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Nanoencapsulation
Technologies for the
Food and Nutraceutical
Industries
Page left intentionally blank
Nanoencapsulation
Technologies for the
Food and Nutraceutical
Industries

Edited by

Seid Mahdi Jafari

Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and
Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier
125 London Wall, London EC2Y 5AS, United Kingdom
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 In the Name of GOD,
The Compassionate, The Merciful
 To my beloved mother and father. Thanks for
your kindness and devotion.
To my love, Elham. Thanks for your endless support.
To my fabulous son, Amir Reza and my beautiful daughter, Elina.
Be happy for this moment. This moment is your life.
—Omar Khayyám, Persian poet and mathematician (1048–1131)

Khayyam monument on his grave, Neyshabour, North East of IRAN

Page left intentionally blank
Contents

Front cover figure description xix

List of contributors xxi
Prefacexxv

1 An overview of nanoencapsulation techniques and their classification 1

Seid Mahdi Jafari
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Encapsulation in the food sector 2
1.3 Microencapsulation techniques 5
1.4 Nanoencapsulation of food ingredients and nutraceuticals 8
1.5 Nanoencapsulation techniques 10
1.5.1 Lipid-formulation nanoencapsulation technologies 11
1.5.2 Nanoencapsulation technologies based on
natural nanocarriers 15
1.5.3 Nanoencapsulation technologies based on
specialized equipment 19
1.5.4 Nanoencapsulation technologies based on
biopolymer nanoparticles 21
1.5.5 Other nanoencapsulation technologies 23
1.6 Conclusions and final remarks 26
References 27

Part One   Lipid-Formulation Based Nanoencapsulation

Technologies 35
2 Encapsulation by nanoemulsions 36
Seid Mahdi Jafari, Paraskevi Paximada, Ioanna Mandala,
Elham Assadpour, Mohammad A. Mehrnia
2.1 Introduction 36
2.2 Materials used for preparing nanoemulsions 37
2.2.1 Oil 37
2.2.2 Emulsifiers 38
2.2.3 Stabilizers 39
2.3 Preparation methods 39
2.3.1 High energy methods 40
2.3.2 Low energy methods 51
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x Contents

2.4 Structural emulsions 56

2.5 Double emulsions 56
2.5.1 Types of double emulsions 57
2.5.2 Formulation of double emulsions 59
2.5.3 Stabilizing double emulsions 59
2.5.4 Application of double emulsions 61
2.6 Conclusions and further remarks 63
References 64

3 Encapsulation by nanoliposomes 74
Mehmet Demirci, Muhammed Y. Caglar, Bilal Cakir, İbrahim Gülseren
3.1 Introduction 74
3.2 Design of liposomes 79
3.2.1 MFGM phospholipids 80
3.2.2 Marine lipids 81
3.2.3 Cholesterol 81
3.2.4 Phenolic compounds 82
3.3 Determination of encapsulation efficiency 83
3.4 Encapsulation of hydrophilic materials 84
3.4.1 Phenolic compounds 84
3.4.2 Bioactive peptides 89
3.5 Encapsulation of hydrophobic materials 90
3.5.1 Hydrophobic polyphenols 90
3.5.2 Bioactive lipids 90
3.5.3 Vitamins 91
3.6 Novel techniques in the design of nanoliposomes 91
3.6.1 LbL deposition 92
3.6.2 Supercritical CO2 technologies 92
3.6.3 Combinatorial methods 93
3.6.4 Drying of liposomes 93
3.6.5 Interactions with mucus 94
3.7 Phytosomes: highly efficient delivery of phytochemicals 94
3.8 Incorporation into food systems 96
3.8.1 Vitamins and minerals 96
3.8.2 Phenolic compounds 97
3.8.3 Enzymes 97
3.9 Bioactivities of nanoliposomal encapsulation systems 97
3.9.1 Antimicrobial activity 98
3.9.2 Anticarcinogenic activities 100
3.9.3 Other bioactivities demonstrated by liposomal dispersions 101
3.10 Digestion of bioactive bearing nanoliposomes 102
3.10.1 In vitro digestion 103
3.11 Conclusions and future perspectives 104
Acknowledgments 104
Contents xi

Further Reading 105

References 105

4 Encapsulation by nanostructured lipid carriers 114

Sung-Min Pyo, Rainer H. Müller, Cornelia M. Keck
 4.1 Introduction 114
  4.2 The logic behind the development of solid lipid nanoparticles 115
  4.3 First two generations of lipid nanoparticles: SLN vs. NLC 117
  4.4 The third generation: smartLipids 117
  4.5 Selection of ingredients for SLN/NLC production—screening 119
  4.6 Industrial relevant production processes: high pressure
homogenization on lab scale 121
  4.7 Medium and large scale industrial production 122
  4.8 Regulatory aspects—nanotechnology 123
  4.9 Chemical stabilization of actives 124
4.10 Controlled release—structures of particle matrix 124
4.11 Oral delivery in mouth cavity—mechanisms 125
4.12 Peroral bioavailability enhancement—mechanism and efficiency 127
4.13 Examples of SLN and NLC formulations from food industry 129
4.14 Examples of oral bioavailability enhancement 131
4.15 Lipid nanoparticle products on the market 133
4.16 Commercial suppliers of lipid nanoparticle concentrates 133
4.17 Perspectives for food and nutraceutical products 134
References 135

Part Two   Natural Nanocarrier-Based Nanoencapsulation

Technologies 139
5 Nanocapsule formation by caseins 140
Sanaz Haratifar, Anilda Guri
5.1 Introduction 140
5.1.1 Milk caseins, structure and composition 141
5.1.2 Chemistry of caseins 142
5.1.3 Why choosing caseins as nanodelivery vehicles? 143
5.2 Nanoencapsulation of food bioactive components
and nutraceuticals by caseins 144
5.2.1 Encapsulation by caseins through binding with ions 145
5.2.2 Encapsulation of hydrophobic molecules
and other molecules by caseins 150
5.2.3 Surface activity of caseins 156
5.2.4 Interaction of caseins with other biopolymers 156
5.3 Advantages and disadvantages 157
5.4 Insight for future work 158
References 158
Further Reading 164
xii Contents

6 Nanocapsule formation by nanocrystals 165

Gregori B. Romero, Wolfgang Brysch, Cornelia M. Keck,
Rainer H. Müller
 6.1 Introduction 165
  6.2 Definitions of nanocrystals 166
  6.3 Special properties of nanocrystals 167
  6.4 Mechanisms of absorption enhancement 169
  6.5 Encapsulated (coated) nanocrystals 171
  6.6 Lab scale and industrial scale production of nanocrystals 174
  6.7 Nanocrystals in functional drinks 175
  6.8 Nanocrystal technology in oral nutraceutical products 179
  6.9 Nanocrystal technology in food products 181
6.10 Conclusions and perspectives 183
References 184

7Nanocapsule formation by cyclodextrins 187

Seyed M.T. Gharibzahedi, Seid Mahdi Jafari
7.1 Historical background of cyclodextrins 187
7.2 Regulatory issues of cyclodextrins 189
7.3 Principles of encapsulation by cyclodextrins 190
7.4 Encapsulation technologies with cyclodextrins 192
  7.4.1 Dry mixing (physical blending) method 199
  7.4.2 Milling/cogrinding method 199
  7.4.3 Kneading method 200
  7.4.4 Coprecipitation method 200
  7.4.5 Slurry-complexation method 202
  7.4.6 Paste complexation method 202
  7.4.7 Solvent evaporation (coevaporation/solid dispersion)
method 202
  7.4.8 Damp mixing and heating method 203
  7.4.9 Neutralization precipitation method 203
7.4.10 High-pressure homogenization method 204
7.4.11 Freeze drying (lyophilization) method 204
7.4.12 Spray drying (atomization) method 205
7.4.13 Microwave irradiation method 206
7.4.14 Supercritical antisolvent method 206
7.4.15 Extrusion method 207
7.4.16 Gas–liquid method 207
7.4.17 Melting method 208
7.4.18 Sealing method 208
7.5 Selecting an encapsulation technology with cyclodextrins 208
7.6 Cyclodextrin modification 210
7.7 Amphiphilic cyclodextrins 211
7.7.1 Nonionic amphiphilic cyclodextrins (NIA-CDs) 212
7.7.2 Cationic amphiphilic cyclodextrins (CA-CDs) 212
7.7.3 Anionic amphiphilic cyclodextrins (AA-CDs) 214
Contents xiii

