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26 views15 pages

Unit 2

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Uploaded by

Crazy Jaat
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Transmission Media

Transmission media can be defined as physical path between transmitter and reciever in a
data transmission system.Transmission media refers to the physical medium through which data
is transmitted from one device to another within a network. These medium can
be wired or wireless.
IT CAN BE CLASSIFIED IN TWO TYPES:-
1.Wired (Guided) Media: Wired media allows signal energy enclosed and guided within a solid
medium. This media is used either for point-to-point links or a shared link with various
connections. In guided media, interruption is generated by outputs in the adjacent cables. Proper
covering of guided media is required to reduce the interruption problem.
Twisted Pair Cable: It it made up of insulated copper wires twisted together that’s why it
called is as twisted pair cable. Mostly used in telephone networks and Ethernet cables. It is
affordable.
Coaxial Cable: In this cable one central conductor surrounded by insulation, a metallic
shield, and an exterior cover. This type of cable used in television networks and for long-
distance communication lines. It provides better protection against interruption than twisted
pair cables.
Optical Fiber: Uses light signals to transfer data. Made up of glass or plastic fibers, it
provides very high bandwidth and low signal reduction, making it ideal for long-distance
and high-speed data transmission. It’s immune to electromagnetic obstruction but more
expensive than copper cables.
2. Wireless (Unguided) Media: In the unguided media, the signal energy propagates through a
wireless medium. Wireless media is used for radio broadcasting in all directions. Microwave links
are chosen for long-distance broadcasting transmission unguided media. Interference is also a
problem in unguided media, overlapping frequency bands from competing signals can alter or
eliminate a signal.
Radio Waves: Are used for wireless communication networks over large range distances,
such as in broadcasting, cellular networks, and Wi-Fi. It can travel through walls and have a
wide coverage area.
Microwaves: It provide high-frequency radio waves used for one-to-one communication.
Used in satellite and terrestrial communication.
Infrared: Uses light signals just below the visible spectrum. Infrared is used for nearby
communication, such as remote controls and short-range data transfer (e.g., between a
laptop and a mobile device).
Satellite Communication: Satellite communication used for broadcasting, GPS, and global
communications.
Difference between the Guided Media and Unguided Media

Guided Media Unguided Media


The guided media is also called wired communication or The unguided media is also called wireless communication or
bounded transmission media. unbounded transmission media.
Guided Media Unguided Media
The signal energy propagates through wires in guided media. The signal energy propagates through the air in unguided media.

Used to perform point-to-point communication. Unguided media is generally suited for radio broadcasting in all
directions.

It is affordable. It is costly.

Discrete network topologies are formed by the guided media. Continuous network topologies are formed by the unguided
media.

Signals are in the form of voltage, current, or photons in the Signals are in the form of electromagnetic waves in unguided
guided media. media.

By adding more wires, the transmission capacity can be It is not possible to obtain additional capacity in unguided
increased in guided media. media.

It sends out a signal that indicates which way to go. It does not indicate which way to travel.

For a shorter distance, this is the best option. For longer distances, this method is used.

It is unable to pass through walls. It can pass through walls.

A transmission medium is a physical path between the transmitter and the receiver i.e. it is the
channel through which data is sent from one device to another. Transmission Media is broadly
classified into the following types:

Types of Transmission Media

1. Guided Media
There are 3 major types of Guided Media: [A]Twisted Pair Cable
It consists of 2 separately insulated conductor wires wound about each other. Generally, several
such pairs are bundled together in a protective sheath. They are the most widely used Transmission
Media. Twisted Pair is of two types:
Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP): UTP consists of two insulated copper wires twisted
around one another. This type of cable has the ability to block interference and does not
depend on a physical shield for this purpose. It is used for telephonic applications.

