Circular and projectile motion
● Representing Velocity
● Adding Velocities in Two Dimensions
● Projectile Motion
● Modeling Projectile Motion
● Circular Motion
Prepared by
Ms. Yasmeen Zakarneh
Ibn Khaldun international school
(Al-Yasmeen branch)
Representing Velocity
● velocity can be represented mathematically as a set of vector components. The components of
velocity represent how fast an object is moving in the directions defined by a coordinate system. As
before, x represents horizontal motion, and y represents vertical motion. The Pythagorean theorem
is used to determine the magnitude.
Adding Velocities in Two Dimensions
● The horizontal and vertical components of velocity are independent of each other. The component of
velocity in one direction does not affect the component in the other direction. You use that
independence to add and subtract velocity vectors analytically.
● When adding two velocity vectors, the x-component of one velocity is added to the x-component of
the other velocity. The result is the x-component of the resultant vector. You similarly add the
y-components to determine the y-component of the resultant vector. Once you have the x- and
y-components of the resultant velocity vector, you can use the Pythagorean theorem to determine the
magnitude.
Projectile Motion
● Projectile is an object that is moving through the air affected only by gravity.
● Projectile motion is the combination of uniform motion parallel to Earth’s surface and free-fall
motion, which has a constant acceleration perpendicular to Earth’s surface.
OR (Projectile motion is the curved path that an object follows when thrown, launched, or
otherwise projected near the surface of Earth.)
● Graphing Projectile Motion
● The path a projectile takes is called its trajectory.
● A two-dimensional dot diagram that shows the object’s total trajectory is called a trajectory graph.
● A projectile trajectory follows a curved path called a parabola
Modeling Projectile Motion
● The equations of motion describe the horizontal and vertical components of an object’s velocity and
displacement at all times, and they can be used to solve projectile problems.
● The range of a projectile is defined as the horizontal distance it travels before landing.
● To solve projectile problems, apply the equations of motion in the horizontal and vertical directions.
2
● In the vertical direction, the acceleration 𝑎𝑦 will equal( g=9. 81𝑚/𝑠 ) because the only vertical
component of acceleration is free-fall acceleration.
● In the horizontal direction, the acceleration is zero, so the velocity is constant.
● Note that the time interval is the same for the vertical and horizontal displacements
● For objects launched horizontally off a table, viy=0
● Similarly, for an object tossed upward, the y-velocity at the maximum height is 0.
2 2
● 𝑣 = 𝑣𝑖 + 2𝑎∆𝑑
Circular Motion
● When an object travels in a circular path at a constant speed, the motion is called uniform
circular motion.
● A vector quantity that is always directed toward the center of a circle is called a centripetal
vector.
● Centripetal Acceleration The acceleration of an object in uniform circular motion
Q1: At a point in time, the velocity of Titan, one of Saturn’s moons, is
represented as the components v=(2.7 km/s)x̂+(5.1 km/s)ŷ. Draw a vector
representation in the space that follows and determine the magnitude of
Titan’s velocity.
Q2: A child walks at 0.9 m/s in the direction opposite the moving
sidewalk, which is still moving at 0.6 m/s. What is the child’s resultant
velocity?
Q3: Determine the sum of the following two vectors:
v1=(3.0 m/s)x̂+(5.0 km/s)ŷ and v2=(1.0 m/s)x̂+(–2.0 km/s)ŷ
. Write the resultant vector in components, and then determine the
magnitude.
Q4: A professional football punter kicks a football with an initial velocity
v=(15.0 m/s)x̂+(30.0 m/s)ŷ . How long the football stays in the air is
known as the hang time. Determine the hang time, as well as the
horizontal and maximum vertical displacements.
Q5: A friend kicks a soccer ball into the air with an initial velocity v=(9.0
m/s)x^+(18 m/s)ŷ . Determine the hang time for the ball and how far
away it will land from its initial position.
Q6: Calculate the velocity of an object moved around a circle with a radius
2
of 3.7 m and an acceleration of 3.5 𝑚/𝑠
Q7: An object is traveling with a velocity of 6.0 m/s in a circular path
whose radius is 2.0m. What is the magnitude of its centripetal
acceleration?
Q8: An object is traveling in a circular path whose radius is 10m. Its
2
acceleration is 4.9 𝑚/𝑠 . What is its velocity?