  7.8 Nanoencapsulation with amphiphilic cyclodextrins 214

  7.8.1 Nanoprecipitation technique 215
  7.8.2 Emulsion/solvent evaporation technique 217
  7.8.3 Detergent removal technique 219
  7.9 Effective factors on the characteristics of amphiphilic
cyclodextrin nanoparticles 219
7.10 Formation techniques of the cyclodextrin-based
polymeric nanoparticles 220
  7.10.1 Physicochemical processes 220
  7.10.2 Chemistry based processes 225
7.11 Cyclodextrin-based magnetic nanoparticles 230
7.12 Layer by layer (LBL): an ideal process to form nanoparticles 233
 7.12.1 β-Cyclodextrin-modified Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles
by LBL method 234
  7.12.2 Cyclodextrin-based biodegradable polyelectrolyte
nanocapsules by LBL method 237
7.13 Cyclodextrins in gold nanoparticles 239
7.14 Concluding remarks and future trends 242
References 243

Part Three   Nanoencapsulation Technologies Based

on Special Equipment 263
8 Nanocapsule formation by electrospinning 264
Behrouz Ghorani, Ali Alehosseini, Nick Tucker
8.1 Introduction 264
8.2 Principles of electrospinning 266
8.3 Electrospinning versus electrospraying 268
8.4 The electrospinning process 271
8.4.1 Polymer solution properties 273
8.4.2 Processing conditions 278
8.4.3 Ambient conditions 283
8.5 The physical elements of electrospinning and typical apparatus 283
8.5.1 Coaxial electrospinning 287
8.6 Base encapsulating materials for electrospinning 289
8.6.1 Protein-based encapsulating materials used
in electrospinning 293
8.6.2 Electrospinning carbohydrate-based encapsulants 294
8.6.3 Electrospinning lipid-based encapsulants 295
8.6.4 Synthetic encapsulating materials used
in electrospinning 296
8.6.5 Applying electrospinning in the food industry 298
8.7 Conclusions and future trends 305
References 306
xiv Contents

9 Nanocapsule formation by electrospraying 320

José A. Tapia-Hernández, Francisco Rodríguez-Félix, Iman Katouzian
9.1 Introduction 320
9.2 Electrospraying: an overview 320
9.3 Types of electrospraying 322
9.3.1 Conventional electrospraying 322
9.3.2 Electrospraying in solution 323
9.3.3 Coaxial electrospraying 324
9.3.4 Electrospraying deposition technique 325
9.4 Parameters for obtaining micro- and nanoparticles 326
9.4.1 Equipment parameters 326
9.4.2 Solution parameters 328
9.4.3 Environmental parameters 330
9.5 Obtaining materials by electrospraying for the food
and nutraceutical industries 331
9.5.1 Obtaining intelligent packaging and edibles films 331
9.5.2 Obtaining of nanostructures based on food
polymeric materials 333
9.6 Encapsulation of nutraceuticals 336
9.7 Conclusions 338
References 338
Further Reading 345

10
Nanocapsules formation by nano spray drying 346
Cordin Arpagaus, Philipp John, Andreas Collenberg, David Rütti
10.1 Introduction 346
10.2 Nano spray drying 350
10.2.1 Droplet generation 352
10.2.2 Drying of droplets 353
10.2.3 Particle collection 354
10.3 Optimizing the Nano Spray Drying Process Parameters 355
  10.3.1 Influences of process parameters 355
  10.3.2 Drying gas flow rate, humidity and temperature 359
  10.3.3 Droplet size 361
  10.3.4 Particle size 362
  10.3.5 Solid concentration 365
  10.3.6 Feed rate 366
  10.3.7 Product yield 368
  10.3.8 Organic solvent instead of water 371
  10.3.9 Particle morphologies 371
10.3.10 Encapsulation efficiency and active compounds loading 375
10.3.11 Controlled release of active compounds 376
10.3.12 Stability of active compounds during nano spray drying 376
10.3.13 Storage stability 376
10.3.14 Challenges in nano spray drying 377
Contents xv

10.4 Nano spray drying applications 378

10.4.1 Food and nutraceutical applications 379
10.4.2 Drug delivery applications 382
10.4.3 Material science applications 389
10.5 Conclusions 392
References 394
Further Reading 401

Part Four   Nanoencapsulation Technologies Based

on Biopolymer Nanoparticles 403
11 Nanocapsule formation by individual biopolymer nanoparticles 404
Rohollah Sadeghi, Laleh Mehryar, Mahsan Karimi, Jozef Kokini
11.1 Introduction 404
11.2 Protein nanoparticles (desolvation method) 404
11.2.1 Principles of the desolvation process 405
11.2.2 Effect of the operational parameters on the nanoparticles
characteristics prepared by desolvation method 408
11.2.3 Production of nanoparticles from different
protein sources 417
11.2.4 Encapsulation of different food components
within protein nanoparticles 423
11.3 Polysaccharide nanoparticles (nanoprecipitation method) 432
11.3.1 Principles of the nanoprecipitation method 432
11.3.2 Encapsulation of different bioactive components
within polysaccharide nanoparticles 436
11.4 Future trends 440
References 441

12 Nanocapsule formation by complexation of biopolymers 447

Seyed M.H. Hosseini, Fatemeh Ghiasi, Mastaneh Jahromi
12.1 Introduction 447
12.2 Molecular forces between biopolymers and factors
affecting them 448
12.3 Application of biopolymer complexes in nanoencapsulation
technology 452
12.3.1 Nanoencapsulation using structures derived
from protein and polysaccharide interactions 452
12.3.2 Nanoencapsulation using polysaccharide +
polysaccharide complexes 472
12.3.3 Nanoencapsulation using protein + protein complexes 480
12.4 Conclusions and future trends 482
References 483
Further Reading 492
xvi Contents

Part Five   Bioavailability, Characterization, and Safety

of Nano-Encapsulated Ingredients 493
13 Bioavailability and release of bioactive components
from nanocapsules 494
Seid Mahdi Jafari, Iman Katouzian, Hamid Rajabi, Mohammad Ganje
13.1 Overview of release 494
13.2 Release mechanisms 494
13.3 Bioavailability of nutraceuticals and their uptake in gut 496
13.3.1 Bioavailability of nutraceuticals 496
13.3.2 Enhancers and inhibitors of nutrient bioavailability 498
13.3.3 Impact of host factors 501
13.3.4 Scaling absorption, metabolism, and tissues affected
by nutrients 501
13.3.5 Mucoadhesion 501
13.3.6 Molecules influencing the mucoadhesion process 502
13.3.7 Nutrient transfer across the mucus layer 503
13.4 Different approaches for studying the release profile 505
13.4.1 In vivo tests 505
13.4.2 In vitro assays 507
13.5 Release modeling 508
13.5.1 Mathematical modeling 509
13.5.2 Intelligent modeling 512
13.6 Targeted release 514
13.6.1 Factors affecting the targeted release 515
13.6.2 Ligand-receptor-based interaction and delivery systems 515
13.7 Conclusions 516
References 517
Further Reading 522

