BLOCK CHAIN TECHNOLOGY Topics : Ethereum; Smart- Contract, Gas, EVM, DApps, DAQ’s, Fork, 1CO NSG ACADEMY | www.nsgacademy.in | Contact - 98237821211) What is a Smart Contract? Answer: * A smart contract is a self-executing computer program that automatically enforces and executes the terms of a contract when predefined conditions are met. * A smart contract isa tamper proof, digital agreement that runs on a decentralized blockchain. 2) How are Smart Contracts different from Traditional Contracts? Answer: * Unlike traditional’contracts, smart contracts operate on a blockchain and automatically execute without the need for intermediaries. They are written in code and self-fulfil when conditions are satisfied. 3) What is the Purpose of a Smart Contract? ‘Answer: The main purpose of a smart contract is to automate and secure the execution of contractual agreements. ©. It eliminates the need for trust in transactions and reduces the risk of fraud. 4) Can you Explain a Real-Life Example of Smart Contract Use? Answer: * Sure, an example is a rental agreement. When the renter transfers the payment. in cryptocurrency, the smart contract automatically updates ownership details and provides access to the rented property. 5) How is Security Achieved in’ Smart Contracts? Answer: © Smart contracts leverage the security features of blockchain technology. Once deployed, they become tamper-resistant and transparent, ensuring the integrity of the contract terms. NSG ACADEMY | www.nsgacademy.in | Contact - 98237821216) What Programming Languages are Used for Writing Smart Contracts? Answer: * Smart contracts are commonly written in languages like Solidity (for Ethereum) or Vyper. These languages are designed for creating decentralized applications and contracts. 7) What is the Role of Miners in Smart Contracts? Answer: * Miners validate and.add transactions to the blockchain. In the context of ‘smart contracts, miners execute the code, ensuring that it follows the rules and conditions specified in the contract. 8) How Can Smart Contracts Improve Efficiency in Business Transactions? Answer: * Smart contracts automate processes, reducing the need for intermediaries. This efficiency leads to faster transactions, lower costs, and increased transparency in business dealings. NSG ACADEMY | www.nsgacademy.in | Contact - 98237821219) Give Advantages and disadvantages of Smart Contracts. Answer: Advantages of Smart Contracts Advantage 1: Automation: Smart contracts automate processes, reducing the need for manual intervention, Advantage 2: Trustless Transactions: Users can trust that the terms of the contract will be executed automatically, eliminating the need for intermediaries. Advantage 8: Transparency: Smart contracts ‘operate on a blockchain, providing transparent and verifiable execution of agreements. Advantage 4: Efficiency: Automation reduces the time and cost associated with traditional contract execution. Advantage 5: Cost Reduction: Eliminating intermediaries reduces transaction costs in various applications. Advantage 6: Security: The decentralized and immutable nature of blockchain enhances the security of smart contracts. Disadvantages of Smart Contracts Disadvantage 1: Code Vulnerability: not written securely, smart contracts can be susceptible to bugs or vulnerabilities, leading to unexpected behavior. Disadvantage 2: Irreversibility: Once a smart contract is deployed, it cannot be changed. Errors or issues may be irreversible and could lead to financial loss. Disadvantage 8: Complexity: Understanding and writing smart contracts require a certain level of technical knowledge, making it challenging for non-programmers. Disadvantage 4: External Data Dependency: ‘Smart contracts may have limitations in accessing real-world data, relying on external sources that, could be manipulated, Disadvantage 5: Scalability Issues: Some blockchain networks face scalability challenges, leading to delays in contract execution curing periods of high demand. Disadvantage 6: Lack of Standardization: Lack of standardized practices may lead to inconsistencies, and interoperability issues between different smart contract platforms. NSG ACADEMY | www.nsgacademy.in | Contact - 982378212110) Give Advantages and disadvantages of Smart Contracts. Answer: |. Creation: a. Someone writes a smart contract using a programming language like Solidity. b. The contract includes rules and conditions for a specific agreement or task. I. Deployment: a. The smart contract is deployed onto a blockchain (like Ethereum). b. Itbecomes a permanent part of the blockchain, stored in a block. Ill. Triggering Conditions: a. The smart contract has certain conditions that must be met for it to execute b. These conditions are like "if-then" statements, specifyifig what needs to happen for the contract to do its job. IV. Input: a. Users send transactions to the smart contract by interacting with it on the blockchain. b. Transactions may include data or digital assets. V. Validation: a. Miners on