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ISBN#, author, title, or keyword for materials in your areas of interest.
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CENGAGE
Learning®
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 17 16 15 14 13
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Dedication
To my wife Debbie, for keeping me sane, for being the partner of my dreams, and
for making sure that I take time to walk among the flowers and the redwoods.
To my children Becky and Casey, for reminding me every day how miraculous the
world is, for being the most wonderful daughters any father could have, and for
making sure that I take the time to make music and play Yahtzee.
Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, so1ne third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
The Author, Jim Armstrong
Jim Armstrong grew up on the East Coast and
attended Harvard University as an undergradu-
ate student, then moved to the West Coast for
graduate school. Since earning his Master's de-
gree at the University of California at Berkeley,
Jim has taught in the California community
college system. He has been on the faculty of
City College of San Francisco for the past
23 years, during which time he has taught the
full range of lower-division chemistry courses,
with particular emphasis on the single-term
GOB course. Ten years ago, he collaborated
with the CCSF biology and nursing depart-
ments on an extensive revision of the GOB
curriculum, and the success of the course revi-
sion led to the writing of this textbook. Besides
teaching and writing, Jim enjoys playing piano
and trombone, collecting topographic maps,
hiking, birdwatching, and doting on his won-
derful twin daughters.
•
VI
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• • Measuring Size: Distance, Mass, and Volume •
3 Chemical Bonds 64
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•••
VIII CONTENTS
Copyright 20 13 Ccngagc Leaming. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to elec tronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the cBook and/or c-Chaptcr(s).
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CONTENTS ix
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x CONTENTS
14 Proteins 458
15 Carbohydrates 494
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CONTENTS xi
APPENDIX A
Mathematics Supplement A-1
APPENDIX B
Summary of Organic Functional Groups A-15
APPENDIX C
Answers to Selected Problems A-22
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To Students
"Why study chemistry?" There is broad agreement among healthcare professionals
that chemistry is essential background for understanding the workings of the
human body. Although you may not have realized it, you have undoubtedly already
encountered some of the ideas that are covered in this book, including:
• measurements such as weight, height, blood pressure, and blood sugar levels
• electrolytes and their importance to human health
• the energy value (Calorie content) of food
• the major nutrient types, including carbohydrates, fats, and proteins
• the role of vitamins and minerals in human health
• DNA, genetic diseases, and heredity
• X-rays and other types of diagnostic imaging
As you will see, every aspect of human biology is grounded in chemistry. In a real
sense, chemistry provides the principles we need to understand life itself.
Learning chemistry is like learning a new language. You begin with a set of new
words that allow you to express ideas in the language of chemistry, as well as some
basic principles that are analogous to the grammatical rules of a language. Later, you
learn more sophisticated concepts, allowing you to express more complex (and
more interesting) ideas. The first few chapters of this book cover the basic principles
and vocabulary of chemistry, without which the rest of the book would not make
sense. At times, these early principles may not seem particularly relevant to human
health, and you may find yourself wishing that you could hurry on to the "good
stuff." Be patient! The time you spend learning the fundamental concepts will allow
you to understand and appreciate the chemistry of the human body.
This book is written for students who want to pursue a career in the health
sciences, and it assumes no prior knowledge of chemistry. To take full advantage of
this text, here are a few tips:
1. Keep up with the reading assignments. Read each section either before your in-
structor covers the material in class or immediately afterward. Many lessons
build on the previous ones, making it particularly important not to fall behind.
2. Pace yourself when reading. Some of the concepts may be difficult to grasp on
first reading, and most of them will require your full attention. Read a little at a
time, making sure that you understand the material. If you find your attention
wandering, take a break.
3. Do the sample problems. This book contains many sample problems, and you
should treat these as an integral part of the text. Each sample problem is worked
out in detail, and is followed by a second exercise labeled "Try It Yourself."
Doing these additional exercises will help you to gauge whether or not you
understood the solution to the sample problem.
4. Do as many problems as you can. Problem solving is where the actual learning
happens. It hones your ability to apply the knowledge you've learned, and it points
out the areas where you need more studying. Each section of this book ends with
a set of Core Problems and each chapter ends with a set of Concept Problems.
Doing these problems will help you to determine your level of comprehension.
