Internship Report

Submitted by

Name: C.Sanjay Kumar REG.NO:312521104318

In partial Fulfillment for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
IN
COMPUTER SCIENCE AND
ENGINEERING

T.J.INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
KARAPAKKAM
CHENNAI 600097

ANNA UNIVERSITY
CHENNAI 600025

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 T.J.INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
RAJIVGANDHISALAI,KARAPAKKAM,CHENNAI-600097
ANNAUNIVERSITY,CHENNAI-600025

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this internship Artificial Intelligence

by Intern Certify is the bonafide work of Sanjay
Kumar.C who carried out the internship under my
supervision.

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE

MS.D.EVANGELINE NESA PRIYA MR.MOHAMMAD ARSATH

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT CLASS INCHARGE

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 Acknowledgement
The success and final outcome of learning machine
learning required a lot of guidance and assistance from
many people and I am extremely privileged to have got
this all along the completion of my course and flow of
the projects.All that i have done is only due to such a
supervision and assistance and I would not forget to
thank them.

(Signature of Student)

Date:

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 ABSTRACT

This paper is the introduction to Artificial intelligence (AI). Artificial intelligence is

exhibited by artificial entity, a system which is generally assumed to be a computer. AI
systems are now in routine use in economics, medicine, engineering and the military, as
well as being built into many common home computer software applications, traditional
strategy games like computer chess and other video games.

I tried to explain the brief ideas of AI and its application in various fields. It cleared
the concept of computational and conventional categories. It includes various advanced
systemssuch as Neural Network, Fuzzy Systems and Evolutionary computation. AI is used
in typical problems such as Pattern recognition, Natural language processing and more.
This system is working throughout the world as an artificial brain.

Intelligence involves mechanisms, and AI research has discovered how to make

computers carry out some of them and not others. If doing a task requires only
mechanisms that are well understood today, computer programs can give very impressive
performances on these tasks. Such programs should be considered
``somewhatintelligent''. It is related to the similar task of using computers to understand
human intelligence.

We can learn something about how to make machines solve problems by

observing other people or just by observing our own methods. On the other hand, most
work in AI involves studying the problems the world presents to intelligence rather than
studying people or animals. AI researchers are free to use methods that are not observed
in peopleor that involve muchmore computing than people can do. We discussed
conditions for considering a machine to be intelligent. We argued that if the machine
could successfully pretend to be human to a knowledgeable observer then you certainly
should consider it intelligent.

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 TABLEOFCONTENTS

S.NO TITLE PAGE.NO

1. INTRODUCTION 2

2. HISTORYOFAI 3

3. GOALSOFAI 6

4. CATEGORIESOFAI 9

5. FIELDSOF AI 11

6. APPLICATIONS 15

7. FUTURESCOPE 18

8. CONCLUSION 19

9. BIBLIOGRAPHY 20

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 1. INTRODUCTION
ARTIFICIAL:-

The simple definition of artificial is that objects that are made or

produced by human beings rather than occurring naturally.

INTELLIGENCE:-

The simple definition of intelligence is a set of skills of problem

solving, enabling to resolve genuine problems or difficulties that
encounters and to create an effective product and must also entail the
potential for finding or creating problems and thereby laying the
groundwork
for the acquisition of new knowledge.

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE:-

Artificial intelligence is a branch of science which deals with

helping machines find solution to complex problems in a more human
like fashion. This generally involves borrowing characteristics from
human intelligence, and applying them as algorithms in a computer
friendly way. A more or less or flexible or efficient approach can be
taken depending on the requirements established, which influences
how artificial intelligent behavior appears.

Artificial intelligence is generally associated with computer

science, but it has many important links with other fields such as math,
psychology, cognition , biology and philosophy , among many others .
Our ability to combine knowledge from all these fields will ultimately
benefit our progress in the quest of creating an intelligent artificial
being.

A.I is mainly concerned with the popular mind with the robotics
development, but also the main field of practical application has been
as an embedded component in the areas of software development
which require computational understandings and modeling such as
finance and economics, data mining and physical science.