Advantages of Unshielded Twisted Pair


Least expensive
Easy to install
High-speed capacity

Disadvantages of Unshielded Twisted Pair


Lower capacity and performance in comparison to STP
Short distance transmission due to attenuation

Shielded Twisted Pair (STP): Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) cable consists of a special jacket (a
copper braid covering or a foil shield) to block external interference. It is used in fast-data-rate
Ethernet and in voice and data channels of telephone lines.
Advantages of Shielded Twisted Pair
Better performance at a higher data rate in comparison to UTP
Eliminates crosstalk
Comparatively faster
Disadvantages of Shielded Twisted Pair
Comparatively difficult to install and manufacture
More expensive
Bulky

[B] Coaxial Cable


Coaxial cable has an outer plastic covering containing an insulation layer made of PVC or Teflon
and 2 parallel conductors each having a separate insulated protection cover. The coaxial
cable transmits information in two modes: Baseband mode(dedicated cable bandwidth) and
Broadband mode(cable bandwidth is split into separate ranges). Cable TVs and analog television
networks widely use Coaxial cables.

Advantages of Coaxial Cable


Coaxial cables has high bandwidth.
It is easy to install.
Coaxial cables are more reliable and durable.
Less affected by noise or cross-talk or electr
omagnetic inference.
Coaxial cables support multiple channels
Disadvantages of Coaxial Cable
Coaxial cables are expensive.
The coaxial cable must be grounded in order to prevent any crosstalk.
As a Coaxial cable has multiple layers it is very bulky.
There is a chance of breaking the coaxial cable and attaching a “t-joint” by hackers, this
compromises the security of the data.

[C] Optical Fiber Cable


Optical Fibre Cable uses the concept of refraction of light through a core made up of glass or
plastic. The core is surrounded by a less dense glass or plastic covering called the coating. It is
used for the transmission of large volumes of data. The cable can be unidirectional or bidirectional.
The WDM (Wavelength Division Multiplexer) supports two modes, namely unidirectional and
bidirectional mode.

Advantages of Optical Fibre Cable


Increased capacity and bandwidth
Lightweight
Less signal attenuation
Immunity to electromagnetic interference
Resistance to corrosive materials

Disadvantages of Optical Fibre


Cable
Difficult to install and maintain
High cost

Applications of Optical Fibre Cable


Medical Purpose: Used in several types of medical instruments.
Defence Purpose: Used in transmission of data in aerospace.
For Communication: This is largely used in formation of internet cables.
Industrial Purpose: Used for lighting purposes and safety measures in designing the
interior and exterior of automobiles.

Stripline
Stripline is a transverse electromagnetic (TEM) transmission line medium invented by Robert M.
Barrett of the Air Force Cambridge Research Centre in the 1950s. Stripline is the earliest form of
the planar transmission line. It uses a conducting material to transmit high-frequency waves it is
also called a waveguide. This conducting material is sandwiched between two layers of the ground
plane which are usually shorted to provide EMI immunity.
Microstripline
A microstripline is a type of transmission media used to carry high-frequency signals, commonly
found in microwave and radio frequency circuits. It consists of a flat, narrow conducting strip
(usually made of metal) placed on top of a dielectric material (an insulating layer), with a metal
ground plane on the other side.

2. Unguided Media
It is also referred to as Wireless or Unbounded transmission media . No physical medium is
required for the transmission of electromagnetic signals.

Features of Unguided Media


The signal is broadcasted through air
Less Secure
Used for larger distances
There are 3 types of Signals transmitted through unguided media:

Radio Waves
Radio waves are easy to generate and can penetrate through buildings. The sending and receiving
antennas need not be aligned. Frequency Range:3KHz – 1GHz. AM and FM radios and cordless
phones use Radio waves for transmission.

Radiowave

Microwaves
It is a line of sight transmission i.e. the sending and receiving antennas need to be properly aligned
with each other. The distance covered by the signal is directly proportional to the height of the
antenna. Frequency Range:1GHz – 300GHz. Micro waves are majorly used for mobile phone
communication and television distribution.

Infrared
Infrared waves are used for very short distance communication. They cannot penetrate through
obstacles. This prevents interference between systems. Frequency Range:300GHz – 400THz. It is
used in TV remotes, wireless mouse, keyboard, printer, etc.

Difference Between Radio Waves, Micro Waves, and Infrared Waves

Basis Radiowave Microwave Infrared wave


Basis Radiowave Microwave Infrared wave

Direction These are omni-directional These are unidirectional in These are unidirectional in
in nature. nature. nature.

Penetration At low frequency, they can At low frequency, they can They cannot penetrate
penetrate through solid penetrate through solid through any solid object
objects and walls but high objects and walls. at high and walls.
frequency they bounce off frequency, they cannot
the obstacle. penetrate.