5. Use the chapter summaries as study guides. Each section of this book begins with
a learning objective. These objectives are collected at the end of the chapter,
••
XII
along with a thorough summary of the concepts .
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Editorial review has deemed that any suppre ssed content docs not ma terially affect the ovcrdH learning experience. Ccngagc Leaming reserves the rig.ht to remove additional conte nt at any time if subsequent rights restric tions require it.
•••
PREFACE XIII
Student-Friendly Features
H ere are samples that illustrate the features you will find throughout the book.
Health Applications:
E unice has smoked for more than 40 years, and lately she has been feeling short of
breath most of the time. After one particularly diffi cult morning, when she became exhausted af-
ter simply climbing the stairs in her house, she goes to the doctor. To help diagnose the cause of
Connecting Chemistry to
Eunice's symptoms, the doctor orders a test called arterial blood gases. This test shows how effec·
tively Eunice's breathing is able to keep the pH of her blood within an acceptable range. pH is a
measure of the balance between acids and bases (alkalis) in a solution, and in the blood, the pH re·
Health and the Human Body
fleets the balance between carbon dioxide and bicarbonate ions. Our health depends on keeping
these two substances in the correct proportion, and we rely on our breathing to maintain the cor-
rect concentration of carbon dioxide. • Each chapter has a short health-related introduc-
The test shows that although Eunice's blood has roughly the correct ratio of carbon dioxide to
bicarbonate ions, the concentrations of both are substantially higher than normal. Eunice's tion, followed by several numbered sections that
damaged lungs cannot expel carbon dioxide rapidly enough to keep up with her body's production begin with the important learning objectives. Key
of it. and her kidneys have compensated by raising the concentration of bicarbonate ions. Because
the kidneys cannot respond to rapid changes in carbon dioxide levels, though, Eunice's blood Terms are given in boldface the first time they are
tends to become more acidic than normal, a condition called respiratory acidosis. Together with
measurements of Eunice's breathi ng capacity, these results confirm that Eunice is suffering from used and are collected at the back of the chapter.
emphysema, a gradual destruction of the lining of the lung sacs that reduces the ability of the
lungs to move air in and out. Eunice's doctor urges her to quit smoking to slow the progression of
her disease, and he prescribes medications to ease her breathing.
co, + H,O ;::= H,co, ;::= H' + HCo,-
carbonic bicarbonate
add Ion
• The apple icon points to a health-related application
The Behavior of Cells Depends on the Tonicity of Their of the concepts.
Surroundings
Ler us return co che. question of why red blood ce.Us are affected by the surrounding solu-
tion. Red blood cells, like all ocher cells in our bodies, are surrounded by a semipermeable
membrane, which allows water to pass through hut is impermeable to most solutes. Inside
the membrane is a liquid called the cyrosol, whic,h contains a variety of solutes. The over·
all concentration of soJutes in the cytorol is roughly 0.28 M. If the concentration of solutes
outside the red blood cell is also 0.28 ~1, osmosis wiH not occur., because water flows into
and out of the cell at the same rate. Howeve.r, when the concentration outside the cell is
• Marginal Health Notes show the relevance of chem-
higher than 0.28 M, water flows out of the cell, and the cell volume shrinks. If the cell loses
m o much water, it shrivels up and dies, a process called crenation. If the solute concentra -
istry to health and the human body.
tion outside. the cell is lower than 0.28 M, water flows into the cell, and the cell sweUs. The
cell v.,11 burst if it absorbs too much warer, a process called hemo/ysis.
[n medicine, solutions that are intended for intravenous injection are classified based on ~ Health Note: The isotonic
their t onicity, whkh is the relationship bern•een the ove.rall conce.ntration of the solution conccntration depends to a small
and the normal s olute concemration in blood cells. Any solution that contains 0.28 moVL extent on the solute, with large
of solute is called an isotonic solution (iso me.ans «equal" ). Solutions that have highe-r molecules having somewhat
loWt.'l" isotonic concent rations.
solute concentrations are hypertonic (hyper = " a bove." ), while. solutions that have lower
solute concentrations are hypotonic (hypo = ' 1 below"). Table 5.S summarizes the effects
of these three types of solutions on red blood cells.
uses its own specific unfrs tor these amounts. The generaJ procedure for calculating concen·
trations is as follows:
1. Determine the type of concentration you must calculate and the units you must use
for the solute and the. solution.
