ACTIVITY 1

Evaporation and Surface Tension

of Liquids on a Coin Surface
OBJECTIVE: MATERIALS:

Investigate the surface tension 6 pieces of 1-peso coins

and evaporation rates of different Water
liquids (water, ethyl alcohol, and Ethyl alcohol
acetone) by observing how many Acetone
drops each liquid can hold on a 3 droppers
coin surface and measuring the Stopwatch or timer (optional
time it takes for a single drop to for measuring evaporation
evaporate. time)

DATA TABLE:
STRUCTURAL NUMBER OF DROPS TIME FOR 1 DROP TO
COMPOUND
FORMULA ON COIN EVAPORATE

Water 27 1 hr and 57 mins

Ethyl Alcohol 30 23 mins

Acetone 23 42 mins
ACTIVITY 1
How long will it take for one
GUIDE QUESTIONS: drop of a liquid to evaporate
for water, ethyl alcohol, and
acetone?
How many drops of liquid can a
A drop of water takes about 1 hour and 57
one Peso coin hold for water,
minutes to evaporate. Ethyl alcohol, which
ethyl alcohol, and acetone? evaporates faster, takes around 23 minutes
A one Peso coin can hold 27 drops of and 59 seconds. Acetone, being the most
water, 30 drops of ethyl alcohol, and 23 volatile, evaporates the quickest, in just 42
drops of acetone. minutes and 17 seconds.

Which molecules can hold more Which molecules took longer

liquid drops on the coin? to evaporate?

Water molecules can hold the most drops Water molecules take the longest to
on the coin compared to ethanol and evaporate because of the strong hydrogen
acetone. This is because the adhesive force bonds between them. Acetone evaporates
between water and the coin helps keep the the fastest as it doesn't have hydrogen
drops from spilling off. bonds, making its intermolecular forces
weaker.

Are the molecules that hold How does the polarity of a

fewer drops the same as the substance affect the forces of
ones that evaporate faster? attraction between the
Why? molecules?
Yes, the molecules that hold fewer drops Polarity influences the strength of
also evaporate faster. This is due to the intermolecular forces. Non-polar molecules
differences in cohesive forces and surface mostly experience van der Waals forces,
tension. Liquids with weaker surface which are weaker. Polar molecules, on the
tension have weaker intermolecular forces, other hand, can form stronger dipole-dipole
causing them to evaporate more quickly. interactions.

DOCUMENTATION:
ACTIVITY 2
Dissolution of Salt in Water
OBJECTIVE: MATERIALS:

To observe and understand the process Transparent glass or plastic cup

of how salt (NaCl) dissolves in water, Tap water
including the interaction between water Table salt (NaCl)
molecules and salt particles that leads
to the dissolution.

GUIDE QUESTIONS:
Why does salt dissolve in
water?
What happens to salt (NaCl)
when it’s added to water? Salt dissolves in water because water
molecules are polar, with a positive end
When we added salt to water, it dissolved. and a negative end. The oxygen end of the
The solid salt crystals break down into water molecules is attracted to the
individual sodium (Na⁺) and chloride (Cl⁻) negatively charged chloride ions, while the
ions, which are then surrounded by water hydrogen end is attracted to the positively
molecules, creating a uniform solution. charged sodium ions. These interactions
break the salt's bonds, allowing it to
dissolve.

Does the bond between sodium

chloride (NaCl) break? How does
that happen? Are there forces between the
Yes, ions sodium and chloride in the salt water and salt particles?
break because water molecules have a
Yes, it is known as ion-dipole interactions
stronger attraction to these ions than they
which help dissolve salt. Water's positive
have to each other. They become enclosed
and negative ends are attracted to sodium
by water molecules and each ion is
and chloride ions, aligning with opposite
distributed in the solution on its own.
charges and breaking the salt apart.