the blockchain validate the transactions to ensure they meet the contract's conditions. b. If the conditions are met, the contract moves to the next step. VI. Automatic Execution: a. Once validated, the smart contract automatically executes its predefined instructions without the need for intermediaries. NSG ACADEMY | www.nsgacademy.in | Contact - 9823782121b. This could involve transferring assets, updating records, or triggering other actions. Vil. Output: a. The results of the contract execution are recorded on the blockchain for transparency. b. Participants can see the outcome, ensuring trust in the process. VILL. immutability: a, The executed smart contract and its outcomes are permanent and cannot be changed. b. This immutability ensures the integrity of the contract and the transaction history. IX. Gost and Efficiency: a. Smart contracts can reduce costs and increase efficiency by automating tasks that would traditionally require manual effort or intermediaries. NSG ACADEMY | www.nsgacademy.in | Contact - 982378212111) Give Applications of Smart Contracts. Answer: Application Description Financial Transactions ‘Automated execution of payments, loans, and transactions. Supply Chain Management Tracking and validating the production and delivery of goods, Insurance Automated claims processing based on predefined conditions. Real Estate Facilitating transparent property transactions and contracts. Healthcare ‘Secure management of patient records and automated billing, Legal Agreements Self-executing contracts, reducing the need for intermediaries. Voting Systems Ensuring transparency and integrity in voting processes, Tokenization of Assets Representing physical assets digitally for easier transfer. Identity Management Secure and decentralized management of digital identities. Gaming andEntertainment Smart contracts for transparent and fair gaming platforms. 12) What is Ethereum? Answer: * Ethereum is a decentralized blockchain platform that allows the creation and execiition of smart contracts and decentralized applications (DApps).. 13) When was Ethereum officially launched? Answer: Ethereum was officially launched on July 30, 2015. NSG ACADEMY | www.nsgacademy.in | Contact - 982378212114) Who proposed the idea of Ethereum? Answer: Vitalik Buterin proposed the idea of Ethereum in late 2013. 15) Whats the native cryptocurrency of the Ethereum network? Answer; The native cryptocurrency of the Ethereum network is Ether (ETH). 16) Whats the primary purpose of Ethereum's blockchain? Answer: © The primary purpose of Ethereum's blockchain is to serve as a programmable platform for creating smart contracts and decentralized applications. 17) How do smart contracts work on the Ethereum network? Answer: Smart contracts on the Ethereum network are self-executing contracts with predefined rules, automatically executing when conditions are met. 18) What role does Ether play in transactions on the Ethereum network? Answer: © Etheris used as a cryptocurrency to facilitate transactions and computational services on the Ethereum network. NSG ACADEMY | www.nsgacademy.in | Contact - 982378212119) Can you name one application domain where Ethereum's smart contracts are commonly used? Answer: * One common application domain is decentralized finance (Defi), where Ethereum smart contracts facilitate various financial services. 20) Whit is the significance of decentralization in the Ethereum network? Answer: ‘© Decentralization in Ethereum ensures that the network is not controlled by a single entity, enhancing security and resisting censorship. 21) Howis Ethereum different from Bitcoin? Answer: ‘* While both are cryptocurrencies, Ethereum's blockchain is designed for more than just currency transactions. It allows the creation of smart contracts and DApps, whereas Bitcoin primarily serves as a digital currency 22) Draw and explain Ethereum Architecture? OR What is the Ethereum Network? Explain with diagram. ‘Answer: Ethereum architecture consists of multiple entities that make its blockchain network. * An Ethereum network has all the nodes connected to each other using the P2P network protocol; each node keeps the latest copy of the Ethereum blockchain ledger. NSG ACADEMY | www.nsgacademy.in | Contact - 9823782121* The Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) is like a computer within the Ethereum network that executes smart contracts. * Auser can interact with the Ethereum network via the Ethereum client. The Ethereum client can be a desktop/mobile/web page. © The three types of Blockchain nodes are ‘© mining nodes (responsible for producing blocks; each time a mining node produces a block, it is rewarded), © full nodes (responsible for maintaining and distributing copies of the entire Blockchain means they are responsible for the validation of blocks produced by the mining nodes) (©. the light node (connects to a full node, downloads only the headers of previous blocks and connects to full node). 