2 . If needed, convert the amount of solute and the amount of the solution into the
co"ect tmits.
3. Divide the amounc of solute by the amount of solution.
4. If the concentration is a percentage, multiply your answe.r by 100.
• Each Sample Problem is paired with a closely re- STEP 3: Divide the solute by the
solvent.
Now we call do the calculation. We divide the amoum of solute (che gJyceri11} b5• the
amount of solution.
lated "Try It Yourself" question. Do these questions 75 ltil gl)'cetine • O In this example. the
2500 In!. solution ·03 units cancel.
right away, so you can be sure that you have ac- STEP 4: For a percentage, multiply
f inally, we multiply our answer by 100 , because we are calculating a pe.rcencage. We also
by 100.
quired the needed skills. The answers to the "Try It attach che appropriate. unit for this type of pe.rcentage.
0.03 x 100 • 3% (v/v)
Yourself" questions are in Appendix C at the back Our answer should have. two significant figures, so we add a zero after the decimal poim.
of the book. Most of the Sample Problems list ad- The coocencracion of this solution is 3.0% (v/v).
TRY I T YOURSELF: A solution ,ontains 1.5 g of NaCl and has a total volume of 360 mL.
ditional Core Problems that you can do to practice What is the perunt roncentration of this solution! What type of pereentage is this!
your new skills. • fo r additional practice. tr}' Core Problems $.3 and $.4.
Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied. scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the cBook and/or cChaptcr(s).
EditoriaJ review has deemed that any suppre ssed content docs not ma terially affect the overaJl lcaming experience. Ccngage Learning reserves the rig.ht to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
•
XIV PREFACE
Section 1·1: Defi ne distance, mass, and volume, and know how to express each of these 8.65 What are the rwo rules for balancing a nuclear equation? 8.76 Alpha emfrters are dangerous if they are ingested or
properties as a metric measurement. 8.66 Wh>' does beta dec-a>' always incre.ase the atomic number inhaled. Howe.\•et, they are virtually harmJe.ss outside the
• Any numerical measurement has two parts, a number and a unit. of an arom? body, e,..e11 if they a re held close to the skin. \X'hy is dlis?
• Length, width, and height are examples of distances, and they are measured with a ruler. 8.67 Wh>• don't chemists write the mass oumbers of the atoms 8.77 A sheet of Plexiglas blocks all bera particles. Why is a
• Volume is the amount of space an object takes up. when the->· write balanced equations for ordinary thin sheer of lead sometime.s added co cl1e Ple.xiglas when
, Mass is the resistance of an object to being set in motion, and i t is closely related to the weight chemic.al reactioos? shielding a worker from beta radiation?
of the object. Mass is measured with a balance. 8.68 Nuclear reactio11s produce a great deal of energy. \Vhe.re 8.78 The walls in X ·ray clinics are us·ually buHt of concrete
, There are two commonly used systems of units, the English system and the metric system. does c-hjs energy come from? rather than wood. Why is this?
• The metric system is built on a set of base uni ts: the meter, the liter, and the gram. 8.79 h rakes 8 days for half of a lg sample of iodine-131 co
8.69 Nuclear reaccioos can produce radiation in the form of
• Derived units are named by adding a prefix to the base unit. particles or e.lecrromagne.r:ic radiation. How do these. decay.
Section 1·2: Report a measured value to t he correct number of digits, interpret uncertainty in differ from each other? a) How long does it take for half of a 10 g sample of
a measurement, and distinguish between precision and accuracy. 8.70 Wh>· is ionizing radiation dangerous to living iodine·131 to decay? Explaio.
• In any measurement, the last reported digi t is uncerta in. organisms? b) Does it rake 8 days for the other half of the I g
Predsion is the abili ty of a method or tool to produce similar numbers when a measurement is sample of 1311 to decay? Why or why Jlot?