DOCUMENTATION:
ACTIVITY 3

Surface Tension and Capillary

Action with Kangkong
OBJECTIVE: MATERIALS:

To investigate how a safety pin Safety Pin

affects the surface tension of Kangkong
water and to examine the Water
capillary action of kangkong by Container
observing their interactions with Food Coloring
water Tissue

DATA TABLE:
Definition Observation

Surface tension is an attribute of a The safety pin floats at the initial

liquid that causes its surface to behave stage on the water surface due to
like an elastic material and has water surface tension and support
cohesive forces between the molecules offered by tissue. The safety pin is
since there are no counter balancing also placed in the water along with
Surface Tension molecules above the surface. This make the tissue paper as the buoyancy of
the liquid to minimize or reduce the safety pin decreases when it gets
level of its surface area hence forming wet. This explains how on one hand
droplets in a spherical shape and, surface tension is balanced by the
objects float if they do not disrupt the weight of the pin which changes as
tension. the tissue is moistened.
ACTIVITY 3

Definition Observation

Capillary action is defined as the flow of

The purpose of the experiment was to
a fluid within a confine controlled by
investigate how red food coloring
surface forces and not by any applied
travels through kangkong stems using
pressure other than atmospheric
capillary action. But, no color
pressure. This happens when a liquid
movement was observed during the
Capillary Action comes into contact with an irregular
trial, possibly due to the short length of
surface and passes through narrow
the experiment. Perhaps if the
channels or particles with small
observation period is longer, one would
interstices or openings, in this case, the
be able to witness the color spreading
veins or stems of the plants to
through the plant.
transport water and nutrient solutes.

DOCUMENTATION:
ACTIVITY 4

BUBBLE, BUBBLE CAULDRON

TrOUBLE
OBJECTIVE: MATERIALS:
To determine the effect of Coke/ Dark colored soda or soft drink
temperature on the solubility of Test tubes with stopper
Beakers
gasses.
Graduated cylinders
Hot and Cold water

OBSERVATIONS:

In which test tube is the rate of bubble formation the fastest? The slowest?
The test tube in the hot water has the fastest rate of bubble formation while the slowest rate
of bubble formation is observed in the test tube that was in the cold water.

In which test tube did you observe the formation of greatest amount of gas?
The test tube that was in the hot water showed the formation of greatest amount of gas.

What are possible explanations for your observations?

The differences in the rate of bubble formation and the amount of gas released can be explained by the
effect of temperature on the solubility of gases in liquids. In hot water, gas escapes quickly from the
soda, leading to more bubbles forming because the heat reduces how much gas the liquid can hold. This
is why you see a faster release of gas in the test tube with hot water. In cold water, gas stays dissolved
in the soda longer because the cooler temperature allows the liquid to hold more gas. As a result, fewer
bubbles form, and the gas escapes more slowly. This explains why the cold water test tube shows less
bubble formation and a slower release of gas.

DOCUMENTATION:
ACTIVITY 5

viscosity of liquids
OBJECTIVE: MATERIALS:

To compare the viscosity of three Crude Oil Pellet

liquids Kerosene Test tubes
To determine the viscosity of Gasoline
sample liquids Beakers

OBSERVATIONS:
Of all the liquids, kerosene flowed the quickest. It is because it has the
lowest viscosity which means there is very little internal friction occurring
between molecules, allowing the liquid to flow easily and quickly.

Diesel or gasoline flowed slower than kerosene but faster than crude oil,
because it has an intermediate viscosity. There is slightly more internal
friction than kerosene, which resists the flow of gasoline or diesel, but way
less than crude oil.

Crude oil flowed the slowest because it has the highest viscosity. High
viscosity results in significant internal friction, making it thick and resistant
to flow.

The findings clearly shows that the viscosity of a liquid has a direct effect
on the speed at which an object travels through a liquid. A lower-viscosity
liquid (such as kerosine) allows the object to travel faster, whereas a
higher-viscosity liquid (such as crude oil), affects the speed by slowing it
down. This indicates a direct relationship between viscosity and resistance
to the movement of the object through that liquid.

