TURBINES

Submitted To-
Sir. Rahul
Choube
Submitted By-
“Ankit Upmanyu.”
Mechnical,4th
Sem.
S.R.I.S.T
Presentation About

“TURBINES”
Introduction-
A turbine is a rotary engine that extracts energy from a fluid
flow and converts it into useful work.
The simplest turbines have one moving part, a
rotor assembly, which is a shaft or drum with blades attached.
Moving fluid acts on the blades, or the blades react to the
flow, so that they move and impart rotational energy to the
rotor. Early turbine examples are windmills and water wheels.
Gas, steam, and water turbines usually have a
casing around the blades that contains and controls the
working fluid. Credit for invention of the steam turbine is
given both to the British engineer Sir Charles Parsons (1854–
1931), for invention of the reaction turbine and to Swedish
engineer Gustaf de Laval (1845–1913), for invention of the
impulse turbine. Modern steam turbines frequently employ
both reaction and impulse in the same unit, typically varying
the degree of reaction and impulse from the blade root to its
periphery.
A device similar to a turbine but operating in
reverse, i.e., driven, is a compressor or pump. The axial
compressor in many gas turbine engines is a common
example. Here again, both reaction and impulse are employed
and again, in modern axial compressors, the degree of
reaction and impulse typically vary from the blade root to its
periphery.
Theory of operation-
A working fluid contains potential energy (pressure
head) and kinetic energy (velocity head). The fluid may be
compressible or incompressible. Several physical principles
are employed by turbines to collect this energy.