14 Instrumental analysis and characterization of nanocapsules 524

Seid Mahdi Jafari, Afshin F. Esfanjani
14.1 Introduction 524
14.2 Morphology of nanocapsules 526
14.2.1 Electron microscopy 526
14.2.2 Confocal laser scanning microscopy 527
14.2.3 Atomic force microscopy 528
14.3 Size of nanocapsules 528
14.3.1 Dynamic light scattering 529
14.3.2 Static light scattering 529
14.3.3 Gravitational settling and centrifugation 531
14.3.4 Laser-induced breakdown detection 531
14.4 Electric charge of nanocapsules 531
14.5 Surface component of nanocapsules 533
Contents xvii

14.6 Physicochemical properties of nanocapsules 534

14.6.1 X-ray diffraction 534
14.6.2 Dilatometry 534
14.6.3 Differential scanning calorimetry 534
14.6.4 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy 534
14.6.5 Nuclear magnetic resonance 535
14.7 Stability of nanocapsules 535
14.7.1 Storage stability testing 535
14.7.2 Accelerated stability tests 537
14.8 Image analysis of nanocapsules 538
14.9 Fluorescence spectroscopy of nanocapsules 539
References 541

15 Safety and regulatory issues of nanocapsules 545

Seid Mahdi Jafari, Iman Katouzian, Sahar Akhavan
15.1 Introduction 545
15.2 Safety and toxicity aspects of food nanoparticles 546
15.2.1 Separation and identification of nanocapsules
after the process of digestion/absorption 548
15.2.2 Typical mechanisms of nanoparticle toxicity
in the GI tract 550
15.2.3 In vivo and in vitro assays for predicting the safety
of food-based nanomaterials 552
15.3 Regulatory principles legislated by various organizations
and countries 557
15.3.1 European countries 557
15.3.2 North America 563
15.3.3 South America 564
15.3.4 Africa 565
15.3.5 Australia and New Zealand 565
15.3.6 Asia 565
15.4 Panorama and challenges for the future 571
15.4.1 Enhancing marketing and positive attitudes toward
nanoengineered materials in food industry 572
15.4.2 Health promotion and manufacturing high-quality foods
through the administration of nanomaterials 576
15.4.3 Environmental concerns 577
15.5 Conclusions 579
References 580

Index 591
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Front cover figure description

The prepared illustration on the book cover exhibits a nanospray drier in which
nanoparticles are achieved via spray drying by which particle sizes can be reduced
to 300 nm and yields up to 90% are possible, moreover the sample amount can be
as low as 1 mL. The bioactive compounds within the foods illustrated above this
device include: oleurupein for olive, lycopene for tomato, ascorbic acid (vitamin C)
for berries, quercetin for apple, and safranal for saffron, which is then entrapped in
the capsule. The capsule next to the device represents the process of encapsulation in
which our bioactive compound (safranal) is incorporated within the nanocapsule. The
scientific name of the flower in the first place of the capsule is Crocus sativus, com-
monly known as the “saffron crocus.” The name saffron comes from the Persian word
“za’faran”; it is this famous pistil made of three stigmas (filaments) which when dried
up gives the spice saffron. To date the undisputed center for saffron production is Iran,
where the production process dates back to over 3000 years ago. Iran manufactures
over 90% of the 250 tons produced globally annually, which has the potential to be
used in food, cosmetics, and traditional medicine areas. In the second place the chemi-
cal structure of safranal is illustrated, next the spiral structure of amylose molecule is
evident, which can be used as the host molecule to incorporate guest molecules within
it. Lastly, the 3D form of safranal is represented and included in the capsule as the
core material.
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Page left intentionally blank
List of contributors

Sahar Akhavan Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources,

Gorgan, Iran

Ali Alehosseini Research Institute of Food Science and Technology (RIFST),

Mashhad, Iran

Cordin Arpagaus NTB University of Applied Sciences of Technology Buchs,

Institute for Energy Systems, Buchs, Switzerland

Elham Assadpour Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural

Resources, Gorgan, Iran

Wolfgang Brysch Athenion GmbH, Berlin, Germany

Muhammed Y. Caglar Istanbul Sabahattin Zaim University, Istanbul, Turkey

Bilal Cakir Istanbul Sabahattin Zaim University, Istanbul, Turkey

Andreas Collenberg BÜCHI Labortechnik AG, Flawil, Switzerland

Mehmet Demirci Istanbul Sabahattin Zaim University, Istanbul, Turkey

Afshin F. Esfanjani Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran

Mohammad Ganje Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural

Resources, Gorgan, Iran

Seyed M.T. Gharibzahedi Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

Fatemeh Ghiasi Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran

Behrouz Ghorani Research Institute of Food Science and Technology (RIFST),

Mashhad, Iran

İbrahim Gülseren Istanbul Sabahattin Zaim University, Istanbul, Turkey

Anilda Guri Canadian Research Institute for Food Safety, Guelph, ON, Canada
xxii List of contributors

Sanaz Haratifar Canadian Research Institute for Food Safety, Guelph, ON, Canada

Seyed M.H. Hosseini Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran

Seid Mahdi Jafari Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural

Resources, Gorgan, Iran

Mastaneh Jahromi Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran

Philipp John BÜCHI Labortechnik AG, Flawil, Switzerland

Mahsan Karimi Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran

Iman Katouzian Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources,

Gorgan; Nano-encapsulation in the Food, Nutraceutical, and Pharmaceutical
Industries Group (NFNPIG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network
(USERN), Tehran, Iran

Cornelia M. Keck Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany; PharmaSol GmbH,

Berlin, Germany

Jozef Kokini Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States

Ioanna Mandala Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece

Mohammad A. Mehrnia Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural

Resources, Gorgan, Iran

Laleh Mehryar University of Urmia, Urmia, Iran

Rainer H. Müller Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany

Paraskevi Paximada Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece

Sung-Min Pyo Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany

Hamid Rajabi Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources,

Gorgan, Iran

Francisco Rodríguez-Félix University of Sonora, Sonora, Mexico

Gregori B. Romero Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany

David Rütti BÜCHI Labortechnik AG, Flawil, Switzerland

List of contributors xxiii

Rohollah Sadeghi Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran; Purdue University,

West Lafayette, IN, United States

José A. Tapia-Hernández University of Sonora, Sonora, Mexico

Nick Tucker University of Lincoln, Lincoln, United Kingdom

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Cape Breton 11,251 17,551 4,208,100 6,631,900 4,000,000
Colchester 2,294 2,693 1,003,500 1,374,130 1,000,000
Cumberland 3,605 3,388 2,137,800 3,080,350 1,500,000
Digby 844 927 292,850 463,100 500,000
Municipality
Clare 152 124,250
Municipality
Guysboro 1,079 1,258 377,900 425,850 375,000
Hants 1,460 1,873 527,300 793,100 650,000
Inverness 920 922 324,900 399,700 325,000
Kings 1,817 2,305 586,150 847,060 650,000
Lunenburg 1,236 2,880 570,250 1,462,600 1,000,000
Pictou 5,679 7,661 2,073,750 4,044,500 2,000,000
Queens 628 634 258,150 343,400 300,000
Richmond 638 564 164,500 200,650 175,000
Shelburne 679 896 317,400 411,150 350,000
Victoria 429 504 161,600 178,400 160,000
Yarmouth 1,115 1,505 457,450 767,760 600,000

Total 45,438 60,759 $19,515,250 $33,043,700 $20,130,000

Unofficial objective, $25,000,000, being Nova Scotia’s proportion of

$500,000,000.
 Nova Scotia Victory Loan Campaign, 1919.

County. Objective. Subscribed. No. of Subs.