DOCUMENTATION:
ACTIVITY 6

cooling curve
HEATING CURVE TABLE: COOLING CURVE GRAPH:

TIME TEMP 20

0 min 20 15

1 min 1.5 10

5
2mins 0

0
3 mins 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

4 mins 0 OBSERVATION:
5 mins 0 During our 15-minute observation of the cooling curve
experiment, the substance’s temperature consistently
remained at 0°C. This steady temperature suggests that the
6 mins 0
substance was undergoing a phase transition, specifically
from liquid to solid. The release of latent heat during freezing
7 mins 0 keeps the temperature constant at the freezing point until the
entire substance has solidified. This observation emphasizes
8 mins 0 that phase transitions occur at a constant temperature, as the
energy is utilized in forming solid bonds rather than reducing
9 mins -0.1 the temperature.

10 mins -0.1 DOCUMENTATION:

11 mins -0.1

12 mins -0.1

13 mins -0.2

14 mins -0.2

15 mins -0.25
ACTIVITY 6

heating curve
HEATING CURVE TABLE: HEATING CURVE GRAPH:

TIME TEMP 10

8
0 min 0
6
1 min 0
4

2mins 1 2

0
3 mins 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

4 mins 1
OBSERVATION:
5 mins 1
In heating curve experiment, the temperature remained at 0°C
for the first a minute as the specimen, melted. Here heat
6 mins 3
energy not only increases the temperature but also
dissociated the intermolecular bonds. After becoming
7 mins 3 completely liquid, the temperature rose smoothly from 1°C to
9°C. After ten minutes, the temperature lowered to 10°C,
8 mins 4 which was consistent with thermal equilibrium when heat
gained equals heat lost.

9 mins 7

10 mins 8 DOCUMENTATION:

11 mins 8

12 mins 8

13 mins 8.5

14 mins 8.5

15 mins 9
ACTIVITY 7
Solvent-Solute Relationships:
Solubility, Miscibility, and Solution
OBJECTIVE: MATERIALS:
To identify the solvent and solute in various
Water Ethyl alcohol
mixtures.
To determine the solubility and miscibility of Sugar Powdered tablet
different solutes in water and other Salt Cooked flour
solvents. Soy Sauce
To observe the formation of solutions and
Vinegar
understand the factors affecting solubility
and miscibility.
Cooking oil

OBSERVATIONS:
NAME OF SOLUBLE / MISCIBLE /
COMPOUND SOLVENT SOLUTE
SOLUTION INSOLUBLE IMMISCIBLE

Pond Water + 1 tbsp

Water Sugar Sugar Solution Soluble Miscible
Sugar

Pond Water + Table

Water Table Salt Salt Solution Soluble Miscible
Salt

Pond Water + Soy Soy Sauce

Water Soy Sauce Soluble Miscible
Sauce Solution

100 mL Water + Vinegar

Water Vinegar Soluble Miscible
Vinegar Solution

100 mL Water + Liquid

Water Cooking Oil Insoluble Immiscible
Cooking Oil Solution

100 mL Cooking Oil + Liquid

Alcohol Cooking Oil Insoluble Immiscible
Alcohol Solution

Water + Cooked Flour Water Flour Coilloid

Water + Powdered Powdered

Water Suspension
Tablet Tablet

EXPLANATIONS: DOCUMENTATION:
For this experiment, solubility and miscibility were determined
by immersing various substances in water as well as cooking
oil. It is also evident when sugar, salt, soy sauce, and vinegar
dissolve in water to form clear solutions whereas cooking oil
in water does not dissolve but forms separate layers. No
matter the addition of alcohol, the two did not mix with one
another. Thus, the role of molecular structure and polarity in
the behavior of substances in mixtures was revealed and
underlined as crucial for practical use.
ACTIVITY 8
colligative properties
OBJECTIVE:
To observe how the addition of solutes affects the colligative properties of solutions, specifically vapor
pressure lowering, boiling point elevation, and freezing point depression.
To demonstrate the impact of solutes on the physical behavior of solvents.