8.71 A friend is concerned about using her miccowa\•e oven.
made several times. because. she has heard people re.fer to micro,:-.-a ve 8.80 Wh>' is the co,,cenrracion of argon higher in very old
Accuracy is the agreement between a measurement and the true value. It is determined by cooking as ''nuking your food" a nd she is afraid [hat rocks than it is in tocks that were fotmed receml>·?
checking the method or tool with a standard. some sort of nuclear radiacioo is involved. Ho\.'>' ,\lould 8.81 What are. the.economic and eovironme1nal advantages of
you respond LO your friend's concerns? electrical production using nuclear fission, as compared
Section 1·3: Convert distance, volume, and mass measurements from one metric unit to to using fossil fuel combustion? What are. the
8.72 List two machines that are used to measure ionizing
another. radiation. disadvantages?
• All derived units in the metric system are related to the base unit by a power of ten.
8.73 What is an equivalenr dose, atld what uoits are used to 8.82 Life on Eatth would not exist were. it 1101 for a fusion
• Metric units can be interconverted by moving the decimal point in the number.
express .1t.' reaction. Explain .
Section 1·4: Convert a measurement from one unit to another using a conversion factor. 8.74 \Vhy do alpha panides have a much higher WR chan 8.83 Why are nuc.lear reactors important· in medicine?
• Conversion factors express a relationship between two units. beta particles or gamma rays?
A unit conversion involves mul tiplying the original measurement by a conversion factor that
cancels the original unit.
Section 1·5: Use multiple conversion factors to carry out unit conversions.
• Some unit conversions require two or more conversion factors.
t Summary and Challenge Problems 8.88 Radon~221 can undergo t\VO types of radioacth'e
decay. In a typic.al sample of radon·221 atoms.
• Multiple-step conversions can be written as a single calculation. 8.84 Use the. periodic table 10aJlswe.r the following questions: 22% decay co franc.ium..221 1 while. the ocher 78%
decay co polonium-217. Classify each of these
Section 1·6: Use compound units to relate different types of measurements, including a) How many neutrons are there i11 an atom of cobalt-58?
rwo reactions as an alpha decay. a beta decay, or
measurements involving dosages, and calculate and use density and specific gravity. b) How man>' protons are there in an acom of a positron emission.
• Compound units are used to show relationships between fundamentally different types of indium· 11 1?
c) \Xfrite Lhe nuclear symbol for an a tom chat contains 8.89 Thallium-207 can be formed by both alpha decay and
measurement, such as money and weight of food. beta decay.
A compound unit can be used as a conversion factor. 30 protons and 36 neutrons.
8.85 There. are two naturall>• occurring isotopes of chlorine. a} ~rhac is the reactant in rhe alpha decay re.action that
Compound units are often used in dosage problems.
makes 20'1'1?
The density of a substance is i ts mass divided by its volume, and density can be used to a) Do chese. rwo isotopes have. the same atomic. b) What is the reaccam in the bera decay reaccioo that
interconvert mass and volume. nwnber? Explain why or wby not. makes "''Tl?
The specific gravity of a substance is roughly equal to i ts density in grams per millil iter, but b) Do these. cwo isotopes ha,,e che same mass Jlumber?
Explain why or why nor:. 8.90 The following sequence of reaccioos is used LO make
specific gravity has no uni t.
c} One of these. isotope.s can combine. with cerium ro isotopes of two cransuraniuin elements. C'..omplece the
form CeCl3. If the ocher isotope combines with cerium. nuclear equations for these reactiolls.
what will be the. chemical formula of cl1e produce? 2
~ Pu + 60 4 atom 1
8.86 Chernists often omit the atomic number when they write atom 1 --+ arom 2 + _ye
rhe S)'mbol for a particular isotope. (For example. they
may write 1' C rather than 'tC.) \Vh)' is chis acceptable? atom 2 -> atom 3 + 1He
Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the cBook and/or cChaptcc(s).
EditoriaJ review has deemed that any suppressed content docs not materially affec t the overaJl lcaming experience. Ccngagc Learning reserves the rig.ht to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
PREFACE xv
To Instructors
As with the first edition of this textbook, my primary goals for this second edition were
to write a book that focused on the needs and interests of allied-health students, that
offered clear, detailed descriptions of the chemical principles that govern the workings
of the human body; that softened the traditional rigid boundaries between general
chemistry, organic chemistry, and biochemistry topics; and that struck a balance be-
tween the needs of students who have never encountered chemistry and the expectation
of college-level coverage and rigor. The gratifying response to the first edition made it
evident that these goals resonated with professors and students alike.