Halifax City $4,750,000 $6,896,900 6,781
Halifax County 475,000 1,521,000 2,421

City and County 5,225,000 8,417,900 9,202

Annapolis 350,000 628,250 1,008
Antigonish 300,000 453,200 786
Cape Breton 3,500,000 4,936,200 8,801
Colchester 700,000 1,182,000 1,843
Cumberland 1,250,000 3,199,650 2,266
Digby (Clare Municipality) 175,000 180,350 144
Digby (Digby Municipality) 175,000 339,350 458
Guysboro 275,000 490,000 893
Hants 500,000 618,000 1,147
Inverness 225,000 399,100 711
Kings 550,000 932,800 1,523
Lunenburg 750,000 1,247,750 1,789
Pictou 2,000,000 3,174,700 2,812
Queens 245,000 335,000 453
Richmond 100,000 201,850 295
Shelburne 275,000 376,100 628
Victoria 100,000 229,700 358
Yarmouth 450,000 1,180,000 1,281

Total $17,145,000 $28,521,900 36,398

 CHAPTER LII.
RED CROSS SOCIETY, WILLING WAR
WORKERS, GREEN FEATHER SOCIETY,
AND CATHOLIC LADIES SOCIETY.

T he Red Cross has been the Angel of Mercy to the soldier lying on
his fevered couch in hospital, for it brought to him succor and a
message of hope and cheer. But coming in contact with it at a time
when he was least able to apprehend the efforts which brought the
help so sorely needed, he is apt to regard the Red Cross as a field
institution and fails to appreciate the labor and sacrifice of the
women at home who made its work of mercy possible.
The work of the Nova Scotia Branch of the Canadian Red Cross
Society has been the raising of money, manufacturing and
distribution of goods, visiting and supplying the needs of hospital
ships, trains, military and convalescent hospitals, and arranging
concerts, drives and entertainments at private homes for returned
men. Its work did not terminate with the declaration of peace but
still goes on in almost as great a measure as in time of war, and will
continue to do so as long as one returned soldier remains in our
hospitals.
Many Nova Scotians, as well as returned men, do not appreciate
the magnitude of the task accomplished by the Nova Scotia Branch of
the Canadian Red Cross, and it is only possible here to give a brief
outline of its activities. The women of every city, town and village in
the Province gave the best of their thought, substance and action in
order that the citizen soldier of Nova Scotia, whether in the fighting
line or in hospital convalescing from wounds might have every
possible comfort. At the end of 1915 the Province had thirty-one
chartered and two hundred and sixty-eight auxiliary branches of the
Red Cross. Every village and hamlet had its workers who contributed
a steady stream of supplies and an enormous amount of labor
devolved upon the Provincial Branch at Halifax, which acted as a
Clearing House for all branches throughout the Province.
The officers of the Provincial Branch during the War, with slight
changes of office but not of personnel, were as follows:

Patrons.

His Honor Lieutenant-Governor and Mrs. Grant.

President.

Mrs. William Dennis.

MRS. CHARLES
ARCHIBALD.
MRS. DENNIS.

Vice-Presidents.
Mrs. F. H. Sexton.
Mrs. F. B. McCurdy.
Mrs. Chas. Archibald.
Mrs. Hector McInnis.
Mrs. M. A. Curry (Hon.)
 Hon. Secretary.

Miss Margaret Brown.

Hon. Treasurer.

H. E. Mahon, Ess.

Executive Committee.
Mrs. T. Benson.
Mrs. A. W. Jamieson.
Mrs. G. S. Campbell.
Mrs. F. Woodbury.
Mrs. W. J. Armitage.
Mrs. E. A. Kirkpatrick.
Mrs. N. Duffus.
Mrs. A. Costley.
Mrs. W. E. McLellan.
Mrs. F. B. McCurdy.
Mrs. H. W. Cunningham.
Mrs. L. J. Donaldson.
Mrs. G. A. MacIntosh.
Mrs. W. R. Foster, Dartmouth.
Mrs. A. P. Scarfe, Dartmouth.
Mrs. Crathorne, Dartmouth.
Mrs. W. S. Munnis.
Miss Jean Forrest.
Miss Constance Bell.
Mrs. Sedley Thompson.
Miss Ella Ritchie.
Mrs. McKay McLeod, Sydney.
Mrs. M. A. Curry.
Mrs. T. S. Rogers.
Mrs. Frank Hope.
Mrs. J. A. Clark.
Mrs. I. B. Schaffner.
Mrs. P. J. McManus.
 Mrs. W. T. Allen.
Mrs. J. W. Longley.
Mrs. Geoffrey Morrow.
Also the President of each Chartered Branch.

Provincial Representatives on Central Council at Toronto.

Mrs. William Dennis.
Mrs. Charles Archibald.
J. L. Hetherington.
H. E. Mahon.

Advisory Board.
Mr. J. L. Hetherington, Chairman.
Mr. J. A. Neville.
Mr. H. E. Mahon, Treasurer.
Mr. C. C. Starr.
Mr. Chas. V. Monoghan.
Mr. Emil Gaboury.
Mr. R. Corbett.
Mr. H. McF. Hall.
Mr. W. H. Dennis.
Mr. F. A. Gillis.

The annual report of the Provincial Branch for the year ended
October 31, 1916, shows a balance on hand at first of year of
$10,961.26 and receipts for the year of $52,667.62. Disbursements
amounted to $56,584.89, of which the principal items were:
 Remittances to Head Office, Toronto $29,278
38
Remittances to endow 50 cots in Princess Patricia
Hospital 2,500 00
Material for surgical dressings and garments, and
wool for socks 18,163 17
Office maintenance and expenses at Shipping Pier 1,388 12
Clayton Military Convalescent Home 1,993 67
Contributions to Special Objects 1,141 21

The sum of $9,405.25 was collected for Prisoners’ Relief

Account and $8,800 sent to England for expenditure. In addition to
the above amounts the people of Nova Scotia subscribed $1,500 to
the Duchess of Connaught Prisoners’ Fund and $78,433.03 to the
British Red Cross.
Two thousand four hundred and seventy cases of goods were
sent Overseas during the year, including 78 cases furnished No. 7
(Dalhousie) Stationary Hospital, 112 cases to No. 9 (St. Francis
Xavier) Stationary Hospital, 11 cases to Serbia and 60 to France.
During the year ended October 31, 1917, the following amounts
were collected:

For General Purposes $62,179 80

For Prisoners’ Fund 18,790 22
For French Red Cross 21,897 63
British Red Cross Collection 100,000 00

$202,867 65

The principal items of expenditure were:

 Purchase of materials, hospital supplies, etc. $39,674
84
Sundry supplies 1,318 60
Marine and Fire Insurance 2,351 50
Contributions to Special Objects 4,706 51
Tobacco, fruits and comforts at Pier 2 and City
Military Hospitals 3,963 05
Remittance to Head Office, Toronto 32,020 70
Office Expenses 2,055 66
Forwarded to England for support of prisoners 12,000 00
Forwarded to Toronto 2,000 00
Forwarded to England for books for prisoners 100 00