A.I in the field of robotics is trying to make a computational

model of human thought processes. It is not enough to make a
program that seems to behave the way human do. You want to make a
program that does it the way humans do it.

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 2. HISTORY OF A.I

The intellectual roots of AI, and the concept of intelligent

machines, may be found in Greek mythology. Intelligent artifacts
appear in literature since then, with real mechanical devices actually
demonstrating behavior with some degree of intelligence. After
modern computers became available following World War-II, it has
become possible to create programs that perform difficult intellectual
tasks.

1950s: The Beginnings of Artificial Intelligence (AI) Research

With the development of the electronic computer in 1941 and the

stored program
computer in 1949 the condition for research in artificial intelligence is
given, still the observation of a link between human intelligence and
machines was not widely observed until the late in 1950.

The first working AI programs were written in 1951 to run on the

Ferranti Mark I
machine of the University of Manchester (UK): a checkers-playing
program written by
Christopher Strachey and a chess-playing program written by Dietrich
Prinz.

The person who finally coined the term artificial intelligence and
is regarded as the father of the of AI is John McCarthy. In 1956 he

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organized a conference “the Dartmouth college summer AI conference
research project on artificial intelligence" to draw the talent and
expertise of others interested in machine intelligence of a month of
brainstorming. In the following years
lOMoARcPSD|493859

AI research centers began forming at the Carnegie Mellon University as

well as the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and new challenges were
faced:
1) The creation of systems that could efficiently solve problems
by limiting the search.
2) The construction of systems that could learn by themselves.
1958:John McCarthy (Massachusetts Institute of Technology or
MIT) invented the Lispprogramming language.
1960:-

By the middle of the 1960s, research in the U.S. was heavily

funded by the Department of Defense and laboratories had been
established around the world. AI's founders were
profoundly optimistic about the future of the new field: Herbert Simon
predicted that "machines will be capable, within twenty years, of doing
any work a man can do" and Marvin Minsky agreed, writing that "within
a generation.

By the 1960’s, America and its federal government starting

pushing more for the development of AI. The Department of Defense
started backing several programs in order to stay ahead of Soviet
technology. The U.S. also started to commercially market the sale of
robotics to various manufacturers. The rise of expert systems also
became popular due to the creation of Edward Feigenbaum and Robert
K. Lindsay’s DENDRAL. DENDRAL had the ability to map the complex
structures of organic chemicals, but like many AI inventions, it began
to tangle(?) its results once the program had too many factors built
into it... the problem of creating 'artificial intelligence' will substantially
be solved". The same predicament fell upon the program SHRDLU
which would use robotics through a computer so the user could ask
questions and give commands in English.

1980:-

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 In the early 1980s, AI research was revived (renew, refresh) by
the commercial success of expert systems, a form of AI program that
simulated the knowledge and analytical skills of one or more human
experts. By 1985 the market for AI had reached over a billion dollars.
At the same time, Japan's fifth generation computer project inspired
the U.S and British governments to restore funding for academic
research in the field. In the 1990s and early 21st century, AI achieved
its greatest successes, albeit somewhat behind the scenes. Artificial
intelligence is used for logistics, data mining, medical diagnosis and
many other
areas throughout the technology industry.

1990 :-

From 1990s until the turn of the century, AI has reached some
incredible landmarks with the creation of intelligent agents. Intelligent
agents basically use their surrounding environment to solve problems
in the most efficient and effective manner. In 1997, the first computer
(named Deep Blue) beat a world chess champion. In 1995, the VaMP
car drove an entire 158 km racing track without any help from human
intelligence. In 1999, humanoid robots began to gain popularity as well
as the ability to walk around freely. Since then, AI has been playing a
big role in certain commercial markets and throughout the World Wide
Web. The more advanced AI projects, like fully adapting commonsense
knowledge, have taken a back-burner to more lucrative industries.

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 3. GOALS OF A.I
The general problem of simulating (or creating) intelligence has
been broken down into a number of specific sub-problems. These
consist of particular traits or capabilities that researchers would like an
intelligent system to display. The traits described below have received
the most attention.