Frequency range Frequency range: 3 KHz to Frequency range: 1 GHz to Frequency range: 300 GHz
1GHz. 300 GHz. to 400 GHz.

Security These offers poor security. These offers medium These offers high security.
security.

Attenuation Attenuation is high. Attenuation is variable. Attenuation is low.

Government License Some frequencies in the Some frequencies in the There is no need of
radio-waves require microwaves require government license to use
government license to use government license to use these waves.
these. these.

Usage Cost Setup and usage Cost is Setup and usage Cost is Usage Cost is very less.
moderate. high.

Communication These are used in long These are used in long These are not used in long
distance communication. distance communication. distance communication.

Causes of Transmission Impairment


Transmission impairment refers to the loss or distortion of signals during data transmission,
leading to errors or reduced quality in communication. Common causes include signal distortion,
attenuation, and noise all of which can affect the clarity and reliability of transmitted data.

Transmission Impairment
Attenuation: It means loss of energy. The strength of signal decreases with increasing
distance which causes loss of energy in overcoming resistance of medium. This is also
known as attenuated signal. Amplifiers are used to amplify the attenuated signal which
gives the original signal back and compensate for this loss.
Distortion: It means changes in the form or shape of the signal. This is generally seen in
composite signals made up with different frequencies. Each frequency component has its
own propagation speed travelling through a medium. And thats why it delay in arriving at
the final destination Every component arrive at different time which leads to distortion.
Therefore, they have different phases at receiver end from what they had at senders end.
Noise: The random or unwanted signal that mixes up with the original signal is called noise.
There are several types of noise such as induced noise, crosstalk noise, thermal noise and
impulse noise which may corrupt the signal.
Factors Considered for Designing the Transmission Media
Bandwidth: Assuming all other conditions remain constant, the greater a medium’s
bandwidth, the faster a signal’s data transmission rate.
Transmission Impairment : Transmission Impairment occurs when the received signal
differs from the transmitted signal. Signal quality will be impacted as a result of
transmission impairment.
Interference: Interference is defined as the process of disturbing a signal as it travels over a
communication medium with the addition of an undesired signal.
Applications of Transmission Media in Computer Networks
Transmission media in computer networks are used to connect devices and transfer data. Here are
some common applications:

Transmission Media Application

Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Local Area Networks (LAN), telephones

Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) Industrial networks, environments with high interference

Optical Fiber Cable Long-distance communication, internet backbones

Coaxial Cable Cable TV, broadband internet, CCTV

Stripline Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs), microwave circuits