Two thousand and ninety-nine cases of goods were sent

Overseas, and a greatly enlarged demand for goods was made on this
side of the water owing to the increasing number of returned men
and the opening of the new convalescent hospitals as well as the
arrival and departure of hospital ships and trains. The following
institutions were supplied with goods on their requisitions:
Clayton Military Convalescent Home.
C.E.D. Corps.
Discharge Depot.
Hospital at Pier 2.
Pine Hill Convalescent Home.
Rockhead Hospital (Soldiers’ ward).
Infectious Hospital.
Military Hospital, Cogswell Street.
Hospital Ships.
Hospital Trains.
Kentville Sanitarium.
Dalton, P.E.I.
Camp Hill Hospital.
Truro Military Hospital.
Aldershot Field Hospital.
 Visitors were always on hand on the arrival of
hospital ships and the departure of hospital trains
to welcome the returning men and to see that they
had every comfort necessary for the remainder of
their journey. A room was given to the Red Cross
Society for the storing of supplies at Pier 2. This
was found most useful, as boats and trains were
despatched as soon as possible—only a few hours’
notice being given for the filling of requisitions,
which work, however, was speedily and ably done
MRS. F. B.
by Mrs. Sexton and her committee, Mrs. F. B. M‘CURDY.
McCurdy and Mrs. W. T. Allen, the latter of whom
carried on the work to the termination. Many
returned men were detained for days at Pier 2 until they went before
their medical board. For these, concerts and entertainments were
provided every evening by the Y.M.C.A., the Red Cross Society and
the Churches. A special Y.M.C.A. Musical Club was formed in this
connection which gave entertainments at a few hours’ notice.
Two exhibitions of Red Cross work were held during the year,
one at the Nova Scotia Provincial Fair, and another at the Exhibit of
War Trophies, held in the Armories.
A Committee on Sphagnum Surgical Dressings, under the able
supervision of the Secretary, Miss Margaret Brown, was appointed.
Dalhousie University very kindly gave the use of a fine laboratory,
where boxes of sphagnum, collected from various points along the
sea coast of the Province were prepared for use.
Miss Jean Forrest was
appointed Superintendent of
Supplies at the Technical
College and distributed parcels
of yarn and cut-out work at
wholesale prices, to some one
hundred and thirty branches
who found it difficult to obtain
supplies locally.
MISS MARGARET The cost of maintaining a MISS JEAN
BROWN. prisoner of war at this time was FORREST.
$15 per month. The Nova Scotia
Red Cross assumed the burden of two-thirds, or $10 per month for
270 men, the Canadian Red Cross paying the additional $5. The
monthly sum required from Nova Scotia for the support of prisoners
was therefore $2,700.
Receipts for the year ended October 31, 1918, amounted to
$408,482.66, of which $334,176.40 was raised by a Provincial Red
Cross drive for funds during the second week in July.
The Canadian Red Cross Society at their Annual Meeting, held
in Toronto in 1917, decided to ask the different Provinces to raise
certain sums of money during the year. Two hundred thousand
dollars was named for Nova Scotia, but the Finance Committee
knowing full well that the people of the Province would gladly
contribute to the Red Cross War Fund raised the objective to
$250,000, and then started to work under the able direction of Mr.
J. L. Hetherington and Mr. H. E. Mahon. Committees of citizens
were formed in all the counties, and a complete organization
arranged, with the result that every county “went over the top,” and
the total amount contributed was $343,701.77. From this was
deducted $9,525.37 for expenses in connection with the campaign,
leaving the net amount of $334,176.40 to the Red Cross Society.
Never did men and women from one end of the Province to the other
work more enthusiastically, and never did our people contribute
more liberally than to this appeal from “the Greatest Mother in the
World.”
The following amounts were raised in the several counties:
 Counties—

Annapolis $9,713 54
Antigonish 5,598 33
Cape Breton 42,150 29
Colchester 20,444 29
Cumberland 20,196 46
Digby 4,464 04
Guysboro 5,521 24
Halifax (City) 110,416 87
Halifax (County) 15,425 31
Hants 10,340 00
Inverness 2,903 67
Kings 10,650 00
Lunenburg 14,446 47
Pictou 40,235 27
Queens 6,341 61
Richmond 2,332 47
Shelburne 7,500 00
Victoria 2,463 38
Yarmouth 11,510 36
Special 1,048 17

Total $343,701 77
Expenses 9,525 37

Final Total $334,176 46

The expenditure for the year 1918 included:

 Purchase of materials, hospital supplies, etc $38,700
04
Sundry Supplies 1,218 32
Comforts to City Military Hospitals and Hospital 9,331 67
Ships
Special objects designated by remitters 4,158 53
Remittances to Head Office, Toronto 325,931 70
Office Expenses and wages at Pier 2 2,746 49

During the year 1918 the public maintained their interest in the
Prisoners of War Department of the Red Cross. The amount collected
was $20,943.01, of which $19,013.00 was forwarded to headquarters
in London, England, for the support of prisoners. The food rations of
each prisoner of war were despatched regularly three times every
fortnight, which, considering there were 270 men on the list, was no
light undertaking. In addition to the food supply the prisoners
received two complete outfits of clothing, including everything from
shoes and socks to overcoats.
After the signing of the Armistice the work of repatriating
prisoners went steadily on, and each steamer brought men who had
spent many weary months in the prison camps, and they all testified
to the value of the work done by this Society and declared that it was
solely due to this that they were enabled to return to their homes.
This department of Red Cross work has been most ably conducted by
Mrs. Charles Archibald, nobly assisted by Miss Ritchie and Mrs.
Longley.
The beginning of this year was marked by the terrible Halifax
explosion, by which 1,635 persons lost their lives and 10,000 people
were rendered homeless. Much generous help was received by the
stricken city. Everyone knows the splendid aid sent by the American
Red Cross, and the people and Government of the United States in
despatching to Halifax train loads and boat loads of supplies,
together with surgeons and nurses. Their neighborly kindness will
never be forgotten.
 But the help rendered by our own Canadian Red Cross is
perhaps not so widely known. The Chairman of the Executive in
Toronto wired to the shipping agent in St. John to render every
assistance possible in money and goods. The agent, Mr. Milburne,
immediately requisitioned a special train, and brought with him all
the Red Cross goods he had ready for shipment Overseas, making
two car loads in all. This train was the first assistance from outside
the Province to reach Halifax. Hearing that some of the injured had
been conveyed to Truro, Mr. Milburne put off cases of hospital
necessaries for their use at that station. A medical supply committee
of the Canadian Red Cross Society was immediately formed with the
sanction of the Halifax Relief Committee, Mr. Milburne being
appointed Chairman, and Mrs. Sexton, Vice-Chairman, with a Staff
of forty-four voluntary workers. Twice daily all the emergency
hospitals were visited and their wants noted and supplied the same
day. The number of these hospitals, dressing stations, etc., amounted
to sixty-two.
At the same time, gifts of clothing, food and money poured in
from Red Cross Branches all over Canada. Ottawa Branch shipped in
one day eight carloads of clothing. The Nova Scotia Branch, under its
President, Mrs. Dennis, co-operated heartily, practically every
Branch and Auxiliary in the Province sending substantial and
generous aid.
Special mention must be made of the work of the President of
the Windsor Red Cross, Mrs. P. M. Fielding, who organized a special
train which arrived the evening of December 6th, bringing doctors
and nurses from Kentville, Windsor, Truro and neighboring towns.
The Windsor Red Cross alone spent $422.74 on Red Cross supplies
and provisions for this trip, Hantsport and other Branches also
providing hampers of food, so that the doctors and nurses had their
meals en route and arrived in Halifax ready to go to work without an
instant’s delay, thereby saving many lives. Mrs. Fielding remained in
the city, established and equipped three dormitories, which
accommodated in all seventy-five nurses. What this meant to the
stricken city will never be computed, and the Red Cross feels that all
who helped can never be sufficiently thanked.
It was not until the end of March that the Red Cross was able to
resume its work for returned invalided soldiers. By that time the
hospital on Pier 2, wrecked by the explosion, had been repaired. The
hospital ships once more made their trips, and the Red Cross
storeroom on the pier was re-stocked. Large requisitions were filled
each month; sometimes only a few hours’ notice was given to get the
supplies on board—sometimes only a few minutes’ notice in the case
of a hospital train. On one trip the ship docked in the morning,
landed her men and went out again with her new supplies in the
afternoon. At another time 1,400 shipwrecked men from S.S. City of
Vienna were visited and supplied with filled kit bags, containing
toilet necessaries, pipes and tobacco. Directly after, the Committee
were called upon to minister to 300 influenza contact cases. This
necessitated the workers going into quarantine for two days, very
busy days, too, the telegrams alone requiring upwards of 300
telephone calls. The Y.M.C.A. and the Knights of Columbus Musical
Club were always at hand to cheer up men who were detained by the
Medical Board, arranging for their benefit concerts, entertainments,
motor drives and teas at private houses.
One thousand seven hundred and sixty-eight cases of goods
were sent Overseas, and the distribution of supplies on this side grew
very greatly during the year owing to the increasing number of
returned men and the opening of new convalescent homes.
The financial statement for the year ended October 31, 1918,
shows receipts of $36,848.65. Expenditures amounted to
$41,804.01, including the following items:
 Purchase of materials, City and Provincial Hospitals $12,172
04
Kentville Sanitarium 1,014 42
Soldiers’ Reception Committee 9,000 00
Cigarettes 2,456 51
Soldiers’ Comforts 2,260 23
Libraries 319 79
Nurses 378 10
Furnishings 2,201 36
Clayton Hospital 175 00
Rental and Expenses at Headquarters, 314 3,858 89
Barrington St.
Office Expenses 1,789 85
X-Ray Machines, Kentville 2,396 43
Hospital Ships 823 63