7 #ethereum Network 6 (zg. aa @ “a & a } NSG ACADEMY | www.nsgacademy.in | Contact - 982378212123) — Explain Ethereum Virtual Machine. OR Features of EVM. Answer: The Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) is like a computer within the Ethereum network that executes smart contracts. The Ethereum Virtual Machine is a special computer that exists on the Ethereum network, It's not a physical machine; instead, it's a set of rules and protocols that every computer (node) ‘on the Ethereum network follows. The Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM)-is the software running on the computer of each node participating in the Ethereum protocol. EVM ‘serves to help developers to develop \dApps,. write smart contract code, determine the “state” of the Ethereum blockchain, and improve interoperability between blockchains. Its main job is to execute smart contracts. When you send a smart contract to the Ethereum network, the EVM makes sure that it runs exactly as intended, following the code's instructions. This uniformity ensures that the smart contract behaves consistently, no matter which computer on the Ethereum network is processing it. Think of the EVM as the engine that powers and runs all the smart contracts on Ethereum. EVMs are Turing Complete, which means they can run a wide range of applications and scenarios. With Turing Complete capabilities, EVMs can process complex calculations, implement decision-making processes, and run Various algorithms. This flexibility allows developers to build smart contracts and dApps with ease. NSG ACADEMY | www.nsgacademy.in | Contact - 982378212124) How Does Ethereum Virtual Machine Work? Answer: Solidity Cc Ta iaett real Figure - Ethereum Architecture NSG ACADEMY | www.nsgacademy.in | Contact - 9823782121Ethereum virtual machine (Ei frtuet Row = ~ s ezth:ent) Diagram of how an EVM works. + EVM uses a “stack” based computing model, which means the nades come in a particular order. Having a strict pre-defined order helps Ethereum resist hacker attacks and increase efficiency. As mentioned, various programming languages can be used in EVMs, but EVMs cannot read these coding languages. Therefore, compilers will convert the coding language into EVM- readable code, i.e., bytecode. * Afterward, each bytecode will be processed by EVM and distributed to all nodes on the Ethereum network. At the same time, EVM will also interpret the bytecode into the form of Opcodes to’ be able to execute all existing instructions from the smart-contract. Each operation has a/particular cost; measured in units of “gas.” The gas price will be determined by the complexity level and the resources required to run the smart contract. The more complex and extensive the resources required, the more expensive the gas fee will be. This gas fee is then paid by users in ETH. NSG ACADEMY | www.nsgacademy.in | Contact - 982378212125) | Advantages / Benefits of Ethereum Virtual Machine? Answer: + Supports interoperability between blockchains. EVM can support all types of blockchains that use bytecode-based smart contracts. EVM also allows developers to connect with various layer-2 networks, This makes it easy for asset bridging or migrating dApps between blockchains. Note® Layer 2 i a separate blockchain built on.a layer ‘yblockchain to overcome the problem of network,stalability. The function-ofLayer-2.is to speéd up the transaction process, reduce transactionicosts, and provide an altemative networkwith expanded|lise cases. + Security and reliability. EVM creates a decentralized and isolated environment for running smart contracts. This ensures that data will remain safe and can run smoothly, In addition, EVMs have proven security. + Distributed consensus. EVM executes smart contracts through distributed consensus. This ensures that when a node fails, it will not affect the DApps or smart contracts in operation. Note - Distributed consensus is like a group decision made by friends. Imagine you and your friends want to choose a movie to watch. To make sure everyone agrees, you talk and decide together. In computer terms, it's when different computers (nodes) in a network agree on something, lke validating a transaction in a secure and trustworthy way. This agreement helps ensure that everyone is on the same page, just lke friends agreeing on a movie choice. 26) Disadvantages / Drawbacks of Ethereum Virtual Machine? Answer: + Scalability. Currently, the level of scalability of the Ethereum network and Ethereum’s layer-2 is lower compared to centralized networks. Ethereum 2.0 is an attempt to fix these scalability issues. + Smart contracts are immutable. The development team will be inconvenienced when a bug or other problem is found in the smart contract. Inevitably, the development team will have to relaunch the smart contract, which means additional costs will be required. NSG ACADEMY | www.nsgacademy.in | Contact - 9823782121+ No significant updates. Since its launch in 2015, EVM has yet to undergo any substantial updates. The Ethereum development team has focused updates on other aspects of Ethereum. 