What's New
In response to both user feedback and my own experiences using the book, this
second edition incorporates a great number of changes, both major and minor. The
major substantive changes are listed below.
• The chapter on nuclear chemistry (formerly Chapter 16) has been moved to the
end of the material on general chemistry, becoming Chapter 8 in the second edition.
• The following peripheral topics have been eliminated: heating and cooling
curves, the ideal gas law, precipitation reactions, Le Chatelier's principle, mass-
energy conversion calculations, bombardment reactions and the production of
radioisotopes, Markovnikov's rule, the solubility of organic compounds in or-
ganic solvents, the structures and functions of steroids, and anabolic pathways.
• The sections on biologically important amines and on radioisotopes in medi-
cine have been replaced by new end-of-chapter "Connections" essays covering
much of the same material.
• Coverage of moles and molar masses has been moved from Chapter 5 to the
end of Chapter 2 , allowing early exposure to this often-difficult concept.
• The topic sequence in Chapter 2 has been revised extensively, giving a more
logical flow of subject matter. The electronic structure of atoms is now covered
immediately after the introduction to atoms, allowing uninterrupted coverage
of atomic structure. The separate sections on the periodic table have been
combined into a single section, which appears after the material on electronic
structure. The material on chemical similarities has been compressed and
moved to Chapter 3.
• The material on gas law computations, which was formerly placed in the ap-
pendices, has been streamlined and moved into Chapter 4. At the same time,
the two sections on solubility have been moved from Chapter 4 to Chapter 5.
The remaining sections of Chapter 4 have been edited to improve the flow of
this chapter. These changes give a better topic balance between Chapters 2,
4, and 5.
• Condensed structures for unbranched hydrocarbon chains are introduced in
Chapter 5, simplifying the molecular structures required in the discussion of
amphipathic compounds.
• A discussion of the carbon cycle has been added to Chapter 6, following the
introduction of combustion reactions.
Copyright 2013 Ccngagc Leaming. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the cBook and/or c-Chaptcr(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppre ssed content docs not ma terially affect the ovcr~d1 learning experience. Ccngagc Leaming reserves the rig.ht to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restric tions require it.
•
XVI PREFACE
• The coverage of the properties of acids and bases in Chapter 7 has been simpli-
fied, with the elimination of subsections on the relationship between the pH of
a solution and the molarity and strength of the acid or base in the solution.
• The coverage of the biological hazards of ionizing radiation has been con-
densed and focused, and the material on nuclear power generation has been
compressed and brought up-to-date.
• The first three chapters on biochemistry (formerly Chapters 13- 15) have been
revised extensively. The stand-alone chapter on metabolic processes has been
eliminated, with the material in this chapter being moved to earlier chapters.
The rather lengthy chapter on carbohydrates and lipids has been split into two
chapters, one on each class of biomolecules. Coverage of metabolic processes
has been simplified and streamlined throughout.
• Coverage of the ATP cycle has been moved to the end of Chapter 13 (condensa-
tion and hydrolysis reactions), where it reinforces the core reaction types of the
chapter and provides an introduction to bioenergetics.
• A brief discussion of the urea cycle is included in Chapter 14 (proteins), replac-
ing the longer section in the first edition.
• Glycolysis, fermentation pathways, and the citric acid cycle are covered at the
end of Chapter 15 (carbohydrates).
• The new Chapter 16 (lipids) integrates the coverage of the chemistry and bio-
logical roles of fats and fatty acids and the behavior of biological membranes.
Catabolism of fatty acids now appears immediately after the sections on the
structures and reactions of triglycerides and fatty acids. The section on lipid
bilayers and membranes is now followed by a new section on mitochondrial
structure, concentration gradients, and oxidative phosphorylation.
En nog is het laatste woord van den psalm niet over de lippen
gekomen, of daar schijnt de vallei levend te worden; daar schijnen
de heuvelen in een wandelenden muur herschapen te zijn, en die
muur komt met snelle, onweerstaanbare kracht op den wagenburcht
aan.
„Schiet, mannen!” roept Kloppers met een stem, die boven het
gebrul der Kaffers uit klinkt: „schiet!” Een moordend salvo ontvangt
den vijand, maar die aanstormende muur is niet te keeren. De
Boeren schieten er een bres in—de muur sluit zich weder!