No salaries whatever were paid to officers of the Red Cross

Society. The only persons connected with the work who received
anything for their services were the shipper at Red Cross warehouse
at Pier 2, who was responsible for the receiving and sending forward
of our boxes, and the Office Secretary who took charge of the
correspondence, kept the books, etc. She was assisted by a large
corps of voluntary workers.
With the signing of the Armistice great changes naturally took
place in the daily work of the Nova Scotia Red Cross. Workers
decreased in number, and those who remained faithful had to work
extremely hard, as, although it was considered that the stores already
sent would be sufficient for all Overseas demands, the reserve stock
of stores for use in the hospitals in our own Province had to be kept
up.
At the time of the Armistice the surgical sphagnum dressings
were still very greatly needed. Special efforts were put into this work,
which continued till free transportation ceased on March 31st. Forty-
five boxes of the dressings were sent Overseas. An eminent Surgeon-
Colonel in one of the Overseas hospitals gave it as his opinion that
sphagnum dressings had saved the situation.
Work for refugees of the devastated area of France was then
taken up, sanctioned by the Head Office in Toronto, who provided
samples and gave permission to use Red Cross materials for this
good work. The patterns were duplicated in our office and
distributed to Branches throughout the Province. The work was
carried on for two months and 217 boxes of garments were sent over.
Change of quarters for the Red Cross became imperative. The
Technical College, which had sheltered Red Cross workers during the
four years of the War, and had so generously allowed them the use of
valuable equipment of every kind, was now overcrowded with its own
work for returned soldiers. It was therefore decided to take over the
lease of No. 314 Barrington Street from the American Red Cross,
which had occupied it for the last year.
It was thought best to continue the Canteen which the American
Red Cross had established until such time as the Y.M.C.A. should
take up this work. This Canteen, under the management of Mrs.
Sexton, had a wonderful success, becoming a happy and home-like
centre for returned men and greatly appreciated—especially the hot
Sunday dinners served by devoted workers. Much regret was
expressed when, at the end of three months, it was closed and the
work handed over to the newly-opened Red Triangle Hut next door.
The principal work throughout the year was supplying the needs
of the hospitals. Mrs. Munnis, who worked so faithfully as the
Convener of the Hospital Committee resigned and was replaced by
Mrs. Sexton. An enlarged committee was formed and a large staff of
visitors began their duties, each having a special ward assigned to
them.
Twelve sun parlors at Camp Hill Hospital were furnished for the
use of convalescents and made as comfortable and home-like as
possible. The estimated cost was $500 each, subscribed for by the
following Red Cross Branches: Amherst, Windsor, Wolfville,
Westville, Trenton, Glace Bay, Halifax, Truro, Hazel Hill, Joggins
Mines, New Glasgow and North Sydney. A brass plate, bearing the
name of the donor, was affixed to the wall of each parlor. The cost
exceeded the estimate by $240 each, which excess was paid from the
central treasury.
 From November 11, 1918, until September 30, 1919, 220,000
men passed through the Port of Halifax, and 92 ships were met and
as far as possible these men had the use of the Red Cross rooms at
the pier. The Port Committee was on hand day and night to help
make their landing on Canadian soil (many of them after years of
service) a great home-coming.
In the first days of disembarkation all men for Canada were held
at Halifax for documentation. Later the military authorities changed
their plan and it became their ambition to disembark and entrain
these men in the shortest possible time so that only Maritime men
waiting for local trains or men held for hospital treatment came
under the care of the Committee.
Later on the Repatriation Department of the Canadian
Government requested the Red Cross to undertake the care of the
returning soldiers’ families. About 5,000 soldiers’ dependants passed
through Halifax and a fully trained nurse was placed on each train
containing soldiers’ wives and children.
Hospital equipment was provided at Pier No. 2 for any women
and children who were unfit to travel after landing from boat, or
whose husbands were military patients and could not proceed. Often
their luggage was not obtainable, and the Red Cross was called upon
to supply such necessaries as infants’ outfits, women’s pyjamas and
bath robes, towels, soap, combs, hot water bottles, medicines, etc.
In March when the Canadian Government decided to send the
hospital ships to Portland, Maine, instead of Halifax, Col. Noel
Marshall requested that a Committee of our Port Workers should
inaugurate the work at the new port. Mrs. W. T. Allen, Mrs. J. L.
Hetherington and Mrs. F. B. McCurdy accordingly proceeded to
Portland and very satisfactory arrangements were made whereby the
Canadian Red Cross continued to fit ships with hospital stores, while
the American Red Cross very courteously and generously provided
canteen facilities and served refreshments to all the wounded.
Perhaps no department of the Red Cross has developed more
enthusiasm or been more splendidly supported than the work of
Prisoners’ Relief. From a very small beginning it grew to be work of
great importance, and one in which the people of Nova Scotia have
abundantly shown their practical interest. It did not draw upon the
general Red Cross Funds but appealed for a special offering from the
public or from friends of men who were prisoners of war and found a
most gratifying response, no less than $41,448 having been
contributed for this special purpose.
Approximately 270 Canadian prisoners of war in forty-one
different internment camps in Germany were maintained wholly or
in part through the kindness of the people of Nova Scotia, at a cost
per head of $10 per month. Almost all these men were “adopted” by
friends or societies; that is, such persons or societies agreed to pay a
certain sum per month towards their maintenance, two dollars and
fifty cents having been fixed as the minimum amount. The name and
address of the adopted was given to the man, and his name, number
and prison address to the adopter, and letters and cards were
exchanged between them, often arousing a deep personal interest on
the one hand and a sense of gratitude and appreciation on the other.
Mrs. Archibald and Miss Ritchie were brought in close contact
with the homes and families of prisoners of war. The amount of
correspondence was very considerable, and the system used entailed
a lot of bookkeeping. The name and number of each man, date of
capture, prison camp and any details that could be gathered were
registered on a card index. The name of the “adopter” was also
registered both here and with the Prisoners of War Department in
London.
Close touch was kept with
the Department of “Missing
Men,” conducted in London
and in a few instances it was
possible to convey reassuring
news to sorrow-stricken friends
of the “missing men,” although,
too often, it became necessary
to deprive them of the hope
they so touchingly clung to. Yet
MRS. W. M‘K. even the bad news was softened MISS CLARA
M‘LEOD. DENNIS.
somewhat by details of the
death or capture of a man,
obtained under the system inaugurated by Lady Drummond of
“Searchers” in hospitals who sought out wounded men of the same
Platoon or Battalion of the person enquired for. These men, if able to
write, would themselves send a few words telling when and where
they had seen their less fortunate comrades. Even these meagre
details were of some comfort to the mourning ones. Some of the
heart-broken letters received were very hard to reply to, but when
news was good and food parcels arrived safely showers of
“acknowledgment cards” flowed in; and when, as often happened,
the mail brought a personal letter from some grateful mother or a
few words from some of the poor boys behind barbed wire
“somewhere in Germany,” or when a rapturous letter came from
some poor fellow transferred from his prison as “totally unfit” and
sent to the free air of Switzerland, the ladies conducting this
Department felt more than happy in being permitted to participate in
such a work of mercy. Mrs. Archibald, Miss Ritchie, and their co-
workers possessed in no small degree the confidence of the
prisoners’ friends throughout the Province and deeply appreciated
their attitude toward them and their loyalty and patience with the
many unavoidable delays and mistakes.
During the last two years of the War, as the work became
heavier, this Department had associated with it Mrs. W. McK.
McLeod, who acted as Secretary for Cape Breton, and Miss Almon.
Special mention must also be made of the work of Miss Clara Dennis
in meeting and welcoming home repatriated men who had been
prisoners of war. During 1918–19 one thousand and eight of these
men were met and greeted by Miss Dennis. To each man was handed
a card of welcome from the Red Cross and a box of confectionery. He
was asked to record his name, regimental number, German prison
camp, and his home address in a book specially prepared for the
purpose. That the men appreciated this informal but hearty welcome
home is abundantly proved by the fact that Miss Dennis has since
received from them hundreds of letters of thanks.
It is impossible to give in detail the names of the many
thousands of devoted and faithful voluntary workers throughout the
Province of Nova Scotia who sought no reward for their labors but
the joy of knowing that the Society achieved its aim—the alleviation
of the sufferings of our fighting men.
 Red Cross Chartered Branches.