Microstripline Antennas, satellite communication, RF circuits

Radio Wireless communication, AM/FM radio, mobile phones

Infrared Remote controls, short-range communication


Transmission Media Application

Microwave Satellite communication, radar, long-distance links

Twisted-pair Cable
These are a type of guided media. It was invented by Alexander Graham Bell. Twisted pair
cables have two conductors that are generally made up of copper and each conductor has
insulation. These two conductors are twisted together,
thus giving the name twisted pair cables.
One of the conductors is used to carry the signal and the
other is used as a ground reference only. The receiver uses
the difference of signals between these two conductors. The
noise or crosstalk in the two parallel conductors is high but
this is greatly reduced in twisted pair cables due to the
twisting characteristic. In the first twist, one conductor is
near to noise source and the other is far from the source but
in the next twist the reverse happens and the resultant noise
is very less and hence the balance in signal quality is maintained and the receiver receives very less or
no noise. The quality of signal in twisted pair cables greatly depends upon the number of twists per unit
length of the cable.
Twisted Pair Cables are further of two types :
1. Unshielded Twisted Pair Cables (UTP) :
These are a pair of two insulated copper wires twisted together
without any other insulation or shielding and hence are called
unshielded twisted pair cables. They reduce the external
interference due to the presence of insulation. Unshielded twisted
pair cables are arranged in pairs so that we can add a new connection whenever required. The DSL or
telephone lines in our houses have one extra pair in them. When UTP are arranged in pairs, each pair is
coded with a different color as defined by the 25-pair color code developed by AT&T Corporation. The
Electronic Industries Association divides UTP into 7 categories based on some standards. Categories
are based upon cable quality where 1 is the highest quality and 7 is the lowest quality. Each cable in a
category is put to a different use as needed.
Advantages –
1stThese cables are cost-effective and easy to install owing to their compact size.
2ndThey are generally used for short-distance transmission of both voice and data.
3rdIt is less costly as compared to other types of cables.
Disadvantages –
1stThe connection established using UTP is not secure.
2ndThey are efficient only for a distance up to 100 meters and have to be installed in pieces of up
to 100 meters.
3rdThese cables have limited bandwidth.
2. Shielded Twisted Pair Cables (STP) :
These types of cables have extra insulation or protective
covering over the conductors in the form of a copper
braid covering. This covering provides strength to the
overall structure of the cable. It also reduces noise and
signal interference in the cable. The shielding ensures
that the induced signal can be returned to the source via
ground and only circulate around the shield without affecting the main propagating signal. The
STP cables are also color-coded like the UTP cables as different color pairs are required for
analog and digital transmission. These cables are costly and difficult to install.
Advantages –
1stThey are generally used for long-distance communication and transmission and are
installed underground.
2ndThe protective shield prevents external electromagnetic noise penetration into the
cable.
3rdThey have a higher bandwidth as compared to UTP.
Disadvantages –
1stThese cables are very expensive.
2ndThey require a lot of maintenance which increases the cost more.
3rdThese can be installed underground only.
4thThe length of the segment is similar to UTP for these cables.
Applications of Twisted pair cables :
Twisted Pair cables are used in telephone lines to provide data and voice channels.
The DSL lines make use of these cables.
Local Area Networks (LAN) also make use of twisted pair cables.
They can be used for both analog and digital transmission.
RJ-45 is a very common application of twisted pair cables.

Coaxial Cable
Coaxial cable is typically used by cable operators, telephone companies, and internet providers to
transmit data, video, and voice communications to customers. Its installation and implementation
are easy but it is less efficient than optical fiber also it provides moderately low bandwidth in
comparison to optical fiber.

What is Coaxial Cabel?


Coaxial Cable is a type of guided media made of Plastics, and copper wires which transmit the
signal in electrical form rather than light form. Coaxial cable is also known as coax. The core
copper conductor is used for the transmission of signals and the insulator is used to provide
insulation to the copper conductor the insulator is surrounded by a braided metal conductor which
helps to prevent the interference of electrical signals and prevent cross talk. This entire setup is
again covered with a protective plastic layer to provide extra safety to the cable.
Structure of Coaxial Cable
Copper conductor: A central
conductor, which consists of copper.
The conductor is the point at which
data is transmitted.
Insulator: Dielectric plastic
insulation around the copper
conductor. it is used to maintain the
spacing between the center
conductor and shield.
Braided mesh: A braided mesh of copper helps to shield from electromagnetic interference,
The braid provides a barrier against EMI moving into and out of the coaxial cable.
Protective plastic layer: An external polymer layer, which has a plastic coating. It is used
to protect internal layers from damage.
How does Coaxial Cables Work?
Coaxial cables consist of concentric layers of electrical conductors and insulating material. This
structure ensures that signals are protected within the cable and that electrical interference does not
interfere with the signal. The primary conductor layer consists of a thin conducting wire made of
solid or braided copper. A dielectric layer comprised of an insulating substance with well-defined
electrical properties surrounds the wire. The dielectric layer is then surrounded by a shield layer of
metal foil or braided copper. The whole thing is wrapped in an insulating covering. The outside
metal shield layer of a coaxial cable is normally connected in the connectors at both ends to filter
the signals and reduce all unwanted transmission, so this is how coaxial cable works.