Reeds heeft hij den lagerheuvel bereikt—hoor! Daar bonst hij tegen
het lager aan!
Twintig, dertig Kaffers grijpen een ossenwagen aan, om hem uit zijn
verband te rukken, maar hij staat stevig, zoodat er geen verwrikken
aan is. Nu vallen zij op den volgende aan, die niet zoo vast schijnt te
staan. Terwijl suizen de assegaaien en fluiten de kogels. Kloppers
werpt zijn geweer weg en neemt een zeis, die als een houwbijl op
een langen stok is bevestigd, en met dat vreeselijk wapen slaat hij
op den zoo goed als naakten rug der Kaffers, terwijl de vrouwen
potten kokend water over de huiven heen werpen. Voor deze
woedende verdediging deinzen de Kaffers terug, en laten den wagen
los. Maar anderen hebben reeds de uit graszoden bestaande
borstwering vernield, en trachten nu de dorenstaketsels op te
ruimen.
„Hak hen de handen af, Floor!” roept zijn vader, en Floor—doet het.
Van drie zijden, neen van vier zijden komen de assegaaien, want
eenige van Khama’s beste speerwerpers hebben aan den anderen
oever der rivier, die langs de niet versterkte achterzijde van het lager
stroomt, post gevat. Kloppers geeft bevel, dat de vrouwen en
kinderen, die aan de achterzijde [95]tot nog toe tamelijk beschut zijn
geweest, thans meer naar voren moeten komen, om een anders
gewissen dood te ontgaan.
Daar stort de dappere Tijs zwaargewond tegen den grond; daar zinkt
een andere Boer, met den spiesworp in de borst, zonder een zucht
te slaken, dood neer; daar valt een moeder, haar zuigeling aan het
hart gedrukt, neer, en haar stervend, brekend oog rust op haar
lieveling; daar sneuvelt de trouwe Daan. Van zijn rug had hij een
schild gemaakt, om er zijn lieve lenteroos, de kleine Hannie, mee te
beschutten, en de assegaai heeft dat schild doorboord. De kleine
slaat haar armpjes weenend om zijn hals, en haar grijs jurkje wordt
rood—rood van het bloed, dat den trouwen knecht uit de gapende
wonde gutst.
„God, mijn God,” roept ouderling de Jong vertwijfelend uit: „Gij, die
het geroep der jonge raven hoort, zijt Gij doof voor het geschrei
dezer kleine kinderen, die niet weten van hun rechterhand noch van
hun linkerhand?”
Floor staat er met zijn bijl. Hij klemt de tanden op elkander: nu zal
het er op aankomen. [96]
Daar springt de eerste Kaffer het lager binnen; reeds volgt hem de
tweede. Maar nòg heeft de derde Kaffer, de wilde Panter, met zijn
voeten den lagergrond niet aangeraakt, of de twee eersten liggen
reeds met gespleten schedel aan de voeten van den jongen Boer.
En de Panter zou aan dit lot niet zijn ontsnapt, ware hij niet door een
pijlsnelle beweging aan den vreeselijken bijlhouw van den jongen
Boer ontkomen.
En nu, dit gevaar ontgaan, neemt hij, Floor in het oog houdend, met
fonkelende blikken het lager op.
En daar ziet hij wat hij zoekt: den lagerkommandant met den rug
naar hem toegekeerd, en naast hem Mieke, de blanke Duive.
Floor is den Panter onmiddellijk gevolgd. Men kent hem niet meer:
zijn gelaat gloeit, zijn oogen stralen. „Heb ik het goed gedaan,
Vader?” roept hij, en hij heft den strijdbijl omhoog, zoodat het blanke
lemmet schittert in de zonnestralen.
„Ja,” wil de vader zeggen, „gij hebt het goed gedaan, mijn jongen!”
maar reeds trekt een ander tooneel zijn aandacht. „Een bom,” roept
de kleine Willem, „ze gaan met bommen gooien!” De „bom” valt voor
de voeten van vrouw Kloppers neer, die een gil van ontzetting slaakt,
maar Barend Jansen neemt de „bom” op—hij heeft het van bloed
druipend hoofd van zijn zoon Leendert in de hand.…
Hij kust dat hoofd met de teederheid van een vader; hij legt het
neder in het koele gras, en bedekt het met een doek.