MATERIALS:
SETUP 1: SETUP 2: SETUP 2:
Vapor Pressure Lowering Boiling Point Elevation Boiling Point Elevation
2 plastic jars Beaker 2 Containers
Alcohol Water 2 Ice
Water Sugar Salt
Salt AlcoholBurner
Bunsen Burner
Thermometer

EXPLANATIONS:
During the activity, we explored how solutes influence colligative properties. First, we observed vapor pressure lowering.
When a non-volatile solute like salt is dissolved in a solvent, it reduces the vapor pressure of the solution compared to the
pure solvent. This effect was noticeable when comparing saltwater, where the salt is non-volatile, to alcohol, which is
volatile and did not behave the same way.

Next, we examined boiling point elevation. Adding a solute to a solvent increases the solution’s boiling point, making it
higher than that of the pure solvent. This was demonstrated when sugar was added to boiling water. The temperature
rose immediately, showing the elevated boiling point compared to the normal water, which boiled at a lower temperature.

Lastly, we looked at freezing point depression. When a solute like salt is added to a solvent, it lowers the freezing point of
the solution. This was clearly visible when comparing the rate at which ice melted with and without salt. The ice with salt
melted slower due to the freezing point depression effect, while the untreated ice melted more quickly. Through these
setups, we saw how solutes directly impact the physical properties of solutions.

DOCUMENTATION:
ACTIVITY 9
sample problems
PROBLEM #1
Compute for the concentration of the componnets of a sweet and sour solution containing 15 g sugar, 60 g
vinegar, and 225 g water in % by mass.

SOLUTION

Given: Formula: Required:

15g of sugar Concentration = Mass of Component x 100 Concentration of the components
60g vinegar Total Mass
225g water

Solution:
Total Mass = 15g + 60g + 225g
Total Mass = 300g
a.) Sugar concentration b.) Vinegar concentration
Concentration = Mass of Component x 100 Concentration = Mass of Component x 100
Total Mass Total Mass
Concentration = 15g x 100 Concentration = 60g x 100
300g 300g
Concentration = (o.05)(100) Concentration = (0.2)(100)
Concentration = 5% Concentration = 20%

c.) Water concentration Answer:

Concentration = Mass of Component x 100 The concentration of each component in the
Total Mass sweet and sour solution has been calculated
Concentration = 225g x 100 based on the total mass of the solution, which
300g is 300 g. The concentration of sugar is 5%,
Concentration = (0.75)(100) vinegar is 20%, and water is 75% by mass
Concentration = 75%

PROBLEM #2
A 120g aqueous acid solution is labeled to contain 15% hydrochloric acid, HCI, by mass. how many grams
of pure HCl are contained in the solution?

SOLUTION
Given: Formula:
120g aqueous acid solution Mass of HCI = Mass Percentage of HCI x Total Mass of Solution
15% HCl 100

Required:
Mass of pure HCl are contained in
the solution.
ACTIVITY 9

Solution: Answer:
Mass of HCI = Mass Percentage of HCI x Total Mass of Solution The mass of pure HCl is 18 g in a
100 120g aqueous acid solution.
Mass of HCl = 15% / 100g x 120g
Mass of HCl = 0.15g x 120g
Mass of HCl = 18 g

PROBLEM #3
A gas solution contains 5 moles hydrogen (H2) and 10 moles Oxygen (02). What are the mole fractions of
hydrogen and oxygen in the solution formed?

SOLUTION
Given: Formula:
5 moles (H2) Mole fraction of a component= Moles of Component
10 moles (O2) Total Moles of Solution
Required:
Mole fraction of hydrogen and oxygen in the solution
formed

Solution: Answer:
Total Moles of Solution = 5g + 10g The mole fraction for Hydrogen in the solution is 0.333, while
Total Moles of Solution = 15g the mole fraction for Oxygen in the solution is 0.667.