1. Deduction, reasoning, problem solving:-

For difficult problems, most of these algorithms can require

enormous computational resources most experience a "combinatorial
explosion": the amount of memory or computer time required becomes
astronomical when the problem goes beyond a certain size. The search
for more efficient problem-solving algorithms is a high priority for AI
research. Human beings solve most of their problems using fast,
intuitive judgements rather than the conscious, step-by-step deduction
that early AI research was able to model. AI has made some progress
at imitating this kind of "sub-symbolic" problem solving: embodied
agent approaches emphasize the importance of sensory motor skills to
higher reasoning; neural net research attempts to simulate the
structures inside the brain that give rise to this skill; statistical
approaches to AI mimic the probabilistic nature of the human ability to
guess.

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2. Knowledge representation:-

Knowledge representation and knowledge engineering are central

to AI research. Many of the problems machines are expected to solve
will require extensive knowledge about the world. Among the things
that AI needs to represent are: objects, properties, categories and
relations between objects; situations, events, states and time; causes
and effects; knowledge about knowledge (what we know about what
other people know) and many other, less well researched domains. A
representation of "what exists" is an ontology: the set of objects,
relations, concepts and so on that the machine knows about. The most
general are called upper ontologies, which attempt to provide a
foundation for all other knowledge.

3. Planning:-

Intelligent agents must be able to set goals and achieve them.

They need a way to visualize the future and be able to make choices
that maximize the utility (or "value") of the available choices. In
classical planning problems, the agent can assume that it is the only
thing acting on the world and it can be certain what the consequences
of its actions may be. However, if the agent is not the only actor, it
must periodically ascertain whether the world matches its predictions
and it must change its plan as this becomes necessary, requiring the
agent to reason under uncertainty.

4. Natural language processing:-

Natural language processing gives machines the ability to read

and understand the languages that humans speak. A sufficiently
powerful natural language processing system would enable natural
language user interfaces and the acquisition of knowledge directly
from human written sources, such as Internet texts. Some
straightforward applications of natural language processing include
information retrieval (or text mining) and machine translation. A
common method of processing and extracting meaning from natural
language is through semantic indexing. Increases in processing speeds
and the drop in the cost of data storage makes indexing large volumes
of abstractions of the users input much more efficient.

5. Motion and manipulation:-

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 The field of robotics is closely related to AI. Intelligence is
required for robots to be able to handle such tasks as object
manipulation and navigation, with sub-problems of
localization(knowing where you are, or finding out where other things
are), mapping (learning what is around you, building a map of the
environment), and motion planning (figuring out how to get there) or
path planning (going from one point in space to another point, which
may involve compliant motion - where the robot moves while
maintaining physical contact with an object).
6. Perception:-

Machine perception is the ability to use input from sensors (such

as cameras,microphones, sonar and others more exotic) to deduce
aspects of the world. Computer vision is the ability to analyze visual
input. A few selected sub problems are speech recognition facial
recognition and object recognition.

7. Social intelligence:-

Affective computing is the study and development of systems

and devices that can recognize, interpret, process, and simulate
human affects. It is an interdisciplinary field spanning computer
sciences, psychology, and cognitive science While the origins of the
field may be traced as far back as to early philosophical inquiries into
emotion. A motivation for the research is the ability to simulate
empathy. The machine should interpret the emotional state of humans
and adapt its behavior to them, giving an appropriate response for
those emotions. Emotion and social skills play two roles for an
intelligent agent. First, it must be able to predict the actions of others,
by understanding their motives and emotional states. (This involves
elements of game theory, decision theory, as well as the ability to
model human emotions and the perceptual skills to detect emotions.)
Also, in an effort to facilitate human-computer interaction, an
intelligent machine might want to be able to display emotions—even if
it does not actually experience them itself—in order to appear sensitive
to the emotional dynamics of human interaction .

8. General intelligence:-

Most researchers think that their work will eventually be

incorporated into a machine with general intelligence (known as strong
AI), combining all the skills above and exceeding human abilities at

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most or all of them. A few believe that anthropomorphic features like
artificial consciousness or an artificial brain may be required for such a
project. Many of the problems above may require general intelligence
to be considered solved.