Dan zegt hij tot Floor: „Geef me uw bijl!” Met één vreeselijken slag
heeft hij den Panter onthoofd. Hij neemt het hoofd, en slingert het
over den huifwagen heen midden onder de vijanden, die van woede
brullen.
Gert Kloppers schudt het hoofd, maar Barend Jansen [97]zegt met
vlammenden blik: „Oog om oog en tand om tand—vervloekt zij de
nakomelingschap van Cham tot in alle eeuwigheid!”
Ja, Gert Kloppers kan ook met de speer werpen; dat zal hij toonen.
In elke hand neemt hij een assegaai.
Daar komt een assegaai aan suizen, door Khama zelf geworpen, en
ofschoon Kloppers het hoofd wendt, krijgt hij toch een diepe
hoofdwond. Het bloed stroomt hem over het gelaat, maar hij stoort er
zich niet aan, en slingert met de linkerhand een assegaai op den
Kafferkapitein af.
Met een minachtenden grijnslach dekt deze zich met zijn schild,
zoodat de assegaai machteloos naast hem neervalt, maar op
hetzelfde oogenblik wordt hij door de andere assegaai, door
Kloppers’ rechterhand geslingerd, in den hals getroffen.
„Laat mij eerst de wond verbinden,” zegt zijn vrouw, maar hij
antwoordt, terwijl er voor den eersten keer op dezen dag, als een
zonnestraal tusschen de donderwolken, een glimlach op zijn gelaat
zichtbaar wordt: „Straks, Hanneke, maar nu hebben we geen tijd!”
„Op, mijn jongens,” roept hij, „te paard!”
Wie is tegen die leeuwen bestand? Het hart der Kaffers smelt van
vrees, want de bloedwrekers zijn hen op de hielen. Ja, dat zijn de
ontembare leeuwen, waarvan hunne vaderen in hunne liederen
hebben verhaald, de leeuwen, die gekomen zijn ver uit het vlakke,
koude noorden—en wie is tegen hun toorn bestand.…?
Daar komen zij terug, op hun met schuim bedekte paarden: Gert
Kloppers met zijn dapperen; terug van de wilde, van de vreeselijke,
van de Oud-Hollandsche jacht; van de jacht op bloedhonden en
moordenaars!
Daar treden zij weer het lager binnen; de geweren nog warm, het
gelaat met bloed bespat, zwart van den kruitdamp, en terwijl de zon
in het westen vlammend ondergaat, danken de overwinnaars, in het
stof gebogen, God.
Het was voor de achtergeblevenen een groote troost, toen zij hun
aanvoerder behouden terug zagen, en in der haast werd het lager
zoo sterk mogelijk gemaakt, terwijl vijf wagens binnen den kring
werden getrokken, die, gedekt door een scherm van planken, bij den
gevreesden Kafferaanval een schuilplaats zouden kunnen bieden
voor vrouwen en kinderen.
Toen het kamp gereed was, gingen zes Boeren op kondschap uit,
die met de ernstige tijding terugkwamen, dat de vlakte in het
noorden zwart was van oorlogskaffers. Toen sloeg den Boeren het
hart van vreeze, en zij riepen tot God in hun grooten nood. [100]
Evenals bij den aanval op Kloppers’ lager werd het hier een strijd op
leven en dood. De Kaffers wierpen hun leeren schilden op de
doornversperringen, stutten er zich op, en trachtten zoo over den
wagenmuur heen te komen. Maar mannen, vrouwen en kinderen
wedijverden met elkander in doodverachtenden heldenmoed, en
terwijl de vrouwen de tusschen en boven de doorntakken zich heen
wringende Kaffers met hun bijlen doodsloegen, schoten de mannen
met hun lange roeren, geladen met zoogenaamde loopers: (zakjes,
die 70 tot 90 zware hagelkorrels inhielden) diepe, gapende
openingen in den opdringenden vijand.