Impulse turbines change the direction of flow of

a high velocity fluid or gas jet. The resulting impulse spins the
turbine and leaves the fluid flow with diminished kinetic
energy. There is no pressure change of the fluid or gas in the
turbine blades (the moving blades), as in the case of a steam
or gas turbine, all the pressure drop takes place in the
stationary blades (the nozzles). Before reaching the turbine,
the fluid's pressure head is changed to velocity head by
accelerating the fluid with a nozzle. Pelton wheels and de
Laval turbines use this process exclusively. Impulse turbines
do not require a pressure casement around the rotor since the
fluid jet is created by the nozzle prior to reaching the blading
on the rotor. Newton's second law describes the transfer of
energy for impulse turbines.
Reaction turbines develop torque by reacting to
the gas or fluid's pressure or mass. The pressure of the gas or
fluid changes as it passes through the turbine rotor blades. A
pressure casement is needed to contain the working fluid as it
acts on the turbine stage(s) or the turbine must be fully
immersed in the fluid flow (such as with wind turbines). The
casing contains and directs the working fluid and, for water
turbines, maintains the suction imparted by the draft tube.
Francis turbines and most steam turbines use this concept.
For compressible working fluids, multiple turbine stages are
usually used to harness the expanding gas efficiently.
Newton's third law describes the transfer of energy for
reaction turbines.
The primary numerical classification of a
turbine is its specific speed. This number describes the speed
of the turbine at its maximum efficiency with respect to the
power and flow rate. The specific speed is derived to be
independent of turbine size. Given the fluid flow conditions
and the desired shaft output speed, the specific speed can
be calculated and an appropriate turbine design selected.
Types of turbines-
 There are many types of turbines but we are discussing
some types of turbines which is mostly use in daily life.
 Steam turbines.
 Gas turbines.
 Water turbines.
 Wind turbine.
These turbines are mainly used. These
turbines are not works on costly sources.
 There are some other types of turbines are as follows:-
 Contra-rotating turbines.
 Stator less turbine.
 Transonic turbine.
 Ceramic turbine.
 Shrouded turbine.
 Shroudless turbine.
 Bladeless turbine.
Every turbine has a one basic principle that is: a
moving fluid which can be water, steam, wind or gas is made
to run over blades at a high speed, the blades induced by the
moving fluid start rotating and as a result they start the rotor
engine attached to the device which is responsible for
converting the energy into work.
1.Steam Turbines-
A steam turbine is a mechanical device that
converts thermal energy in pressurised steam into useful
mechanical work. The original steam engine which largely
powered the industrial revolution in the UK was based on
reciprocating pistons. This has now been almost totally
replaced by the steam turbine because the steam turbine has
a higher thermodynamic efficiency and a lower power-to-
weight ratio and the steam turbine is ideal for the very large
power configurations used in power stations. The steam
turbine derives much of its better thermodynamic efficiency
because of the use of multiple stages in the expansion of the
steam. This results in a closer approach to the ideal
reversible process.
Steam turbines are made in a variety of sizes
ranging from small 0.75 kW units used as mechanical drives
for pumps, compressors and other shaft driven equipment, to
1,500,000kW turbines used to generate electricity. Steam
turbines are widely used for marine applications for vessel
propulsion systems. In recent times gas turbines , as
developed for aerospace applications, are being used more
and more in the field of power generation once dominated by
steam turbines.
2.Gas Turbines-
A gas turbine is a machine delivering
mechanical power or thrust. It does this using a
gaseous working fluid. The mechanical power
generated can be used by, for example, an
industrial device. The outgoing
gaseous fluid can be used to generate thrust.
In the gas turbine, there is a continuous flow of
the working fluid. This working fluid is initially
compressed
in the compressor. It is then heated in the
combustion chamber. Finally, it goes through the
turbine.
The turbine converts the energy of the gas into
mechanical work. Part of this work is used to
drive the
compressor. The remaining part is known as the
net work of the gas turbine.
History-
We can distinguish two important types of gas
turbines. There are industrial gas turbines and
there
are jet engine gas turbines. Both types of gas
turbines have a short but interesting history.
Industrial gas turbines were developed rather
slowly. This was because, to use a gas turbine, a
high initial
compression is necessary. This rather troubled
early engineers. Due to this, the first working gas
turbine
was only made in 1905 by the Frenchman
Rateau. The first gas turbine for power
generation became
operational in 1939 in Switzerland. It was
developed by the company Brown Boveri.
Back then, gas turbines had a rather low thermal
efficiency. But they were still useful.
3.Water Turbines-
Introduction -
A turbine converts energy in the form of falling water into
rotating shaft power. The selection of the best turbine for any
particular hydro site depends on the site characteristics, the
dominant ones being the head and flow available. Selection
also depends on the desired running speed of the generator
or other device loading the turbine. Other considerations
such as whether the turbine is expected to produce power
under part-flow conditions also play an important role in the
selection. All turbines have a power-speed characteristic.
They will tend to run most efficiently at a particular speed,
head and flow combination.
A turbine design speed is largely determined
by the head under which it operates. Turbines can be
classified as high head, medium head or low head machines.
Turbines are also divided by their principle way of operating
and can be either impulse or reaction turbines.
The rotating element (‘runner') of a reaction
turbine is fully immersed in water and is enclosed in a
pressure casing. The runner blades are profiled so that
pressure differences across them impose lift forces, like those
on aircraft wings, which cause the runner to rotate.
Impulse turbines- Impulse turbines are generally more
suitable for micro-hydro applications compared with reaction
turbines because they have the following advantages:
Greater tolerance of sand and other particles in the
water.
Better access to working parts.
No pressure seals around the shaft.
Easier to fabricate and maintain.
Better part-flow efficiency.

The major disadvantage of impulse turbines

is that they are mostly unsuitable for low-head sites
because of their low specific speeds. The crossflow, Turgo
and multi-jet Pelton are suitable at medium heads.
4.Wind turbine-
A wind turbine is a device that converts
kinetic energy from the wind into mechanical energy. If the
mechanical energy is used to produce electricity, the device
may be called a wind generator or wind charger. If the
mechanical energy is used to drive machinery, such as for
grinding grain or pumping water, the device is called a
windmill or wind pump. Developed for over a millennium,
today's wind turbines are manufactured in a range of vertical
and horizontal axis types. The smallest turbines are used for
applications such as battery charging or auxiliary power on
sailing boats; while large grid-connected arrays of turbines
are becoming an increasingly large source of commercial
electric power.
There are some other types of turbines are as follows:-
Contra-rotating turbines- With axial turbines, some
efficiency advantage can be obtained if a downstream
turbine rotates in the opposite direction to an upstream
unit. However, the complication can be counter-
productive. A contra-rotating steam turbine, usually
known as the Ljungström turbine, was originally
invented by Swedish Engineer Fredrik Ljungström
(1875–1964), in Stockholm and in partnership with his
brother Birger Ljungström he obtained a patent in 1894.
The design is essentially a multi-stage radial turbine (or
pair of 'nested' turbine rotors) offering great efficiency,
four times as large heat drop per stage as in the reaction
(Parsons) turbine, extremely compact design and the
type met particular success in backpressure power
 plants. However, contrary to other designs, large steam
volumes are handled with difficulty and only a
combination with axial flow turbines (DUREX) admits the
turbine to be built for power greater than ca 50 MW. In
marine applications only about 50 turbo-electric units
were ordered (of which a considerable amount were
finally sold to land plants) during 1917-19, and during
1920-22 a few turbo-mechanic not very successful units
were sold. Only a few turbo-electric marine plants were
still in use in the late 1960s (ss Ragne, ss Regin) while
most land plants remain in use 2010.