Types of Coaxial cables


Hardline coaxial cable: Hardline coaxial cable’s center conductor is made of copper, silver
and has a larger diameter when compared to other coaxial cables.
Flexible coaxial cable: The flexible coaxial cables are very flexible and the inner conductor
is surrounded by a flexible polymer.
Semi-rigid coaxial cable: Semi-rigid coaxial cable uses a solid copper outer sheath with a
dielectric of Polytetrafluoroethylene.
Formable coaxial cable: It is an alternative to semi-rigid cable, instead of a rigid copper
outer sheath a flexible metal sheath is utilized.
Twinaxial cable: It has two central conductors in the core and a single outer core and
dielectric. these cables are best for low-frequency digital and video transmission.
Triaxial cable: It is also known as Triax. It is very much similar to a coaxial cable but with
an additional copper braid added to it, the braid works as a shield and protects from noise.
Triaxial cables offer more bandwidth.
Rigid coaxial cable: Rigid coaxial cable is made up of two copper tubes supported at cable
ends and fixed intervals across the length of the cable using PTFE supports or disk
insulators. The rigid coaxial cable cannot be bent. It is mainly used in TV and FM
broadcasting systems.
Uses of Coaxial Cable
Television: Coaxial cable used for television would be 75 Ohm and RG-6 coaxial cable.
Internet: Coaxial cables are also used for carrying internet signals, RG-6 cables are used
for this.
CCTV: The coaxial cables are also used in CCTV systems and both RG-59 AND RG-6
cables can be used.
Video: The coaxial cables are also used in video Transmission the RG-6 is used for better
digital signals and RG-59 for lossless transmission of video signals.
HDTV: The HDTV uses RG-11 as it provides more space for signals to transfer.
Advantages of Coaxial Cable
Coaxial cables support high bandwidth.
It is easy to install coaxial cables.
Coaxial cables have better cut-through resistance so they are more reliable and durable.
Less affected by noise or cross-talk or electromagnetic inference.
Coaxial cables support multiple channels
Disadvantages of Coaxial Cable
Coaxial cables are expensive.
The coaxial cable must be grounded in order to prevent any crosstalk.
As a Coaxial cable has multiple layers it is very bulky.
There is a chance of breaking the coaxial cable and attaching a “t-joint” by hackers, this
compromises the security of the data.

Difference Between Coaxial Cable and Optical Fiber

Coaxial Cable Optical Fibre

Coaxial Cable is used to transmit the signal/data is in Optical Fiber is used to transmit the signal/data is in light
electrical form. form.

The diameter of Coaxial cable’s is larger as compare to The diameter of Optical fiber is small.
optical fiber.

The cost of coaxial cable is less. The cost of optical fiber is high.

Coaxial cable is heavier than optical fiber in weight Optical cable is lighter in weights.
Fiber Optics and Types
Fiber Optics or Optical Fiber is a technology that transmits data as a light pulse along a glass or
plastic fiber. An Optical Fiber is a cylindrical fiber of glass that is hair-thin in size or any
transparent dielectric medium. The fiber which is used for optical communication is waveguides
made of transparent dielectrics. In this article, we will discuss Optical Fiber/Fiber Optics in detail.
What is Fiber Optics?
Fiber optics refers to the technology and method of transmitting data as light pulses along a glass
or plastic strand or fiber. Fiber optic cables are used for long-distance and high-performance data
networking. They are capable of transmitting data over longer distances and at higher bandwidths
(data rates) than electrical cables, making them a critical component in modern
telecommunications, internet, and computer networking.

Main Elements of Fiber Optics


Core: It is the central tube of very thin size
made of optically transparent dielectric
medium and carries the light transmitter to
receiver and the core diameter may vary from
about 5um to 100 um.
Cladding: It is an outer optical material
surrounding the core having a reflecting index lower than the core and cladding helps to
keep the light within the core throughout the phenomena of total internal reflection.
Buffer Coating: It is a plastic coating that protects the fiber made of silicon rubber. The
typical diameter of the fiber after the coating is 250-300 um.
Types of Fiber Optics
There are different types of fiber optics based on several categories as mentioned below:

1. Based on the Number of Modes

Single-mode fiber: In single-mode fiber,


only one type of ray of light can propagate
through the fiber. This type of fiber has a
small core diameter (5um) and high cladding diameter (70um) and the difference between
the refractive index of core and cladding is very small. There is no dispersion i.e. no
degradation of the signal during traveling through the fiber. The light is passed through it
through a laser diode.