Het ventje was heengegaan, om aan den last te voldoen, doch wie
beschrijft den angst der ouders, toen het lager als door een
stortvloed van bloeddorstige Kaffers werd omloeid, en het kind nog
in het open veld was! Nauwelijks waren de Kaffers dan ook gevlucht,
of de ouders gingen op pad, om hun lieveling te zoeken, doch al hun
zoeken was te vergeefs, en hun angstig roepen vond geen
antwoord. Het kind bleef weg, en men kon niet anders denken, dan
dat het kind door de Kaffers was vermoord.
Doch te grooter was de vreugde der ouders, toen zij den volgenden
morgen het kind zagen aankomen. Het kereltje wandelde
doodbedaard, klapte met de zweep, en viel zijn van blijdschap
schreiende ouders in de armen!
Zelfs geen schram had hij opgeloopen. Hij vertelde, dat de Kaffers
de schapen hadden gestolen, en hij toen maar achter een
doornbosch was weggekropen, maar de ouders verklaarden, dat
God zijn heilige engelen had geboden, om dit kind te beschermen.
De overwinning was behaald, maar smartelijk vermisten de Boeren
hun vee, vooral hun trekossen, die door de Kaffers waren
weggedreven, terwijl zij hier niet konden blijven, te midden van dit
afgrijselijk veld van dooden, waarop de gieren reeds waren
neergestreken.
Zoo spande men dan de paarden, die dit werk nooit hadden verricht,
voor de zware wagens, en knarsend gingen de met bloed bespatte
wielen over de weggeworpen speren, [102]leeren schilden en
gesneuvelde Kaffers naar een geschikter plaats, op een half uur
afstands van het slagveld.
Hier werd het hart der moede zwervers verkwikt door het gezicht van
nieuwe, lange wagentreinen, zoo pas uit de Kaapkolonie
aangekomen, en er waren vele moedige harten onder, die voor een
strijd met Moselekatse niet vervaard waren.
Immers Natal was volgens veler getuigenis een land, vloeiende van
melk en honing, doorsneden van standhoudende rivieren, bedekt
met groote, uitnemend timmerhout leverende bosschen; en—wat de
deur dicht deed—het had een diepe, kostelijke zeehaven. Tevens
was het bekend, dat de Zoeloekoning Dingaan, aan wien Natal
behoorde, genegen was, heel dit gebied op billijke voorwaarden aan
de Boeren te verkoopen.
De jagers hebben een mooien slag geslagen. Kijk maar eens in den
ossenwagen: daar zijn de huiden van de meeste wilde dieren, die de
Transvaal kent, vertegenwoordigd; zelfs olifantstanden ontbreken
niet.
„En als het in Natal niet goed gaat, kan men altijd nog op de
Transvaal terugtrekken,” zegt de leeuwenjager.
„En waarom zou het in Natal niet goed gaan? Rekent uw vader dan
niet met de zeehaven?” vraagt Lodewijk Jansen.
„Hij beschouwt het bezit van een zeehaven in Natal voor de Boeren
een der grootste ongelukken, die hen kunnen overkomen,” zegt Dirk.
„En Holland is er ook nog; het zal niet dulden, dat Engeland ons zoo
schandelijk mishandelt,” zegt Lodewijk Jansen.
„Ja, ja,” zegt hij meer tot zich zelven dan tot de anderen, „ik wou, dat
ik eens die Engelsche politiek onder schot kon krijgen.”
„Maar komt, jongens,” roept hij opgewekter, „laat die Engelschen van
avond voor mijn part naar de maan loopen; ik heb honger—zeg
Kees, is de bok nog niet gaar?”
„Ik denk het wel,” zegt Kees Bouwer, die het spit draait, en spoedig
zitten de jagers aan het gemeenschappelijk maal, dat met grooten
eetlust en onder vroolijken scherts wordt verorberd.
En als men dien dag herdenkt, hoe zou men dan den
daaropvolgenden kunnen vergeten!
En hoe lang had Tijs de Jong aan zijn wond op het ziekbed gelegen!
Wat had dat des nachts, als hij in de zware wondkoortsen lag te ijlen,
akelig door het lager heen geklonken: „Op, de Kaffers! Zij
overrompelen ons! Toe, vader, gooi de lont in de kruitzakken! Wij
moeten niet levend in hunne handen vallen!” [106]
Maar hij was gelukkig gebeterd, en de blos der gezondheid ligt weer
op zijn wangen.