a.) Mole Fraction of Hydrogen

Mole fraction of a H2= 5g/15g = 0.333

b.) Mole Fraction of Oxygen

Mole fraction of O2 = 10g/15g = 0.667

COMPLETE THE FF CHEMICAL EQUATIONS

NaOH -------> Na+ + OH- H2SO4 + 2H2O ------> 2H3​O+ + SO42−​
kOH ---------> K+ + OH- HC2H3O2 + H2O -------> H3​O+ + C2​H3​O2−​
Ca(OH)z -----> Ca2+ + 2OH- NH3 + H2O -------> NH4+​+ OH−
NH4OH -------> NH4+ ​+OH-
2HCl + Mg ---------> MgCl2 ​+ H2​
H2O + OH ------> H2​O2​+ H2​O
2HCl + CaCO(3) -----> CaCl2 ​+ H2​O + CO2​
HCzH3O2 + H2O -------> H3​O+ + C2​H3​O2−​
HCl + NaHCO (3) -------> NaCl + H2​O + CO2​
HCl + H2O --------> H3​O+ + Cl−
HC2H3O2 -------> H+ + C2​H3​O2−​
HCl ------> H+ + Cl−
HSHO---------> 2H+ + SO42−​ HNO3 -------> H+ + NO3−​
HCl + H2O -----> H3​O+ + Cl− H2SO4--------> 2H+ + SO42−​
HNO3 + H2O -------> H3​O+ + NO3−​
ACTIVITY 8
Electrical conductivity
OBJECTIVE:
To determine how different compounds can affect the electrical conductivity.

OBSERVATIONS:
POLAR/
MELT EASILY/
SOLUBEL/ IN IONICCOVALENT ELECTRIVAL
COMPOUND DID NOT MELT
SOLUBLE IN WATER NONPOLAR/COVAL CONDUCTIVITY
EASILY
ENT

sugar melt easily soluble nonpolar /

salt melt easily soluble polar /

vetsin melt easily soluble polar /

wax did not melt insoluble nonpolar x

Salt with water has the highest electrical conductivity, followed by sugar with water, and then salt, vetsin, and sugar and
water have the lowest electrical conductivity. The electrical conductivity of a solution depends on the presence and
mobility of charged particles, or ions, in the solution. Salt (NaCl) has the highest conductivity because it dissociates
completely into sodium and chloride ions in water, which carry charge. Sugar, however, does not dissociate into ions and
remains as neutral molecules, so its conductivity is much lower. Vetsin (MSG) dissociates into ions, but likely in lower
concentrations compared to salt, giving it moderate conductivity. When salt, vetsin, and sugar are mixed in water, the
sugar dilutes the overall ion concentration, leading to lower conductivity than the pure salt solution.

DOCUMENTATION:
ACTIVITY 9
heat requirements of
liquids to evaporate
OBJECTIVE: MATERIALS:
To compare the heat required by Thermometer Ethyl Alcohol
liquid samples to evaporate. Cotton Isopropyl
Water Alcohol
Acetone

DATA TABLE
LOWEST READING ON THE
LIQUID
THERMOMETER (°C)

Muriatic acid 29°C

Ethyl alcohol 26°C

Methyl alcohol 24°C

DOCUMENTATION
ACTIVITY 9
GUIDE QUESTIONS:
A. Effect of Concentration

Which acid gave the most Which acid gave the least
number of bubbles with Mg number of bubbles with Mg
ribbon? ribbon?
The acid with the highest concentration of The acid with the lowest concentration of
hydrogen ions produced the most bubbles hydrogen ions produced the least bubbles.
with magnesium.

Arrange the acids according to From the result of your

their speed of reaction with Mg experiment, conclude on the
ribbon. effect of concentration on the
speed of reaction.
Muriatic Acid -- Isopropyl alcohol -- Ethyl
The higher concentration of acid resulted in
alcohol -- Water
a faster reaction rate due to the increased
availability of hydrogen ions for the
reaction.

B. Effect of Temperature

Which acid dissolved Mg ribbon Which acid dissolved Mg

first? ribbon last?

The acid at the highest temperature The acid at the lowest temperature
dissolved magnesium more quickly because dissolved the Mg ribbon the slowest.
higher temperatures increase reaction
rates.