27) What is Ether (ETH)? Explain. Answer: Definition: Ether is thejnative cryptocurrency of the Ethereum blockchain. It is a digital or virtual currency that is used as a medium of exchange within the Ethereum network. Ether is abbreviated as "ETH." Key Points: vi. Vil. Digital Currency: Ether exists only in electronic form and is not physical like coins or banknotes. Ethereum Platform: Ether is designed specifically for use on the Ethereum platform, serving as the fuel for transactions and computational services. Smart Contracts: Ether is used to execute and interact with smart contracts. When you perform actions within a smart contract or use decentralized applications (DApps), you often need to pay with Ether. Limited Supply: Similar to Bitcoin, Ether has a capped supply. The total amount of Ether that can ever be created is limited, adding a scarcity element. Mining Reward: Miners on the Ethereum network are rewarded with newly created Ether when they successfully validate transactions and add blocks to the blockchain. Decentralized Nature: Ether operates on a decentralized network, meaning it is not controlled by any single government or organization. Market Value: The value of Ether can fluctuate based on market demand, supply, and various other factors. It is traded on various cryptocurrency exchanges. NSG ACADEMY | www.nsgacademy.in | Contact - 982378212128) What is GAS ? Explain. Answer: Definition: Gas on the Ethereum network is a unit of measure for computational work and the cost associated with executing operations, such as transactions and smart contracts. Gas is a crucial concept in Ethereum, measuring the computational effort required for operations and determining the fees users pay for those operations on thenetwork: Key Points: vi. vil. vill Computational Work: Gas represents the amount of computational work required to perform operations on the Ethereum network. Transaction Cost: When you send Ether or interact with a smart contract, you pay for the computational work done, and this cost is measured in gas. Flexible Fees: Gas fees can vary based on the complexity of the operation and the network's congestion. More complex transactions or contracts require more gas. Gas Price: Gas price is the cost per unit of gas, denominated in Ether. Users can set the gas price to prioritize faster processing by miners. Miner Incentive: Miners are rewarded with the gas fees for including and validating transactions in a block. Higher gas fees attract more miner attention. Preventing Abuse: Gas is a mechanism to prevent network abuse by making users pay for the computational resourcés they consume. Limiting Resource Use: Gas limits prevant infinite loops or excessive resource consumption, ensuring the stability and security of the Ethereum network. Transparent Costs: Gas separates the cost of computation from the value of Ether, providing transparency in transaction fees. Transaction fee = Total gas used gas price NSG ACADEMY | www.nsgacademy.in | Contact - 982378212129) What is DApps ? Explain with example. Give advantages and disadvantages Answer: © "DApps" stands for "decentralized applications.” These are applications that run on a decentralized network of computers rather than a single centralized server. * Unlike traditional apps, DApps use blockchain technology, which is a distributed and secure ledger, to operate. © DApps can run ona P2P network or a blockchain network. * A DApp ‘fas its backend. code running on a decentralized peer-to-peer (P2P) network such as the Ethereum blockchain network * A DApps canvhave frontend code and. usef interface written in any language that can make calls to backend. NSG ACADEMY | www.nsgacademy.in | Contact - 9823782121Advantages of DApps: Advantages Decentralization Security Transparency Trustless Transactions Interoperabiity Reduced Downtime Explanation No single point of control, reducing the risk of censorship or manipulation, Enhanced security through cryptographic principles and decentralization. ‘Transactions and operations are visible on the blockchain, ensuring accountability, ‘Trust is established through smart contracts and cryptographic verification, DApps can often interact with each other, fostering a more connected, ecosystem. No central server means less susceptibility to downtime due to server failures. Disadvantages of DApps: Disadvantages Explanation Scalability Issues User Experience ‘Speed and Efficiency Limited Adoption Development Complexity Regulatory Uncertainty ‘Some blockchain networks face challenges in handling a large number of transactions quickly. DApps may havea steeper learning curve for users unfamiliar with blockchain technology. Transactions on some blockchain networks may be slower compared to traditional systems, Not all industries or users have fully embraced or integrated DApps into their workflows. Building and maintaining DApps can be complex, requiring specialized knowledge. DApps and