Electricity it is a property of matter that results from the presence or movement

of electric charge -tied to the behavior of positively and negatively

charged elementary particles of an atom
Proton it is a positively charged particle.
Electron it is negatively charged particle.
Neutron it is a particle with neutral charge (no charge).
Classical Theory: Flow of 2 types of theories
Electrons
Modern Theory: Flow of
Charged Particles
Classical Theory: Flow of electrical current is electron flow. Electrons in an orbital shell near the
Electrons nucleus have a strong attraction to the protons in the nucleus and
thus are difficult to free. Electrons in outer orbital shells experience a
weaker attraction and are more easily freed. Energy can be added to
an electron to move it to the next higher orbital shell. If sufficient
additional energy is added, a valence electron can be forced out of the
atom. Such an electron is said to be free. These free electrons make
up electrical current flow
electricity is tied to even smaller subatomic particles that possess
either a positive or negative electromagnetic charge. Not all
subatomic particles have a charge. It is only the subatomic charged
particles, those with an electromagnetic charge, that are associated
with electricity. As in the classical theory, charged particles with like
charges repel one another and charged particles with unlike charges
attract one another. The electromagnetic force between two charged
particles is greater than the gravitational force between the two, so
flow of electricity is the flow of charged subatomic particles caused by
these repelling and attracting forces
Electrical Conductors these are materials that allow the essentially free passage of current
when connected to a battery or other source of electrical energy
Electrical Insulators these are materials that posses low conductivity or offer a relatively
high resistance to the flow of electric current. They are also called as
dielectrics.
Electric Semiconductors these are materials that have conductivity about midway between
good conductors and good insulators.
Electric Current it is the motion or transfer of charges from one region of a conductor
to another. Its unit is the Ampere (A) named after André Marie
Ampère
Electric Voltage (V or E) Fundamental Units of Electricity
Electric Current (I)
Electric Potential Difference
Electric Resistance (R)
Electric Voltage (V or E) it is the driving force behind current flow. The unit of voltage is the
Volt (V). Voltage level governs the amount of current flow. An
increase in voltage causes more current flow and vice versa.
Electric Current (I) it is the motion or transfer of charges from one region of a conductor
to another. Its unit is the Ampere (A)
Electric Potential Difference – it is the difference in the electric potentials of two charged bodies.
Its unit is the volt
Electric Resistance (R) it is the property of a material that limits the amount of flow of
current and converts electric energy to heat energy. Its unit is the
Ohm (Ω)
Ohm’s Law “At steady state condition, the voltage across a resistor is directly
proportional to the current flowing through it with the temperature
remaining constant.” V=IR
• Ohm’s law can be applied Conditions for Ohm’s Law
either to the entire circuit or
a part of a circuit • When
Ohm’s law is applied to a
part circuit, part resistance
and the potential difference
across that part resistance
should be used • Ohm’s law
can be applied to both dc
and ac circuits
Electrical Power (P) it is defined as the rate at which electrical energy is expended or used
up. It is the rate electric energy is converted into another form, such
P=VI ; P=𝑽^2/R ; P=I^2/R as light, heat or mechanical energy (or converted from another form
into electrical energy). Its unit is the Watt (W).
746 W 1HP
Closed Circuit it is an uninterrupted path that allows a continuous flow of current
through an electrical circuit. In a building, the circuit is closed when a
switch is turned on.
Open Circuit If the path of current flow is interrupted such as if the switch in a
circuit is open (turned off), an open circuit results.
Short Circuit If an inadvertent shortcut develops in a circuit that permits current
flow through an unintentional path, a short circuit is created. A short
circuit occurs when current leaks out of the intended conductor path
such as out of a wire with damaged insulation.
1.Series circuit Types of Circuit Connections
2.Parallel circuit
3. Combinational Circuit
Series parallel, parallel series
Series-parallel circuit it is a combinational circuit when simplified will result into a series
circuit
Parallel-series circuit it is a combinational circuit when simplified will result into a parallel
circuit
Series Circuit the circuit elements are said to be connected in series when they all
carry the same current.
The same current flows Properties of a Series Circuit:
through all the resistances. -
There will be voltage drop
across each resistance. –
The sum of the voltage drops
is equal to the applied
voltage
Parallel Circuit circuit elements are connected in parallel when the same voltage is
common to all of them.
The voltage across each Properties of a Parallel Circuit:
resistance of the parallel
combination is the same.-
There are as many current
paths as the number of
branches.
-The current in each branch
is given by Ohm’s law.
- The total current of the
circuit is equal to the sum of
branch currents.
DC occurs when the current flows in one constant direction. It usually
comes from batteries, solar cells, or from AC/DC converters. DC is the
preferred type of power for electronic devices
AC ) occurs when the electric current periodically inverts its direction. AC
is the method used to deliver electricity through power transmission
lines to homes and businesses
Energy Charge is the cost of electrical energy consumed
Maximum Demand is the user’s highest rate at which energy is consumed in kilowatts
Demand Charge is the billing fee related to the maximum charge.
Electrical Shock The most common types of electrical injuries are:
• Electrocution ( death due
to Electrical Shock )
• Burns
• Falls

Electric Shock Touching a live wire and an electrical ground will cause a shock.
• Touching two live wires of different voltages will cause electrical
shock.

Path of the current through The severity of the shock depends on:
your body
• Amount of current flowing
through your body
• Length of time your body is
in contact with the circuit

Burns are the most common injury caused by electricity.

• Electrical Burns The Three types of burns are
• Arc Burns
• Thermal contact burns
Electric Burns can occur when you came into direct contact with electricity.
Arc Burns occur when there is a gap between conductors and current travels
 through the air.
Thermal contact burns can occur when electricity ignites combustible material
Falls -Workers who experience a shock on elevated work surfaces such as
platforms, ladders or scaffolds can fall resulting in serious injury or
death.

Exposed electrical parts Electrical Hazards

Overloaded circuits
Defective insulation
Improper grounding
Damaged power tools
Overhead power lines
Wet conditions
Exposed electrical parts Breaker boxes without cover
Electrical terminals in motors, appliances, and electronic equipment

Too many devides are plugged

The wire insulation melts
Improper overcurrent protection device
No overcurrent protection device is used