Place. President.
Amherst Mrs. W. R. Fishleigh.
Arichat Mrs. C. D. Terrio.
Antigonish Mrs. D. G. Kirk.
Baddeck Mrs. F. W. McCurdy.
Barrington Mrs. Wilson Crowell.
Berwick Mrs. Alex. Anderson.
Bishop’s Mountain Mrs. C. O. Downie.
Brass Hill Mrs. F. Nickerson.
Brule Mrs. A. C. Cook.
Barney’s River Mrs. Wm. McDonald.
Boulardarie Mrs. J. Fraser.
Canso Mrs. C. O’Donoghue.
Cape North Miss Grace Gwynn.
Chester Dr. C. O. Hebb.
Dartmouth Mrs. W. R. Foster.
Dominion No. 6. Mrs. Anna B. Wight.
Goldboro Mrs. Edgar Silver.
Glace Bay Mrs. P. E. Ogilvy.
Halifax Mrs. Wm. Dennis.
Hazel Hill Mrs. Dunning.
Hantsport Miss Marcia Braine.
Lawrencetown Mrs. D. M. Balcom.
Lawrencetown S.S. Mrs. J. F. Brown.
Moser’s River Mrs. Walter Smith.
Mulgrave Mrs. L. C. Dixon.
New Glasgow Mrs. P. A. MacGregor.
North Sydney Mrs. J. J. Pallen.
Pictou Mrs. A. S. Stalker.
Port Morien Miss C. Macaulay.
Port Bickerton Mrs. George Taylor.
Point Tupper Mrs. James Swaine.
St. Peters Mrs. J. Kemp.
Sydney Mrs. H. A. Nicholson.
Sydney Mines Mrs. B. Archibald.
South Berwick Mrs. G. R. Nichols.
Tancook Island Miss Beulah Wilson.
Trenton Mrs. C. W. Stromberg.
Truro Mrs. Harold Putnam.
West Quoddy Mrs. Alex. Gamnon.
Westville Mrs. R. Fraser.
Windsor Mrs. P. M. Fielding.
Wolfville Mrs. Harold Barss.
Woodlawn Mrs. Jane Nauffts.
Westchester Station Mrs. W. O. Webb.
Yarmouth Mrs. W. D. Ross.

Red Cross Auxiliaries.

Avondale Miss Bertha Crossley.