4. CATEGORIES OF A.I

AI divides roughly into two schools of thought:

1. Conventional AI.
2. Computational Intelligence (CI).

1. Conventional AI :-

Conventional AI mostly involves methods now classified as

machine learning, characterized by formalism and statistical analysis.

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This is also known as symbolic AI, logical AI, neat AI and Good Old
Fashioned Artificial Intelligence (GOFAI).

Methods include:

• Expert systems: apply reasoning capabilities to reach a

conclusion. An expert system can process large amounts of
known information and provide conclusions
based on them.

• Case based reasoning.

• Bayesian networks.

• Behavior based AI: a modular method of building AI systems by

hand.

2. Computational Intelligence (CI) :-

Computational Intelligence involves iterative development or

learning (e.g. parameter tuning e.g. in connectionist systems).
Learning is based on empirical data and is associated with non-
symbolic AI, scruffy AI and soft computing.

Methods include:

• Neural networks: systems with very strong pattern recognition

capabilities.

• Fuzzy systems: techniques for reasoning under uncertainty, has been

widely used in modern industrial and consumer product control
systems.

• Evolutionary computation: applies biologically inspired concepts such

as populations, mutation and survival of the fittest to generate
increasingly better solutions to the problem. These methods most
notably divide into evolutionary algorithms (e.g. genetic algorithms)
and swarm intelligence (e.g. ant algorithms).

Typical problems to which AI methods are applied :-

• Pattern recognition

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 o Optical character recognition

o Handwriting recognition

o Speech recognition

o Face recognition

• Natural language processing, Translation and Chatter bots

• Non-linear control and Robotics

• Computer vision, Virtual reality and Image processing.

• Game theory and Strategic planning.

5. Other fields in which AI methods are implemented

• Automation:-

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 Automation is the use of machines, control systems and
information technologies to optimize productivity in the production of
goods and delivery of services. The correct incentive for applying
automation is to increase productivity, and/or quality beyond that
possible with current human labor levels so as to realize economies of
scale, and/or realize predictable quality levels. automation greatly
decreases the need for human sensory and mental requirements while
increasing load capacity, speed, and repeatability.

• Cybernetics:-

Cybernetics in some ways is like the science of organization, with

special
emphasis on the dynamic nature of the system being organized. The
human brain is just such a complex organization which qualifies for
cybernetic study. It has all the characteristics of feedback, storage,
etc. and is also typical of many large businesses or Government
departments. Cybernetics is that of artificial intelligence, where the
aim is to show how artificially manufactured systems can demonstrate
intelligent behavior.

• Hybrid intelligent system :-

Hybridization of different intelligent systems is an innovative

approach to
construct computationally intelligent systems consisting of artificial
neural network, fuzzy inference systems, rough set, approximate
reasoning and derivative free optimization methods such as
evolutionary computation, swarm intelligence, bacterial foraging and
so on. The integration of different learning and adaptation techniques,
to overcome individual limitations and achieve synergetic effects
through hybridization or fusion of these techniques, has in recent years
contributed to a emergence of large number of new superior class of
intelligence known as Hybrid Intelligence.

• Intelligent agent:-

In artificial intelligence, an intelligent agent (IA) is an autonomous

entity which observes through sensors and acts upon an environment
using actuators (i.e. it is an agent) and directs its activity towards
achieving goals.

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• Intelligent control:-

Intelligent Control or self-organizing/learning control is a new

emerging
discipline that is designed to deal with problems. Rather than being
model based, it is experiential based. Intelligent Control is the
amalgam of the disciplines of Artificial Intelligence, Systems Theory
and Operations Research. It uses most recent experiences or evidence
to improve its performance through a variety of learning schemas, that
for practical implementation must demonstrate rapid learning
convergence, be temporally stable, and be robust to parameter
changes and internal and external disturbances.

• Automated reasoning:-

The study of automated reasoning helps produce software that

allows computers to reason completely, or nearly completely,
automatically. Although automated reasoning is considered a sub-field
of artificial intelligence, it also has connections with theoretical
computer science, and even philosophy.