Statorless turbine- Multi-stage turbines have a set of

static (meaning stationary) inlet guide vanes that direct
the gasflow onto the rotating rotor blades. In a
statorless turbine the gasflow exiting an upstream rotor
impinges onto a downstream rotor without an
intermediate set of stator vanes (that rearrange the
pressure/velocity energy levels of the flow) being
encountered.
Transonic turbine- The gasflow in most turbines
employed in gas turbine engines remains subsonic
throughout the expansion process. In a transonic
turbine the gasflow becomes supersonic as it exits the
nozzle guide vanes, although the downstream velocities
normally become subsonic. Transonic turbines operate
 at a higher pressure ratio than normal but are usually
less efficient and uncommon.
Ceramic turbine- Conventional high-pressure turbine
blades (and vanes) are made from nickel based alloys
and often utilise intricate internal air-cooling passages to
prevent the metal from overheating. In recent years,
experimental ceramic blades have been manufactured
and tested in gas turbines, with a view to increasing
Rotor Inlet Temperatures and/or, possibly, eliminating
aircooling. Ceramic blades are more brittle than their
metallic counterparts, and carry a greater risk of
catastrophic blade failure. This has tended to limit their
use in jet engines and gas turbines, to the stator
(stationary) blades.
Shrouded turbine- Many turbine rotor blades have
shrouding at the top, which interlocks with that of
adjacent blades, to increase damping and thereby
reduce blade flutter. In large land-based electricity
generation steam turbines, the shrouding is often
complemented, especially in the long blades of a low-
pressure turbine, with lacing wires. These wires pass
through holes drilled in the blades at suitable distances
from the blade root and are usually brazed to the blades
at the point where they pass through. Lacing wires
reduce blade flutter in the central part of the blades.
The introduction of lacing wires substantially reduces
 the instances of blade failure in large or low-pressure
turbines.
Shroudless turbine- Modern practice is, wherever
possible, to eliminate the rotor shrouding, thus reducing
the centrifugal load on the blade and the cooling
requirements.
Bladeless turbine - Uses the boundary layer effect
and not a fluid impinging upon the blades as in a
conventional turbine.

Uses of turbines-
I. Almost all electrical power on Earth is produced with a
turbine of some type. Very high efficiency steam
turbines harness about 40% of the thermal energy, with
the rest exhausted as waste heat.
II. Most jet engines rely on turbines to supply mechanical
work from their working fluid and fuel as do all nuclear
ships and power plants.
III. Turbines are often part of a larger machine. A gas
turbine, for example, may refer to an internal
combustion machine that contains a turbine, ducts,
 compressor, combustor, heat-exchanger, fan and (in the
case of one designed to produce electricity) an
alternator. Combustion turbines and steam turbines
may be connected to machinery such as pumps and
compressors, or may be used for propulsion of ships,
usually through an intermediate gearbox to reduce
rotary speed.
IV. Reciprocating piston engines such as aircraft engines can
use a turbine powered by their exhaust to drive an
intake-air compressor, a configuration known as a
turbocharger (turbine supercharger) or, colloquially, a
"turbo".
V. Turbines can have very high power density (i.e. the ratio
of power to weight, or power to volume). This is
because of their ability to operate at very high speeds.
The Space Shuttle's main engines use turbopumps
(machines consisting of a pump driven by a turbine
engine) to feed the propellants (liquid oxygen and liquid
hydrogen) into the engine's combustion chamber. The
liquid hydrogen turbopump is slightly larger than an
automobile engine (weighing approximately 700 lb) and
produces nearly 70,000 hp (52.2 MW)