Arrange the acids according to Conclude on the effect of the

the speed of reaction with Mg temperature on the speed of
ribbon. reaction.
The warmer the acid, the faster it reacts
Water + Muriatic Acid --> Ethyl + Muriatic with magnesium. Higher temperatures
Acid --> Isopropyl + Muriatic Acid boost the energy of the molecules, making
them collide more effectively, so the
reaction speeds up.
ACTIVITY 10

The heat requirements

of liquid to evaporate
OBJECTIVE: MATERIALS:
To compare the heat required by liquids to
Thermometer Ethyl alcohol
evaporate
Cotton H2O (Water)
Isopropyl alcohol

PROCEDURE:

1. Cover the mercury (or alcohol) end of a thermometer with cotton to make a giant cotton swab.
2. Place the "giant swab" on a table and prop up cotton ball end with a pencil so that it does not
touch the table.
3. Note the temperature reading on the thermometer.
4. Add 20 drops of acetone to wet the cotton ball.
5. Observe and note any change in the temperature for several minutes. Record the lowest reading
on the thermometer.
6. Remove the cotton and allow the thermometer to return at room temperature.
7. Using new cotton balls (the size should be the same with the first), repeat the above procedures
using water, ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, and cologne.

DOCUMENTATION:
ACTIVITY 10

WHAT I HAVE LEARNED?

LIQUID LOWEST READING ON THERMOMETER

Water 22 degrees

Muriatic acid 27 degrees

Isopropyl alcohol 25 degrees

Ethyl alcohol 22 degrees

Which substance evaporated at the lowest temperature?

Muriatic acid, a diluted hydrochloric acid solution, evaporates at the lowest
temperature due to its high volatility. Its particles readily escape as fumes at
relatively lower temperatures compared to the other substances.

Which substance evaporated at the highest temperature?

Water evaporates at the highest temperature because it has the highest boiling point of
100°C. Its molecules require more energy to overcome strong intermolecular forces before
transitioning into the vapor phase.

Arrange the above substances in the order of increasing requirement of heat to evaporate.
Muriatic acid (least heat required)
Isopropyl alcohol
Ethyl alcohol
Water (most heat required)

Relate the result of this activity to the movement of the particles of the sample liquids
The evaporation rate of each liquid depends on the strength of its intermolecular forces.
Muriatic acid, with weaker intermolecular forces, allows particles to escape into vapor more
easily and at lower temperatures. Alcohols, like isopropyl and ethyl, have moderate
intermolecular forces, requiring more energy than muriatic acid but less than water. Water,
with its strong hydrogen bonds, demands the most heat to break these forces, slowing down
the movement of its particles into the vapor phase.
ACTIVITY 11

PLANT EXTRACT AS INDICATORS

OBJECTIVE: MATERIALS:
To discover how we can use different plant Ethyl and Isopropyl Erlenmeyer flask
extracts to indicate what is acid and base. alcohol Litmus paper
Chopping board Eggplant
Knife Kamote leaves
Water
Aluminum foil

PROCEDURE:
1. Wash the raw materials. (Kamote leaves and eggplant)
2. Using the knife and chopping board, cut the raw materials into small pieces so that it can fit in
the Erlenmeyer flask.
3. Put 1/2 of the Eggplant into their own separate Erlenmeyer.
4. Pour 100ml of water and alcohol into each of the flasks.
5. Repeat procedure using the Kamote leaves.
6. Cover the Erlenmeyer flask using the aluminum foil
7. Thoroughly shake each flask so that all of the materials mix together properly.
8. Wait until the liquid to change color.
9. After it changes color, check the pH level by making use of your information about the pH scale
10. Consequently, remove the aluminum foil and insert 1 red and blue litmus paper to each flask.
10. Wait for it to settle down and observe what happens to the litmus paper.
11. Record the observations and don’t forget to take documentations.

OBSERVATIONS:
In our experiment, we used kangkong leaves as a
natural indicator in both water and alcohol
solutions to observe changes based on acidity and
basicity. When kangkong extract was added to
water, it indicated an acidic environment, while in
alcohol, it showed a basic response. This
difference suggests that the solvent influences
the color change observed in natural indicators,
likely due to its interaction with the compounds in
the plant extract. These findings demonstrate the
potential of natural materials, like kangkong
leaves, to serve as pH indicators, with their
reactions varying depending on the solvent used.