Advocate Harbor Mrs. L. L. Hill.
Athol Mrs. J. W. Boss.
Aylesford Mrs. C. N. McIntyre.
Apple River Mrs. E. Slocum.
Billtown Mrs. C. R. Bill.
Bayhead Mrs. James Johnson.
Baxter’s Harbor Mrs. Fred Ells.
Bayfield Mrs. F. C. Gass.
Bedford Mrs. E. Butler.
Blandford Mrs. C. Woods.
Bear River Mrs. L. J. Lovitt.
Bridgetown Mrs. O. T. Daniels.
Baccaro Mrs. G. L. Crowell.
Barney’s River Mrs. (Rev.) McDonald.
Barronsfield Miss Nettie Baker.
Beacon Hill Mrs. E. H. Langille.
Big Baddeck Mrs. Alex. Anderson.
Birch Grove Mrs. D. B. McDonald.
Brooklynn (Queens) Mrs. W. P. Godfrey.
Brandford Mrs. C. Woods.
Broughton Miss Ida McLeod.
Centre Burlington Mrs. F. G. Brown.
Clarke’s Harbor Mrs. George Phillips.
Central New Annan Miss A. McIntosh.
Cherry Brook Mrs. Mary Grosse.
Chignecto Mines Mrs. F. M. Blenkhorn.
Clam Harbor Mrs. J. B. Homans.
Collingwood Mrs. Davies.
Cook’s Brook Mrs. Warren Cook.
Caledonia Mrs. B. Lempton.
Canaan Miss Bessie Shipley.
Central Grove Mrs. Byron Melaney.
Centre Gore Mrs. N. Grant.
Centre Rawdon Mrs. J. E. Wood.
Centreville Rev. H. M. Manzer.
Clementsport Miss L. Hicks.
Cleveland Mrs. D. A. McLeod.
Conquerall Bank Mrs. Angus Weagle.
Dalhousie East (Kings) Mrs. M. Oickle.
Dalhousie East (Annapolis) Mrs. John Long.
Dean Mrs. Campbell Brown
Deep Brook Mrs. G. Marsters.
Diligent River Mrs. W. W. Lamb.
Digby Mrs. Eber Turnbull.
Durham Miss Janet Blaikie.
Ellershouse Mrs. H. D. Archibald.
Elmsdale Mrs. Chas. Thompson.
East Walton Mrs. Levi Lake.
Economy Mrs. P. Huntley.
Five Islands Mrs. Calvin Corbett.
Fenwick Mrs. F. B. Dickinson.
Freeport Mrs. Egar Ring.
Five Mile River Mrs. H. Hennigar.
Fraserville Mrs. Gaius Fraser.
Glenville and Claremont Mrs. C. A. McCabe.
Grand River Mrs. McDonald.
Guysboro Mrs. G. E. Buckley.
Glengarry Miss Christine Fraser.
Granville Ferry Mrs. W. Patterson.
Giant’s Lake Miss K. A. McLean.
Goldenville Mrs. L. Fraser.
Goshen and Argyle Mrs. J. A. Sinclair.
Great Village Mrs. C. B. Spencer.
Greenwood Mrs. Chas. Neilly.
Hammond’s Plains Miss S. Schmidt.
Hubbards Mrs. Bessie McLean.
Harmony (Kings) Mrs. C. S. Spinney.
Hemsford Mrs. James Falconer.
Inverness Mrs. E. Brassett.
Joggins Mines Mrs. R. J. Bell.
Kingston Station Mrs. G. G. Power.
Karsdale Mrs. G. W. Chisholm.
Lake Ainslie Mrs. M. A. McKay.
Louisburg Mrs. A. L. Bates.
Liverpool Mrs. John More.
Lunenburg Mrs. Emily Smith.
Lower Selmah and Sterling Brook Miss Lena Spicer.
Lochaber Mrs. John Brown.
Latties Brook Mrs. W. J. Macdonald.
Liverpool Mrs. John More.
Lockhartville Miss F. McInnes.
Londonderry Mrs. J. G. R. Smith.
Lower Granville Mrs. George Anthony.
Lyons Brook Mrs. A. Hogg.
Lockeport Mrs. Churchill Locke.
Mosherville, Stanley and Clarkeville Mrs. H. B. Smith.
Milford Station Mrs. Pooley.
McPhee’s Corner Mrs. James McPhee.
Margaretsville Mrs. A. B. Coulstan.
Marriott’s Cove Mrs. Rupert Millett.
Middle River Mrs. Mary MacDonald.
Mabou Mrs. E. S. Bayne.
Maccan Mrs. (Dr.) Forbes.
Mahone Miss Nettie Zwicker.
Malagash Mrs. Jacob Treen.
Malagawatch Mrs. Hudson.
Manchester and Port Shoreham Mrs. W. Bruce.
Mapleton Mrs. G. E. Fletcher.
Margaree Harbor Mrs. A. R. MacDougall.
Melvern Square Mrs. E. F. McNeil.
Merigomish and Piedmont Mrs. T. B. Olding.
Middleton Mrs. W. Gwillim.
Mill Village (Hants) Mrs. Hattie Wallace.
Mira Gut Mrs. J. J. Philips.
Moose Brook and Tennycape Mrs. W. F. Stevens.
Millsville Mrs. R. MacKay.
Mount Uniacke Miss Sadie Robinson.
Nappan Mrs. Robert Donaldson.
Neil’s Harbor Mrs. Ed. Dowling.
New Annan Miss Agnes McIntosh.
New Port Mrs. J. F. Rathburn.
North Dartmouth Mrs. C. V. Vernon.
New Campbellton Mrs. W. McKinnon.
New Germany Mrs. H. P. Chesley.
N.E. Margaree Mrs. J. H. Tulston.
Noel Shore Mrs. E. S. Main.
North Kingston Mrs. H. J. Neily.
Oxford Mrs. J. R. Gilroy.
Owl’s Head Mrs. J. E. Parker.
Oxford Junction Mrs. S. Colburne.
Port Maitland Mrs. E. H. Porter.
Port Greville Mrs. R. S. Kerr.
Pleasantfield Mrs. Charles Arnburg.
Paradise Mrs. H. P. Layte.
Port Medway Mrs. Grace Andrews.
Parrsboro Mrs. F. A. Rand.
Pentz Miss Alberta Smith.
Port Dufferin Mrs. E. W. Dunlop.
Port Hawkesbury Mrs. D. Gillis.
Port Hood Mrs. Daniel McLennan.
Port La Tour Mrs. D. Snow.
Port Hilford Miss Isabella Reid.
Parker’s Cove Mrs. H. Anderson.
Plainfield Mrs. W. A. Graham.
Princedale Mrs. Forman Wright.
Ragged Island, East Side Mrs. Chas. Matthews.
Richmond Mrs. A. G. McIntosh.
River Herbert Mrs. T. Shipley.
Rockingham Mrs. W. J. Clayton.
Rodney and Windham Mrs. M. Y. Boss.
River John .Mrs. C. W. MacKintosh.
River Philip Mrs. G. L. King.
Rossway Mrs. Bessie Crowell.
Sandy Point Mrs. Anzo Long.
Sandy Cove Mrs. E. D. Morehouse.
Shag Harbor Mrs. N. C. Nickerson.
Shelburne Mrs. Martha C. Morton.
Ship Harbor Lake Mrs. Alvin Webber.
Shubenacadie Mrs. A. E. Culton.
Smith’s Cove Mrs. Edward Winchester.
Southampton Mrs. Victor Brown.
Spencer’s Island Mrs. Edmund Spicer.
Sackville Mrs. Robinson.
South Athol Mrs. L. D. MacKeen.
Seal Island Mrs. John Smith.
St. Croix and Sweet’s Corner Mrs. J. F. Rathburn.
Stake Road Dr. Barbara McKinnon.
Sutherland’s River Mrs. Dwight Burns.
South Side Cape Sable Island Mrs. E. C. Nickerson.
South Farmington Mrs. Wilkins.
Springhill Mrs. David Stewart.
Stellarton Mrs. George Gray.
Stewiacke Mrs. Rachel Pollock.
Stony Island Mrs. S. L. Brannen.
Sydney River Miss Sarah McDougall.
Selmah Mrs. Cyrus Weldon.
South Rawdon Mrs. W. H. Lawson.
South Bay Mrs. T. A. Young.
Torbrook Mrs. A. B. Payson.
Tupperville Mrs. L. H. Chipman.
Tatamagouche Mrs. D. A. Cunningham.
Upper Burlington Mrs. Harry B. Sandford.
Upper Lakeville Mrs. Margaret Webber.
Upper Musquodoboit Mrs. W. B. Hutchinson.
Upper Economy Mrs. C. F. Lewis.
Upper Rawdon Mrs. J. E. Weatherhead.
Upper Port La Tour Miss Rosa Snow.
Wallace Mrs. A. S. Murphy.
Wilmot Mrs. J. B. Kilton.
West New Annan Mrs. W. Wilson.
Westport Mrs. E. C. Bowser.
Wallace River Mrs. Chas. Fisher.
Waterville Mrs. D. R. Pineo.
Waverley Mrs. E. Fauchea.
West La Have Mrs. Clarence Wambolt.
Welton’s Corner Mrs. P. A. Smith.
West Apple River Mrs. Robert McWhirter.
West Berlin and Eagle Head Mrs. B. Conrod.
THE WILLING WAR WORKERS, GLACE BAY.
An organization that blazed a new and unique track in the War,
and accomplished great results, especially in the colliery districts of
Cape Breton, was the Willing War Workers of Glace Bay.
A number of the mothers, sisters, wives and
sweethearts of the boys “over there,” finding that
other Societies lacked the personal touch, banded
themselves together to send parcels every week to
their own home boys in France, and kept up the
good work enthusiastically until Armistice Day,
when they disbanded.
Mrs. Gordon S. Harrington, wife of Colonel
Harrington, Deputy Overseas Minister, was the
first President, and Mrs. Stuart McCawley, of
MRS. G. S.
HARRINGTON.
Glace Bay, the Secretary-Treasurer.
Mrs. Harrington went to England in
November, 1916, and became actively interested in
war work for Canadian soldiers in that country, particularly at the
Beaver Hut, Strand, London, and St. Dunstan’s Hostel for blinded
soldiers.
 THE GREEN FEATHER SOCIETY LADIES’
AUXILIARY OF THE 185TH BATTALION.
The Society was organized on March 9, 1916. The aim of the
Society was, first, to aid recruiting; second, to look after the comfort
of the men while quartered at Broughton, and as far as possible after
they had gone Overseas; third, to assist in every possible way the
wives and families of the men enlisting.

Officers Elected:

Mrs. E. J. Johnstone, President.

Mrs. J. A. McLellan, Vice-President.
Mrs. O. Leiers, Treasurer.
Miss Daniels, Secretary.

From the time of the Society’s organization until the 185th

Battalion was disbanded, the Society raised the sum of $2,075.36,
which was devoted entirely to the use and comfort of the Battalion.
In addition to this, Mr. Walshaw, of the D.T.S. Co., collected the sum
of $70.00, and the North Sydney Branch of the Green Feather
Society also donated the sum of $43.00. These amounts were sent to
England for the purpose of procuring Christmas dinners for the men.
The visiting committee of the Society did very good work in
looking after the wives and children of the men who had gone
Overseas.
At the close of the War there was the sum of $12.00 in funds,
which was presented to the G.W.V.A. after their organization.
 THE CATHOLIC LADIES’ PATRIOTIC
SOCIETY, SYDNEY.
This Society was organized the second year of the War by the
ladies of the Sacred Heart Parish, Sydney, and was intended to
supply the religious needs of the Cape Breton soldiers and Chaplains,
and to send comforts direct to the soldiers in the trenches. However,
as the War went on, the Society enlarged its scope and embraced all
kinds of patriotic work. The work of the Society was carried on by
packing tin boxes with fruit cake, candy, cigarettes, socks, khaki
shirts, and other things too numerous to mention. These were
addressed to each soldier and acknowledged in due time.
The success of the Society was in no small measure due to the
activity of the President, Mrs. V. F. Cunningham, who held that office
during the four years of the Society’s existence.
The following short statement will give some idea of the work of
the Society: