Audio DeepFake Detection

An In-depth Analysis of Audio DeepFake Detection Techniques

Deep Sengupta Rahul Saha

Department of Computer Science(AI) Department of Computer Science(AI)
Institute of Engineering and Management, Kolkata Institute of Engineering and Management, Kolkata
University of Engineering and Management, Kolkata University of Engineering and Management, Kolkata
[email protected] [email protected]

Anupam Mondal
Department of Computer Science,
Institute of Engineering and Management,De University of Engineering and Management,Kolkata,[email protected]

Abstract—Deepfake detection using machine learning and deep same as the source.Deepfake threats include the creation of
learning is a rapidly growing field where artificial intelligence and revenge videos featuring the faces of victims, real videos
machine learning algorithms generate fake content. Applications showing national leaders compromising on false statements,
of Audio Deepfakes (AD) range from audiobook enhancement to
public safety threats. This article will provide a study of ways stock market executives and online butchers coming face to
to overcome AD using a combination of machine learning (ML), face in a video chat. The seriousness of these risks has
deep learning (DL), and other methods. This research covers attracted worldwide media attention and led to two public
many areas of depth perception, focusing on Mel Frequency hearings in the last two years.
Cepstral Coefficients (MFCC) techniques and deep learning.
Preliminary experiments on fake or real data demonstrate the II. OVERVIEW
effectiveness of support vector machine (SVM) for short words,
the possibility of gradient boosting on similar data, and the 1. Using machine learning for AD detection has the fol-
performance of the VGG-16 model. lowing advantages: • Advantages: SVM model performs well
In this study, Fake or Real (FoR) dataset is used to explore on short sounds, provides gradient enhancement on original
features and image-based methods in addition to deep audio. data, while VGG-16 performs well on raw data. • Disad-
Deep learning, specifically Temporal Convolutional Networks
(TCN), outperforms machine learning with 92 percent accuracy. vantages: Search is limited to deep audio based on specific
Compared to traditional CNN models such as VGG16 and models for specific situations. 2. Siamese Architecture for
XceptionNet, the proposed model shows greater accuracy in Deepfake Multimedia Recognition: • Advantages: State-of-
classifying sounds as falsetto or real. the-art techniques achieving high AUC scores on DFDC and
They can be used to spread false information, deceive the DF-TIMIT data. • Disadvantages: Limited content on specific
public, or harm individuals or organizations. We conduct a com-
prehensive review of the existing literature, including numerical challenges addressed. 3. Integration of visual and auditory
analysis, simulated and synthetic AD attacks, and quantitative models: • Advantages: Global search improves performance
comparisons of detection methods. and emphasizes the integration of visual and auditory decision.
Index Terms—Audio Deepfakes(ADs); Machine Learning • Disadvantages: Specific description of the search function
(ML); Deep Learning (DL); imitated audio and characteristics of the data are not specified. 4. Deep Voice
Search (FoR) using fake or real data: • Advantages: The
I. I NTRODUCTION proposed model is better than traditional CNN and solves the
In recent years, the application of artificial intelligence in voice communication threat. • Disadvantages: Limited compar-
many fields, including cloning, has grown and created a lot ison with advanced models, lack of in-depth analysis of FoR.
of noise. The growth of different industries has also led to 5. Deep Audio Synthesis Detection Challenge (ADD) 2022: •
the growth of audio-fake. Nowadays, the term deepfake has Pros: Solve a real-life situation and show us how to compete.
become a curse and has led to the destruction of information • Disadvantages: Lack of understanding of challenges and
that affects personal security. News leads to acts of violence successes. 6. Audio Deepfakes (AD) Review: • Strengths:
such as Deepfakes, slander and even violence. Deepfake is Provides an overview of available techniques, highlighting the
a combination of using deepfake techniques to create fake need for robust AD detection. • Disadvantages: There are no
content such as faces in photos, videos, or recordings. It specific guidelines for developing AD diagnostic criteria. 7.
is a type of digital content exchange in which the original Evaluation of CNN Architectures for Noise Analysis: • Pros:
face in a photo, video, or recording is replaced with a fake The custom model shows realism and allows experimentation
face. DeepFake is similar to changing the head area (i.e. the with different sounds. • Disadvantages: context dependency,
upper part) of the synthesized target so that it behaves the suggesting that there must be many architectures
 This work shows that deep learning and triple decay occur most accurate is 100 percent. But it seems to depend on
from Siamese architectures. This new approach analyzes the the context, indicating the need for different architectures.
similarities between audiovisual and film theory for in-depth Experiments with different sound representations demonstrate
research. The proposed model surpassed the state-of-the-art the consistency of the customized model. Although these
method and achieved a single-video AUC score of 84.4 percent standards lag behind legal standards, they have paved the way
on DFDC and a best-of-video AUC score of 96.6 percent on for the creation of effective standards that will meet legal
DF -TIMIT, full audio, video, and video combined. perceptual restrictions while solving deep-rooted problems.[8] This study
performance dataset. View. . Unity of thought. addresses the threat of misuse of synthetic speech by arguing
that the real voice is different from the synthetic voice in group
III. L ITERATURE R EVIEW discussion. The system uses deep neural networks combining
[1] This work uses machine learning and deep learning, negative speech, speech binarization, and CNN-based methods
specifically Mel Frequency Cepstral Coefficient (MFCC), to to achieve high accuracy and effective speech analysis. [9] This
identify deep sounds in Fake or Real dataset. Experimental re- study demonstrates the application of securing transmission
sults show that Support Vector Machines (SVM) perform well points using manual and automatic extraction. It uses CNN
on exposure to short sounds, gradient boosting performs well for histogram analysis and shows the performance evalua-
for old data, and the VGG-16 model performs better in other tion of the model-based application and Deep Voice speech
cases, especially on raw data. . [2] This work introduces a deep recognition. [10] This paper solves the problem of detecting
learning method to recognize deepfake multimedia content deep voice spoofs, using the ASVspoof dataset, and combining
by analyzing audiovisual similarities and emotions in videos. data enhancement and hybrid feature extraction. The proposed
The design inspired by Siamese architecture and triple loss model adopts LSTM in the backend, uses MFCC + GTCC
outperforms the state-of-the-art method by achieving a good and SMOTE, and achieves 99 percent testing accuracy and
single video AUC score of 84.4 percent on DFDC and 96.6 1.6 percent EER performance on ASVspoof 2021 deepfake
percent on the DF-TIMIT dataset. and pioneered the sound. sections. Noise evaluations and experiments on the DECRO
Video and visualization for deeper knowledge discovery. [3] dataset further demonstrate the effectiveness of the model. [11]
This study addresses two vision and hearing threats in depth, Motivation: This paper demonstrates the challenges of XAI
proposing a common search operation that leads to a common image classification by focusing on the quality score of similar
combination of these models. These tests show the best objects. Recognize the difference between human and machine
performance and detail compared to the training model itself, understanding and the impact on interpreting XAI output.
highlighting the importance of visual and auditory judgment [12] Feature extraction: Audio analysis by Fourier transform
in deep exploration. [4] This research focuses on the use of becomes a spectrogram, converting the audio signal into a
false or true information (FoR) generated by advanced text-to- visual form. Analysis of mel spectrograms for human speech
speech models to deal with the threat of voice communication. analysis, providing visual and audio interpretation using scores
Two methods based on visuals and images were investigated based on spectrogram scores. [13] Model: Compared to CNN
for deep voice search. .. The proposed model shows greater and LSTM models, spectrogram-based features are used for
accuracy in classifying sounds as fake or real compared to deep speech detection. Emphasis on simplicity rather than
traditional CNN models such as VGG16 and XceptionNet. realism, using general communication techniques for speech
[5] This article introduces the Audio Deep Synthesis Detection recognition. [14] Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI):
Challenge (ADD) 2022, which addresses different real-life and Introduce the XAI method based on Taylor decomposition,
complex situations for deep sound detection. This challenge using the gradient integral to evaluate the accuracy of the
includes three methods: Perfect Data Discovery (LF), Perfect correlation method by the integral method and the correla-
Data Discovery (PF), and Perfect Data Discovery (FG). This tion redistribution to achieve the explanation. [15] Speech
article provides an overview of data, metrics, and methods Generation: Describe the Griffin-Lim algorithm for generating
and highlights recent advances and findings in the field of voice from scores of spectrogram scores, for simplicity and
deep language search.[6]This article provides an overview of ability to influence the factor properties of the voice even with-
audio deepfakes (AD) and the possibilities for continued im- out perfect segmentation. [16] Understanding with Humans:
provement of detection methods when there are concerns about Inspired by XAI’s human assistance in visual processing,
their impact on public safety. It examines existing machine this paper explores the concept of classification of scores in
learning and deep learning methods, compares audio data complex language, absorption detection and comparison with
errors, and identifies important trade-offs between accuracy spectrogram-based audio.