blockchain technologies are subject to evolving and uncertain regulatory environments. NSG ACADEMY | www.nsgacademy.in | Contact - 9823782121Examples of DApps : a) b) KYC-Chait This application provides a facility to manage Know Your Customer (KYC) data in a secure and convenient way based on smart contracts. OpenBazaar: Description: OpenBazaar is a decentralized marketplace that operates on a peer-to- peer network. It allows’ users to buy and sell goods and services directly with one another, without the need for intermediaries. OpenBazaar Uses blockchain technology to enable secure and censorship-resistant transactions. Use Case: Users can create their own online stores, list products, and transact with cryptocurrency. ‘The platform aims to provide a more free and open marketplace compared to traditional e-commerce platforms. Lazooz: Description: Lazooz is a decentralized ride-sharing platform built on. blockchain technology. It aims to create a peer-to-peer, community-based transportation network. Users can share rides and contribute to the network by providing their unused car seats, earning tokens (Zooz) as a reward. Use Case: Lazooz encourages users to share rides, reduce traffic congestion, and contribute to a more sustainable and efficient transportation system. Participants earn tokens for their contributions to the network NSG ACADEMY | www.nsgacademy.in | Contact - 982378212130) What is DAO ? Explain with example. Give advantages and disadvantages Answer: > A DAO, or Decentralized Autonomous Organization, is a type of organization represented by rules encoded as a computer program that is transparent, controlled by the organization members, and not influenced by a central government. In simpler terms: + Decentralized: No single person or entity is in charge; decisions are made collectively by the members. «Autonomous: The organization runs on predefined rules encoded in smart contracts, without the need for constant human intervention. +, Organization: It represents a group of people coming together for a common purpose, often making decisions through voting or consensus mechanisms. v DAOs are often associated with blockchain technology and use smart contracts to automate decision-making and governance processes. They are used for various purposes, including managing funds, making collective decisions, or governing decentralized applications (DApps). Ethereum Blockchain led the way with the introduction of DAO,s for the first time. In Dao, the code is considered the governing entity rather than humans or paper contracts. > Currently, DAOs do not have any legal status. v ‘Advantages of DAOs: Advantages Explanation Decentralization Nocental thoy fostering inclusivity and reducing ection, ay Global partepation without geographical aries automated Processes Smartcontact automate various functions, reducing human eter. CCommurty Governance Members havea sayin decision-making threugh voting mechanisms. NSG ACADEMY | www.nsgacademy.in | Contact - 9823782121Disadvantages of DACs: advantages Explanation cose Wunerabilties ‘Smart contract bugs or vunerailties can ead to expos. Logaland Regulatory Lack oflegallerty and potential regulatory hurdles Challenges Governance Ricks Diicuty in achieving consensus or handling depute. iy remade on the bickehain sre oftentrev ited Flexi ‘Smart contracts may lack adaptabilty to changing Examples of DAO’s: 1. ACharity : We canaccept membership and donations from anyone inthe world and the group can decide how they to spend donations. Il. A Freelancer Network: We could create a network of contractors who pool their funds for office spaces and software subscriptions. Ill. Ventures and Grants : We could create a venture fund that pools investment capital and votes on ventures to back. Repaid money could later be redistributed amongst DAO- members. NSG ACADEMY | www.nsgacademy.in | Contact - 982378212131) Whatis fork? Differentiate Hard and Soft forks. Answer: Definition of FORK : A fork (new branch of sequence of blocks) in Blockchain is to impart change in the previous version or divergence from the existing protocol of the Blockchain Updated Software Shared History < Fork rast see Original Software ‘* A forkis a change to the digital currency software which creates two different paths of the Blockchain with a shared history. ‘* The software which runs on the nodes of blockchain network is updated from time to time to add new features or to make changes in how the Blockchain functions. * These code changes are considered adopted when a majority of nodes on the network install and start using an updated version of the Blockchain software. © There are two types of Forks in Blockchain: Hard Fork and Soft Fork NSG ACADEMY | www.nsgacademy.in | Contact - 9823782121Cee ame Pen Ero ra DS ¢:¢ 2 (OLD RULES) FORKED Cac} BLOCKCHAIN SOFT FORK & HARD FORK Etro ta Tha Prt ty Remit bere adel S16 Soft Fork ‘* Tounderstand soft forks, let us go through backward compatibility first. Whenever new rules are added to