• Data mining:-

Data mining (the analysis step of the "Knowledge Discovery in

Databases"
process, or KDD), an interdisciplinary subfield of computer science, is
the computational process of discovering patterns in large data sets
involving methods at the intersection of artificial intelligence, machine
learning, statistics, and database systems. The overall goal of the data
mining process is to extract information from a data set and transform
it into an understandable structure for further use.

• Behavior-based robotics:-

Behavior-based robotics is a branch of robotics that bridges

artificial intelligence (AI), engineering and cognitive science. Its dual
goals are:
• To develop methods for con- trolling artificial systems, ranging from
physical
robots to simulated ones and other autonomous software agents
• To use robotics to model and understand biological sys- tems more
fully,

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typically, animals ranging from insects to humans. Cognitive robotics.

• Developmental robotics:-

Developmental Robotics (DevRob), sometimes called epigenetic

robotics, is a methodology that uses metaphors from neural
development and developmental psychology to develop the mind for
autonomous robots. The program that simulates the functions of
genome to develop a robot's mental capabilities is called a
developmental program.

• Evolutionary robotics:-
Evolutionary robotics (ER) is a methodology that uses
evolutionary computation to develop controllers for autonomous robots

• Chatbot:-

Chatterbot, a chatter robot is a type of conversational agent, a

computer program designed to simulate an intelligent conversation
with one or more human users via auditory or textual methods.
Internet Relay Chatbot, a set of scripts or an independent program that
connects to Internet Relay Chat as a client, and so appears to other IRC
users as another user.

• Knowledge Representation:-

Knowledge representation (KR) is an area of artificial intelligence

research aimed at representing knowledge in symbols to facilitate
inference from those knowledge elements, creating new elements of
knowledge. The KR can be made to be independent of the underlying
knowledge model or knowledge base system (KBS) such as a semantic
network.

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 American Association for Artificial Intelligence (AAAI) :-

Founded in 1979, the American Association for Artificial Intelligence

(AAAI) is a nonprofit scientific society devoted to advancing the
scientific understanding of the mechanisms underlying thought and
intelligent behavior and their embodiment in machines. AAAI also aims
to increase public understanding of artificial intelligence, improve the
teaching and training of AI
practitioners, and provide guidance for research planners and funders
concerning the importance

6. APPLICATIONS OF A.I

Artificial intelligence has been used in a wide range of fields including

medical diagnosis, stock trading, robot control, law, scientific discovery
and toys.

Hospitals and medicine:-

A medical clinic can use artificial intelligence systems to organize

bed schedules, make a staff rotation, and provide medical information.
Artificial neural networks are used as clinical decision support systems
for medical diagnosis, such as in Concept Processing technology in
EMR software. Other tasks in medicine that can potentially be
performed by artificial intelligence include:

• Computer-aided interpretation of medical images. Such

systems help scan digital images, e.g. from computed
tomography, for typical appearances and to highlight

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 conspicuous sections, such as possible diseases. A typical
application is the detection of a tumor.

• Heart sound analysis.

Heavy industry:-

Robots have become common in many industries. They are often

given jobs that are considered dangerous to humans. Robots have
proven effective in jobs that are very repetitive which may lead to
mistakes or accidents due to a lapse in concentration and other jobs
which humans may find degrading.

Game Playing :-

This prospered greatly with the Digital Revolution, and helped

introduce people, especially children, to a life of dealing with various
types of Artificial Intelligence. You can also buy machines that can play
master level chess for a few hundred dollars. There is some AI in them,
but they play well against people mainly through brute force
computation--looking at hundreds of thousands of positions. The
internet is the best example were one can buy machine and play
various games.

Speech Recognition :-

In the 1990s, computer speech recognition reached a practical

level for limited purposes. Thus United Airlines has replaced its
keyboard tree for flight information by a system using speech
recognition of flight numbers and city names. It is quite convenient. On
the other hand, while it is possible to instruct some computers using
speech, most users have gone back to the keyboard and the mouse as
still more convenient.

Understanding Natural Language :-

Just getting a sequence of words into a computer is not enough.

Parsing sentences is not enough either. The computer has to be
provided with an understanding of the domain the text is about, and
this is presently possible only for very limited domains.