and measurement methods. This review highlights the need for
further research to resolve these inconsistencies and suggests IV. DATASET BASED S URVEY
potential guidelines for more robust AD detection models, [1] This work uses machine learning and deep learning for
particularly in addressing noise and the sound of the world.[7] deep voice search and focuses on fake or real documents. In
This study evaluates various CNN architectures for deep sound this study, the performance of SVM on short sounds, gradient
detection, including concepts such as size, technique, and boosting on original data, and the performance of the VGG-
accuracy. The customized architecture of Malik et al. The 16 model on raw data were analyzed. The research delves
into the content of fake or real data, examining in depth its models. [13] Introducing XAI based on Taylor decomposition,
composition, size, and impact on the performance of different this paper evaluates the accuracy of the correlation method.
systems and learning models. [2] This research presents a deep The survey explores the datasets used for XAI based on Taylor
learning method for deep content analysis using DFDC and decomposition, analyzing how the gradient integral and cor-
DF-TIMIT datasets. This research examines these materials, relation redistribution contribute to explanation accuracy. [14]
exploring their properties, diversity and implications for in- Describing the Griffin-Lim algorithm for speech generation,
depth research. It evaluates Siamese architecture-inspired mod- this paper explores voice generation from spectrogram scores.
els in this literature that have demonstrated their effectiveness The survey scrutinizes the datasets used for speech generation,
in a variety of situations. [3] To eliminate the threat of sight assessing the impact of the Griffin-Lim algorithm on generat-
and sound, this research presents a collaborative research ing voice. [15] Inspired by XAI’s human assistance, this paper
project. This study explores the dataset involved in training the explores the classification of scores in complex language.
joint model, examining the characteristics of the data and how The survey investigates the datasets used for classification of
the combination improves performance compared to a single scores, analyzing how XAI assists in visual processing and
model. [4] Focusing on false-or-true (FoR) data generated its implications in complex language understanding. [16] This
from text-to-speech models, this research investigates two deep study evaluates various CNN architectures for deep sound
speech search methods. The investigation analyzed the FoR detection, emphasizing the customized architecture of Malik
dataset, determining the nature of false or fabricated data. It et al. The research delves into the data used to train and test
evaluates how these changes affect the performance of the these models, assessing the effects of different sounds and the
proposed model and compares it with traditional CNN models. consistency of the design. It shows how this model provides
[5] Introducing the 2022 Audio Deep Synthesis Detection a good solution for deep acoustic sensing.
Challenge (ADD), this article discusses a variety of real-
life and complex detection scenarios: deep audio. This study V. T ECHNOLOGY BASED S URVEY
evaluates competing materials (LF, PF, FG), investigating [1]Using Machine Learning and Deep Learning Using the
their properties, diversity, and implications for assessing the MFCC learning process, this research analyzed the deep. SVM
robustness of deep acoustic measurement models. [6]This is good at processing short words, gradient boosting on model
review highlights public safety concerns by examining deep datasets, and VGG-16 on raw datasets. This research uses
data (AD) and research techniques. This research examines depth of field processing by comparing SVM, gradient boost-
current machine learning and deep learning by analyzing data ing, and VGG-16 in sound depth detection. [2]This research
used for training and testing. It explores inconsistencies in introduces a deep learning method that uses Siamese architec-
audio data and trade-offs between accuracy and measurement ture and triplet loss to detect deep content. It outperforms the
methods. [7]Evaluating various CNN architectures for deep state-of-the-art method. This research explores the techniques
sound detection, this research introduces the design of Malik et used, examining design and performance loss and how they
al. The research examines the data used to train and test these can help improve depth perception. [3]Regarding both face and
models, assessing how different sounds affect the consistency deep face threat, this research presents a joint study together.
and performance of the models. This research uses synchronization between models to make
[8]To solve the threat of speech misuse, this research uses it more efficient. This research examines techniques used
deep neural networks. This research evaluates whether speech for joint detection and explores how to combine visual and
distortion and speech binarization lead to model accuracy auditory cues to improve detection capabilities. [4]Focusing on
by analyzing the data used to train these networks. [9] To the deep voice threat, this research uses fake or real (FoR) data
demonstrate the use of anti-virus content, this study uses created to exploit advanced speech patterns. It explores images
CNN for histogram analysis and Deep Voice recognition. This and processes based on images, and TCN works better than
research explores the use of data to prevent content transfer, machine learning. In this review, these methods are evaluated,
evaluates the impact of guidance and enables operational images and image-based methods are compared, and the
models to be derived. [10] To solve the problem of deep superiority of TCN is evaluated. [5]Introducing the 2022 Deep
speech spoofing detection, this paper uses ASV spoofing data. Sound Synthesis Detection Challenge (ADD), this research
The study analyzed the ASVspoof dataset to evaluate its paper looks at different aspects of deep sound perception
relevance and features in training models for deep speech in real life. There are three ways to race: LF, PF and FG.
recognition. [11] Introducing the XAI image classification The survey evaluates the technology used in the competition
problem, this paper focuses on similar objects with good by comparing the performance and technological advances of
scores. The survey explores the datasets used for XAI image different models. [6]This paper studies deep audio (AD) and
classification, analyzing the differences in human and machine updates the front-end detection technique. It compares ML and
understanding. [12] Incorporating audio analysis by Fourier DL methods, compares fake data, and analyzes the trade-off
transform, this study uses spectrogram-based features for deep between accuracy and probability. This study examines the
speech detection. The survey examines the datasets employed methods used in current guidelines and explores how different
for deep speech detection, evaluating the effectiveness of methods contribute to the stability of AD diagnostic criteria.
spectrogram-based features compared to CNN and LSTM [7]This research evaluates various CNN architectures for deep
sound detection, focusing on terms such as size, technol- the classification of fractions in complex languages, detects
ogy, and accuracy. The customized architecture of Malik et and compares it to spectrogram-based audio. This research
al. Focus on their specific facts. This research investigates examines the strategies included in this study, examining
the working process, examines different CNN architectures, how different methods contribute to the scoring, detection,
including Malik et al. special model helps you find deep and scoring of difficult words compared to spectrogram-based
sound. Examines the role of size, technology, and accuracy in audio.
the development of deep acoustic sensing technology.[8]This
study employs deep neural networks for speech analysis, VI. E VOLUTIONARY M ECHANISMS S URVEY
combining negative speech, speech binarization, and CNN- [1]This research uses machine learning and deep learning
based methods. This survey explores the technologies used, using MFCC to determine the depth of misinformation or true
analyzing the architecture and techniques employed by deep information. This research traces the evolution of detection
neural networks for accurate and effective synthetic speech mechanisms and examines how SVM, gradient boosting, and
analysis.[9]Utilizing CNN for histogram analysis and model- VGG-16 have evolved in the application of audio deepfake
based application, this study secures transmission points and detection.[2]Introducing the Deepfake learning method, this
performs Deep Voice speech recognition. This survey delves research uses Siamese architecture and triple loss to detect
into the technologies employed, analyzing the role of CNN Deepfake multimedia content. This research explores the
in histogram analysis and the techniques used in the model- evolution of detection tools by examining how the use of
based application for securing transmission points and speech Siamese architecture and triplet loss represent advances in
recognition.[10]Addressing deep voice spoofs, this paper com- audiovisual deepfake detection. [3]Regarding both facial and
bines data enhancement and hybrid feature extraction, adopt- deep facial threat, this research presents a joint study together.
ing LSTM in the backend. Measurement accuracy is high This research examines the evolution of search mechanisms
when MFCC+GTCC and SMOTE are used. This research by examining how synchronization of vision and hearing
investigates the techniques used in deep speech recognition represents an advance in deep search. [4]Focusing on the
by examining the role of modeling and extraction techniques threat of deep voice, this research uses fake or real (FoR) data
such as LSTM, MFCC, GTCC and SMOTE. [11]Due to the generated by high speech standards. This study explores the
difficulty faced in supporting XAI image distribution, this evolution of search mechanisms by comparing the evolution
article will focus on the quality score of similar products. of feature-based and image-based methods and the emergence
It acknowledges the difference between human and machine of TCN as a superior technology. [5]Introduction to Sound
understanding by exploring the implications of interpreting Depth Comprehensive Detection Competition (ADD) 2022,
XAI output. This research examines the technologies used this article really addresses the difference of sound depth
and evaluates how different technologies can help solve prob- perception in real life. This research examines the evolution
lems in XAI image distribution. [12]In audio analysis, this of detection mechanisms and examines how challenges drive
article uses the Fourier transform to create spectrograms and innovation in noise detection techniques. [6]This article ex-
convert audio signals into visual form. It provides visual amines deep voice (AD) and the possibility of changes in
and audio descriptions using spectrogram scores as scores. perception. This research explores the evolution of search
This research explores the techniques used by examining mechanisms, examines how current machine learning and
how Fourier transforms and spectrogram-based techniques deep learning methods have evolved, and identifies ongoing
contribute to sound extraction. [13]Proposed model for deep issues and patches in AD research.[7] This study evaluates
speech detection using spectrogram-based features for sim- various CNN architectures for deep sound detection, taking
plicity rather than realism. This research compares CNN into account aspects such as size, technology and accuracy.
and LSTM models, examines their processing methods, and The customized architecture of Malik et al. Achieving 100
investigates the role of CNN and LSTM in spectrogram- percent accuracy shows the importance of this. This research
based deep speech recognition. [14]Introducing Explainable traces the evolution of detection mechanisms and evaluates
Artificial Intelligence (XAI) using Taylor decomposition, this how experiments with different sounds and CNN architectures
article evaluates the accuracy of the relevant methods. It uses (especially the proposed ones) have led to advances in sound
gradient integration for evaluation and correlation analysis to perception. It shows that different design models are needed
achieve translation. This research investigates the techniques depending on the context, and these models can lead to
used in the XAI model for image classification by examining effective solutions that meet legal requirements in solving
the role of Taylor decomposition, gradient integration and problems.[8] This research addresses the threat of using illegal
correlation redistribution. [15]Griffin-Lim algorithm identifies language in group discussions. Use deep neural networks,
speech generated by spectrogram score; This article focuses fuzzy communication, speech binarization, and CNN-based
on simplicity and the ability to influence expressive speech methods for accurate speech measurement. This study traces
without perfect segmentation. This research delves into the the evolution of the detection process and examines how
process used, examining the role of the Griffin-Lim algorithm, the combination of fuzzy speech and CNN-based methods
spectrogram scores, and their impact on speech. [16]Inspired represents an advance in speech analysis[9].To demonstrate
by XAI’s aid in human visualization, this article investigates the implementation of secure transmission, this study uses
CNN for histogram analysis and Deep Voice recognition. This in-depth study inspired by Siamese architecture, the second ar-
research examines the evolution of detection mechanisms, ticle leads an integrated analysis and aims to explore the depth
examining how CNN-based methods and speech recognition of similar sound and emotion. AUC scores are impressive on
can help prevent content contamination and improve overall DFDC and DF-TIMIT data, highlighting the importance of
performance. [10] Using ASVspoof data, this article pro- combining hypotheses in multivariate analysis.[3]Concerning
vides advanced and integrated data. The proposed model uses the sight and sound of threats, the third article recommends
LSTM in the background to perform pressure measurement. that joint search operations be more effective. Synchroniza-
This research explores the evolution of detection techniques tion of vision and hearing enhances overall exploration and
by examining how the combination of data augmentation, highlights the importance of considering both in deep explo-
hybrid feature extraction, and LSTM represent advances in ration.[4]The fourth paper focuses on the FoR dataset and
