database system
Network Admin Responsible for day-to-day smooth running of an organisation’s networks
Software Developer Works with the systems analyst and develops the program specifications that the
(different from programs will work from
computer programmer)
Web Developer Takes a web design from a client and turns it into an operational website
Social Media Specialist Responsible for planning and implementing a company’s social media strategy and
output via WhatsApp, Twitter, Instagram, etc.
System Admin Responsible for the day-to-day running and management of the computer systems,
installs and updates software and ensures the system is secure

Web Page Design

Eoy Objectives
● Define terms related to website design
● Analyze website to determine domain names
● Examine steps to be followed when creating webpages
● Understand the website development process
● Design a website using HTML syntax and tags
● Identify various web authoring tools eg:wix,dream weaver,godaddy
● Analyze the design characteristics that makes a good website design
● Describe what is an html tag
● Create an html file using the major html tags – html, head, body, address, title
● Identify and explain the usage of tags to do the following
a. Paragraphs, line breaks, horizontal rules, alignment, italic, bold text, underline, font size
adjustments, font faces and styles, color, special characters
 ● Create a website using online or offline web authoring Software. Identify a useful html editor
a. Add graphics
b. Add simple linking features to a webpage
Computers or devices communicate with each other across the world wide web (WWW) using markup languages
such as HTML (Hyper-Text Markup Language)
WWW is a system of interlinked hypertext documents and programs that can be accessed via the Internet primarily
by using HTTP.

TERMS TO NOTE
● Web server:
a special, high-end computer that is connected to the Internet, that is,
it is a host for a website. Cloud services act as web servers.
● Web page:
a web document that appears in a browser window and stores web
content in the form of text, images (including moving images such as animation or
interactive content), sound, and links to other web pages.
● Web browser
an application software used to view web pages.
- Google Chrome, Microsoft Internet Explorer or Edge, Mozilla Firefox, Opera, Apple Safari
● Website:
a collection of web pages on the same topic. All the web pages are hosted on the same web server and have a
similar design. All the web pages have similar URLs.
All the pages on the website are created, controlled and maintained by the same person or organization.
● Web page address:
the address of a web page is the uniform resource locator (URL). A URL starts with the letters: http:// or
https://where http stands for 'hypertext transfer protocol' which is the communications protocol for the internet.
● Domain name:
identifies where the web page is hosted and who controls or owns the website.
PARTS OF A URL

Common top-level domains (TLDs) are:

 ● .com (commercial) - most popular TLD, synonymous with the internet. It was originally intended for
commercial entities but is now unrestricted
● .biz (business) - a domain extension intended for businesses as an alternative to .com as many preferred
names were already taken
● .org (organisation) - domain extension originally intended for non-profit organisations and charities but is
also now unrestricted
● .net (network) - originally intended for network infrastructure use but is now unrestricted
● .gov (government) - domain extension restricted to only government entities

Parts of a Web Page

1. Logos - should be visible on every web page of the website and indicates who the owner of the website is
2. Menus - help the user to navigate from one web page to another in the same website by clicking the menu
option
3. Headings - short descriptions that stand out explaining what something is about, usually larger than other
text
4. Links (hyperlinks) - used to locate new info on a topic in a website. When clicked, it takes the user to a new
web page. A hyperlink can be a text or an image
5. Text - provides info on a web page. Should be unambiguous, easy to read relevant to the subject of a web
page
6. Images - make the content of a web page more attractive and easier to understand
Website Planning
● Purpose - reasons for the website: is it a site for a personal hobby (e.g. a blog) or a problem or
product/service offering?
● Audience - who will be the viewers? Content and website should be suitable for the target audience
● Pages - must contain at least a home page, an About Us page and a Contact Us page. What will the content
on each page be?
● Navigation - layout of pages using a common theme. Links and menus should be included to guide users
through site content

The three main methods of website design are structure charts, wireframe and storyboards.
● A website Structure Diagram is a pictorial sitemap that provides a breakdown of all the pages and
navigational paths within the website.
● A wireframe design does not include any content. It is used to show where on your web page you will place
the logo (or header), navigation (or links), search fields, text, buttons, images, menus, etc.

● A storyboard is the blueprint for a web project. It is a simple, flexible tool which can be used to display the
elements on a single Web page such as images, banners, navigation, graphic elements and text.
Static web pages show the same content each time they are viewed while dynamic pages have content that
can change each time they are accessed. HyperText Markup Language (HTML) is a coding language used to
create static web pages (with constant or non-changing content) on the world wide web. HTML code can be
written in a text editor such as Notepad and saved with the file extension .htm or .html. HTML operates
using opening tags (e.g. <body>) and closing tags (e.g. </body>) with enclosed functions inside.

Common Terms in HTML

● !DOCTYPE html: informs the web browser that the document is an html file
● <html>....</html>: provides HTML formatting and structure to the document
● <head>....</head>: includes metadata (not shown on the web page e.g. formatting data) for the
document
● <body>...</body>: shows data that will be visible to the reader (e.g. text, images)
● <div>....</div>: place this around chunks of text to section them and apply styles to each section
● <p>....</p>: paragraph function to enclose text (Note: in the body section text text without tags will
display as paragraph text)
● <h1>....</h1>: largest heading in HTML, smaller headings can be created with h1 thru to h6
● <title>....</title>: defines what will show as the title of the web page at the top of the tab
● <br>: puts the next text in a new line. To put a space between lines, do it twice
● <hr>: (horizontal rule) makes a horizontal line on the screen
● Formatting styles below:
○ <i> and <em>: <i> makes text italicised while <em> makes it italicised and places emphasis
when using a screen reader
○ <b> and <strong>: ,both make text bold while strong gives the text extra importance
○ <u>: underlines text
○ <del>: strikes through text
● <style>....</style> OR <.... style=”....;”>....</….>: when shown like the one in bold, it is used
within the <head>...</head> tags to apply a style to the whole document. When shown as the
underlined one embedded inside a tag in the body, it applies a style only to that data being shown by
the tag. Examples (all using <p>):
● <p style=”background-color:rgb(245,183,76);”>....</p>: makes the background colour of the
section of the page with this text a specific color (you don’t have to use the RGB thing tho)
○ <p style=”color:DodgerBlue;”>....</p>: makes the text colour dodger blue
 ○ <p style=”font-family:Google Sans;”>....</p>: makes the font style Google Sans
○ <p style=”text-align: center”>...</p>: centers text within the tag
○ <p style =”font-size:200%”>...</p>: makes the font size 200% or 2x that of normal text
○ <img src=”[...]” alt=”[...]” style=”width:500px;height:600px”: defines the size of the image
in pixels
○ Note: percentages can be used instead of number values
○ (px, in, etc). For text, it represents a percentage scale referring to the normal style.
○ Percentages can also be used to define a size for media, e.g. setting width = 100% makes it take
up the full width of the screen.
● <a href=”[insert url here]” target=”_blank”>[insert text that will be displayed here]</a>: the
href sets a link destination part that says insert url here. The blank target will launch the link in a new
tab when clicked. The part that says insert text that m.m be displayed is what the reader will see but it
will still open the link when clicked
● <img src=”[insert url here]” alt=”[brief description of image]”>: inserts an image sourced from
the url inserted after src (THESE LINKS MUST END WITH FILE EXTENSIONS) and a brief
description after alt that will be shown if the image doesn’t load and is picked up by screen readers.
See additions below:
○ <img src=”...” alt=”...” width=”500” height=”500”>: defines the size of the image in pixels
○ <a href=”...”>
<img src=”...” alt=”...”>
</a>: this uses the image as a link (when the image is clicked the link will be opened)
● Go learn videos yourself (btw YouTube videos are done a little different others bc of copyright n stuff)
 ● Certain tags (e.g. style, img src, a href) use attributes that define the properties of an element.
These attributes require quotation marks and assign values to an element. They can change the width,
height, colour and overall style of an element.

Example 1: https://replit.com/@delete-system-32/example (this took so long)

Example 2: https://replit.com/@KILLCONTROL/HTML-example-doc (this took like 45 minutes)
Click show code on the right panel and then click index.html on the left panel (pc)