Computer Vision :-

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 The world is composed of three-dimensional objects, but the
inputs to the human eye and computer’s TV cameras are two
dimensional. Some useful programs can work solely in two dimensions,
but full computer vision requires partial three-dimensional information
that is not just a set of two-dimensional views. At present there are
only limited ways of representing three dimensional information
directly, and they are not as good as what humans evidently use.

Expert Systems :-

A ``knowledge engineer'' interviews experts in a certain domain

and tries to embody their knowledge in a computer program for
carrying out some task. How well this works depends on whether the
intellectual mechanisms required for the task are within the present
state of AI. One of the first expert systems was MYCIN in 1974, which
diagnosed bacterial infections of the blood and suggested treatments.

Heuristic Classification :-

One of the most feasible kinds of expert system given the

present knowledge of AI is to put some information in one of a fixed set
of categories using several sources of information. An example is
advising whether to accept a proposed credit card purchase.
Information is available about the owner of the credit card, his record
of payment and also about the item he is buying and about the
establishment from which he is buying it (e.g., about whether there
have been previous credit card frauds at this establishment).

7. FUTURE SCOPE OF A.I

➢ In the next 10 years technologies in narrow fields such as speech

recognition will continue to improve and will reach human levels.

➢ In 10 years AI will be able to communicate with humans in

unstructured English using text or voice, navigate (not perfectly) in an

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unprepared environment and will have some rudimentary common
sense (and domain-specific intelligence).

➢ We will recreate some parts of the human (animal) brain in silicon.

The feasibility of this is demonstrated by tentative hippocampus
experiments in rats. There are two major projects aiming for human
brain simulation, C Cortex and IBM Blue Brain.

➢ There will be an increasing number of practical applications based

on digitally recreated aspects human intelligence, such as cognition,
perception, rehearsal learning, or learning by repetitive practice.

➢ The development of meaningful artificial intelligence will require that

machines acquire some variant of human consciousness.

➢ Systems that do not possess self-awareness and sentience will at

best always be very brittle.

➢ Without these uniquely human characteristics, truly useful and

powerful assistants will remain a goal to achieve. To be sure, advances
in hardware, storage, parallel processing architectures will enable ever
greater leaps in functionality

➢ Systems that are able to demonstrate conclusively that they possess

self awareness, language skills, surface, shallow and deep knowledge
about the world around them and their role within it will be needed
going forward.

➢ However the field of artificial consciousness remains in its infancy.

➢ The early years of the 21st century should see dramatic strides
forward in this area however.

Certificate

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 8. CONCLUSION

If the machine could successfully pretend to be human to a

knowledgeable observer then you certainly should consider it
intelligent. AI systems are now in routine use in various field such as
economics, medicine, engineering and the military, as well as being

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built into many common home computer software applications,
traditional strategy games etc.

AI is an exciting and rewarding discipline. AI is branch of

computer science that is concerned with the automation of intelligent
behavior. The revised definition of AI is - AI is the study of mechanisms
underlying intelligent behavior through the construction and evaluation
of artifacts that attempt to enact those mechanisms. So it is concluded
that it works as an artificial human brain which have an unbelievable
artificial thinking power.
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9. BIBLIOGRAPHY

❑ Programs with Common Sense :-

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John McCarthy, In Mechanization of Thought Processes, Proceedings of
the Symposium
of the National Physics Laboratory, 1959.

❑ Artificial Intelligence, Logic and Formalizing Common

Sense :-

Richmond Thomason, editor, Philosophical Logic and Artificial

Intelligence. Klüver
Academic, 1989.

❑ Logic and artificial intelligence :-

Richmond Thomason.
In Edward N. Zalta, editor, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
Fall 2003.
http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2003/entries/logic-ai/.

❑ Artificial Intelligence a Modern Approach

Russell, Stuart and Norvig, Peter

The second edition of a standard (and very substantial) university-level
textbook on AI.

LINKS:-

❑ www.google.com
❑ www.wikipedia.com
❑ http://www.aaai.org/
❑ http://ww0w-formal.stanford.edu/
❑
lOMoARcPSD|49385935
http://insight.zdnet.co.uk/hardware/emergingtech/

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