Multi-mode fiber: Multimode fiber allows many modes for the light rays traveling through
it. The core diameter is generally (40um) and that of cladding is (70um). The relative
refractive index difference is also greater than single-mode fiber. There is signal degradation
due to multimode dispersion. It is not suitable for long-distance communication due to the
large dispersion and attenuation of the signal. There are two categories based on Multi-
mode fiber i.e. Step Index Fiber and Graded Index Fiber. These are categories under the
types of optical fiber based on the Refractive Index
2. Based on Refractive Index
Step-index optical fiber: The refractive index of the core is constant. The refractive index
of the cladding is also
continuous. The rays of
light propagate through it in
the form of meridional rays
which cross the fiber axis
during every reflection at the
core-cladding boundary.

Graded index optical


fiber: In this type of fiber, the core has a non-
uniform refractive index that gradually decreases
from the center towards the core-cladding
interface. The cladding has a uniform refractive
index. The light rays propagate through it in the
form of skew rays or helical rays. it does not
cross the fiber axis at any time.

3. Based on the Material Used


Plastic Optical Fibres: For transmission of light, polymethylmethacrylate is used as core
material
Glass Fibres: These are extremely fine glass fibers, the core and cladding of the optical
fiber is made of plastic.
How Fiber Optic Works?
Fiber Optics has the work of transmission of light particles, or photons. Fiber optics transmit data
as light through thin sheets of glass or plastic. Each fiber consists of a core, where the light travels
through it, and a surrounding cladding that reflects the light back into the core part. Data is
converted into light using a laser or LED, and these light pulses travel through the core, bouncing
off the cladding to stay contained in it. At the receiving end, a photodetector converts the light back
into the electrical signals. This technology allows for fast, high-capacity data transmission with
minimal signal loss, immunity to electromagnetic interference, and therefore the security is
enhanced. Fiber optics are generally used for high-speed internet, telecommunications, medical
devices, and many more industrial applications.

Uses of Fiber Optics


Fiber Optics can be used in Computer Broadcasting and Networking
Fiber Optics are used on the Internet. They are also used in Television Cable.
Fiber Optics are widely used in Military Activities. They are also used in Medical Purposes
like for precise illumination.
They can also be used in Underwater environments as they don’t require to be replaced
frequently.
Advantages of Fiber Optics
Fiber Optics supports bandwidth with higher capacities.
Electromagnetic Interference is very little with Fiber Optics.
Fiber Optics are stronger and lighter than copper cables.
Very little Maintenance is required in Optical Fiber.
Disadvantages of Fiber Optics
Fiber Optics is more costly than Copper Wire.
Huge manual work is required to install new cables.
Some optical fibers like glass fiber require more protection.
Fiber Optics are more fragile i.e., can be easily broken, or signals can be lost easily.

Difference Between Twisted pair cable, Co-axial cable, and


Optical fiber

Characteristics Twisted pair cable Co-axial cable Optical fiber cable

Signal transmission Takes place in the electrical Takes place in the electrical Takes place in an optical
form over the metallic form over the inner form over glass fiber.
conducting wires. conductor of the cable.

Consists of Pair of insulated copper Requires 4 components Bundling of very thin


wires from inner to outer- optical fibers made up of
glass or plastic in a single
Solid conductor
cable.
Characteristics Twisted pair cable Co-axial cable Optical fiber cable

wire
Layer of insulation
Grounding
conductor
Layer of exterior
insulation.

Installation and Simple and easy Relatively difficult Difficult

Implementation

External magnetic Affected due to external The external magnetic field The external magnetic field

field magnetic field. is less affected. is not affected.

Cause of power Power loss due to Power loss due to power loss due to
conduction and radiation. conduction. absorption, scattering, and
bending.

Diameter Large diameter than Optical Large diameter than Optical Small diameter
fiber cable. fiber cable.

Bandwidth The twisted-pair cable has Co-axial cable has Optical fiber cable has a
low bandwidth. moderately high bandwidth. very high bandwidth.

Installation Easy installation. Fairly easy installation. Difficult to install.

Attenuation In twisted pair cable has In coaxial cable has low In optical fiber cable has
very high attenuation. attenuation. very low attenuation.

Data rate Twisted pair cable supports Moderately high data rate. Very high data rate.
a low data rate.

Cost The cost is very low. Cost is moderate Cost is expensive.

Security Security is not guaranteed Security is not guaranteed Security is guaranteed of


of the transmitted signal. of the transmitted signal. the transmitted signal.

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