a system that do not interfere with the old rules, while the old rules also consider the new version to be compatible, the model is called backward compatibility. ‘© Soft forks work on this same concept. The old version of the blockchain holds newly mined blocks in a blockchain fork as valid in the case of a soft fork. NSG ACADEMY | www.nsgacademy.in | Contact - 9823782121Thus, the new rules can co-exist with the old version of the blockchain, while the updated blockchain will be responsible for validating transactions. This method has been used to add new features to existing blockchains like Bitcoin and Ethereum. Hard Fork * In the case of a hard fork, the upgrade to a blockchain is done in a non-backwards compatible way, which is the exact opposite of soft forks. * This means that the old version of the blockchain protocol does not hold any newly mined blocks as valid. Usually, in a hard fork, new crypto tokens.come into. existence, which are distributed equally to the nodes with the upgraded software. ‘© Since hard forks aré rigid changes to the software, full nodes that do not upgrade their software according to the new chain will become incompatible with the blockchain. ‘* Bitcoin Cash and Bitcoin Gold are two prominent examples of the hard fork. ES Ee eee Friendlyto Softwarsinstllation Previous salle sronsactions & blocks Chain splitin future consent optin It is more developer friendly, provides more It is more convenient for users. As they don’t ‘lexibilty in_meking the protocol upgrede. needto upgradeto stayon chain. Developers don’t have to ensure that new rules"Fit into” the old rales, It is @ must for user who wants to remain in Not require. the chain, This is true in both ‘strictly expanding hard for’ and ‘bilatoralhard fork. ‘allows them to becomevalid. Istriettyaecopts the valid transactions only. Most IUkely lead to chain split end often Lesstikely oleadtowerds chain split. consider a¢ “unsafe”, Require consent from users. Require consent from miner / validators, Allowssoptin for users. Doesn't allow optin at al. NSG ACADEMY | www.nsgacademy.in | Contact - 982378212132) What is ICO ? Explain. Answer: An Initial Coin Offering (ICO) or initial currency offering is a type of funding using cryptocurrencies. ICO (Initial Coin Offering): An ICO is a fundraising method used by cryptocurrency projects to raise capital by issuing and selling their own-tokens in exchange for-existing cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin or Ethereum. Steps involved in an ICO, explained pointwise: 1. Project Concept: - The project team develops a concept for their blockchain-based project, outlining its purpose, goals, and how it will use the funds raised. 2. Whitepaper: - A whitepaper is created, providing detailed information about the project, its technology, use case, team, tokenomics, and the ICO itself. 3. Token Creation: - The project creates its own tokens based on.a blockchain (often Ethereum). These tokens represent ownership or utility within the project's ecosystem. 4, Smart Contract Development: - A smart contract is developed to manage the ICO process. It defines rules, such as token distribution, pricing, and the duration of the offering. NSG ACADEMY | www.nsgacademy.in | Contact - 98237821215. Token Sale Announcement: - The project announces the ICO, detailing the start and end dates, the amount of cryptocurrency they aim to raise, and the exchange rate for their tokens. 6. Investor Participation: - Investors interested in the project send cryptocurrency (usually Bitcoin or Ethereum) to the ICO's smart contract address to purchase the newly issued tokens. 7. Token Distribution: ~ After the ICO concludes, the project distributes the purchased tokens to investors based on the terms outlined in the smart contract. 8. Listing on Exchanges: - To enable liquidity, the project aims to list its tokens on cryptocurrency exchanges. This allows investors to trade their tokens with others. Working of ICO: - Investors contribute cryptocurrencies to the ICO's smart contract. - In return, they receive the project's tokens at a predetermined exchange rate. - The funds raised during the ICO are typically used to develop and launch the project as outlined in the whitepaper - The success of the ICO often depends on the project's credibility, the strength of its idea, and market demand for its tokens. - Investors hope that the project will succeed, increasing the value of the tokens they purchased during the ICO. NSG ACADEMY | www.nsgacademy.in | Contact - 9823782121It's important to note that ICOs have faced regulatory scrutiny, and some regions have implemented guidelines or restrictions to protect investors. Investors should exercise caution and conduct thorough research before participating in an ICO. NSG ACADEMY | www.nsgacademy.in | Contact - 9823782121< NSG ACADEMY BEST IS NOT ENOUGH BSc Computer Science BBA-CA / BCA (Science) Coaching Available for All Subjects Come & Join Today More Information +91 -9823782121 (Npeer isan