speech perception. [11]Motivated by competition This paper compares the visual performance of deep speech and image
focuses on the quality score of similar products in XAI image detection over CNN models. This approach demonstrates the
distribution. Recognizing the difference between human and value of using text-to-speech models to generate inaccurate or
machine understanding, this study examines the development accurate information.[5]The fifth article introduces the 2022
of search tools and examines how a focus on quality scores ADD Competition solving real-life problems. The inclusion of
can contribute to progress in solving XAI image classification LF, PF and FG pieces in the competition emphasizes the need
problems. [12] In audio analysis, this paper uses the Fourier for quality models in different sizes and deep tones.[6]The
transform to create human-interpretable spectrograms. This sixth article provides an overview of deep voice, highlights
work traces the evolution of detection techniques by examining gaps in current systems, and solicits recommendations for
the use of Fourier transforms and feature-based spectrograms research that finds AD to be more robust. This comprehensive
to represent advances in voice feature extraction for dynamic review underscores the need for further research to address the
speech.[13]A proposed model for deep speech detection us- challenges posed by real noise.[7]The seventh article evaluates
ing spectrogram-based features, simplicity over realism. This various CNN architectures for deep sound detection; This
research examines the evolution of the exploration process by shows that different models with different backgrounds are
comparing CNN and LSTM models, examining the importance needed in deep voice search. The customized architecture of
of simplicity and the use of communication technologies Malik et al. High sensitivity is found, paving the way for a
for advances in spectrogram-based deep-sea exploration. [14] good model for deep voice search.[8]To solve the problem of
Introducing Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) using synthetic speech abuse, the eighth paper adopted the deep neu-
Taylor decomposition, this article evaluates the validity of ral networks method, which includes negative communication,
other methods. It uses gradient integration for evaluation and speech binarization, and CNN. This approach emphasizes the
correlation analysis to achieve translation. This research traces importance of separating speech from speech synthesis, allow-
the evolution of the search process by examining how the ing for accurate and effective speech analysis.[9]The ninth pa-
introduction of Taylor decomposition, gradient integration and per demonstrating the use of context immunity uses CNN for
redistribution relations represent progress in the XAI model histogram analysis and deep speech learning. This approach
for image classification. [15] The book describes the Griffin- demonstrates the versatility of CNNs in predicting the spread
Lim algorithm for generating speech from spectrogram scores; of content.[10]To solve the problem of deepfake detection, the
This article focuses on the simple and available ability to tenth paper is applied to the ASVspoof dataset. Using LSTM,
intercept speech without perfect segmentation. This research MFCC + GTCC and SMOTE, the proposed model completes
examines the evolution of the perception process by examining the accuracy test and demonstrates robustness against deep
how the Griffin-Lim algorithm and the use of spectrogram speech.[11-16]The rest of the article explores the problems
scores represent advances in speech. [16] Inspired by the of the XAI method such as XAI image classification, feature
XAI program visualization function, this paper investigates extraction using Fourier transform, model comparison of deep
the segmentation, detection and matching of complex words speech, Taylor decomposition using Griffin-Lim calculus.
in comparison with spectrogram-based language. This study
evaluates the evolution of the search process, examining how C ONCLUSION AND F UTURE S COPE
the focus compares with the advancement of spectrogram- In summary, this research supports false or true (FoR)
based voice support in complex word classification, detection, data and provides a powerful deep language search method.
and understanding in the human voice and comprehension in Feature engineering using Mel Cepstral Coefficients (MFCC)
general. has proven useful and the effectiveness of machine learning
algorithms has been demonstrated. Support vector machines
D ISCUSSION (SVM) and gradient boosting superiority show very good
[1]The first article uses machine learning and deep learning, accuracy. Inspired by Siamese architecture, this profound work
specifically MFCC, to identify deepfakes. SVM is good at is the best in the state in combining visual and emotional
processing short sounds, gradient boosting on artifacts, and aspects. Comparison of deep sound detection performance
VGG-16 on artifacts. This approach shows that there are many demonstrates the superiority of Temporal Convolutional Net-
types of models with different characteristics.[2]Providing an works (TCN) compared to traditional CNN models. While
future directions include investigating different MFCC window R EFERENCES
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