Turbine Efficiency-
 Turbines have been the world's energy workhorses for
generations, harkening back to primitive devices such as
 waterwheels (2,000 years ago) and windmills (over
1,000 years old). Today, turbines not only power aircraft
and vehicles of all sorts, they are the heart of almost all
of the world's electric generating systems.
Power generation from fossil energy relies upon gas turbines
and steam turbines, and in combination as combined-cycle
units.
 Gas Turbines- A gas turbine is a heat engine that
uses high temperature, high-pressure gas as the
working fluid to spin the turbine and generate
power. Combustion of fuel in air is usually used to
produce the needed temperatures and pressures in
the turbine, which is why gas turbines are often
referred to as “combustion” turbines. To capture the
energy, the working fluid is directed by vanes at the
base of combustor nozzles to impinge upon
specially designed airfoils (turbine blades). The
turbine blades, through their curved shapes,
redirect the gas stream, which absorbs the
momentum of the gas and produces power. A
series of turbine blade rows, or stages, is attached
to a rotor/shaft assembly. The shaft rotation drives
an electric generator and a compressor for the air
used in the gas turbine combustor. This process of
imparting potential energy to a gas working fluid by
adding heat and pressure, and translation of the
potential energy to work through interaction of gas
and blades, is called a Brayton cycle. In the simple
 Brayton cycle, the turbine exhaust is typically
vented to the atmosphere.
 Steam Turbines- Steam turbines work on the same
basic principles as gas turbines, but use steam as
the working fluid. This steam is typically generated
in an external boiler and fired by an external heat
source. The process of imparting heat to
pressurized water to produce a high potential
energy steam, and translation of the potential
energy to work through interaction of steam and
blades, is called a Rankine cycle. In the Rankine
cycle, the turbine exhaust (steam), now at low
temperature and pressure, is condensed and
recycled back to a boiler or heat source in a closed
loop.

Advantages-
 Simplicity...............Number of parts reduced 80%.
 Vibrationless...............Rotary motion instead of
reciprocating.
 Exhaust gases cool, clean...............Excess air flows
through engine, fuel completely nontoxic burned,
practically no carbon monoxide.
 Light, compact...............Few parts.
 Negligible oil consumption...............No pistons or
cylinder walls to lubricate.
  Less maintenance...............No tune-ups required--
less friction and wear- -fewer parts- -no valves,
camshaft, distributor, etc.
 Instant heat available in winter...............Hot gases
immediately available as soon as engine is
operating under own power--no cylinder block and
coolant to heat up first.
 Clean and Independent Energy…............A wind
turbine is a device for harnessing the kinetic energy
of the wind and converting into mechanical energy
by means of a rotor, and then the mechanical
energy into electricity by means of a turbine. It is a
100% clean, renewable, and independent source of
energy.
 It's Cheap and Getting Cheaper……………
According to the U.S. Dept. of Energy, clean wind
power costs $55.60 per MWH (megawatt hour).
Meanwhile coal energy costs $53.10 per MWH;
nuclear power $59.30 per MWH; natural gas $52.50
per MWH. At the moment, wind power is more
expensive than fossil fuels, but those costs are
dropping as wind turbines are starting to be
produced in mass numbers, making them less
expensive.

Disadvantages-
 • Location- A drawback of wind power is that not
every location is suitable for a wind turbine. Only
select locations have sufficient wind blowing
regularly enough to make erecting the turbines
worthwhile.
• Ugly- Wind turbines are not popular with some of
the residents of scenic areas, especially those that
rely on tourism. They are considered by these
people and some others to be a blight on the
landscape, and they have a point: windmills are
obtrusive and unsightly. Some also say they are
noisy, but this is really only the case if (as with
airports) you live next to one.

Summary-
As with all maintenance completed on rotating equipment by
TSA, a total commitment is given by all members of our team,
this commitment guaranteeing nothing but the highest standard
of workmanship being applied to our clients rotating equipment
assets. Turbine Services Australia offers its client a full range of
options subject to site and operational requirements. A total
service and inspection package can be developed inclusive of
all OEM requirements and any engineering protocol that may be
required.
Wind power is the greenest of green energy. It has no
carbon emissions, is completely renewable, has
relatively low maintenance costs and, unlike
hydropower, it does not involve dams that can damage
the area ecology.

“Contents”
Introduction.
Theory of Operation.
Types of Turbines.-
 Steam
Turbines.
 Gas Turbines.
 Water
Turbines.
  Wind Turbines.
Uses of Turbines.
Turbine Efficiency.
Advantages.
Disadvantages.
Summary.