FCE 431 – Structural Design IA 2022/2023 2022‐11‐22

UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL AND CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING

FCE 431: Structural Design IA 2022-2023

1
MUTHOMI MUNYUA
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22 November 2022

2 Continuation from 𝑀

 RECAP – Quadratic Formula

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FCE 431 – Structural Design IA 2022/2023 2022‐11‐22

3 Amount of steel
 𝑀 𝐹𝑧
 𝑀 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑥 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑥 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑟𝑚

 𝑀 𝐴 𝑧
.

 𝑀 0.87𝑓 𝐴 𝑧

 Rearranging 𝐴 .

 There is need to determine z in order to determine the area of steel:

.
 𝑀 .
0.8𝑥𝑏 𝑧

 But 𝑧 𝑑 0.4𝑥
 ⇒ 0.4𝑥 𝑑 𝑧
 𝑥 2.5 𝑑 𝑧
 Substituting in the main equation

 Substituting in the main equation

.
 𝑀 .
0.8𝒙𝑏 𝑧
.
 𝑀 0.8 𝟐. 𝟓 𝒅 𝒛 𝑏 𝑧
.

 𝑀 1.133𝑓 𝑏 𝑑 𝑧 𝑧

.
𝑑𝑧 𝑧

 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 .
0

 Compare this with the general equation of quadratic equations

 𝑎𝑥 𝑏𝑥 𝑐 0

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FCE 431 – Structural Design IA 2022/2023 2022‐11‐22

 In this scenario:
 𝑎 1𝑏 𝑑&𝑐
.

 General solution for quadratic expressions is given by:

 𝑥

 Thus

.
 𝑧

.
 𝑧

.
 𝑧

 Let 𝐾

.
 𝑧

.
 𝑧
.
 𝑧

.
 𝑧

 𝑧 0.5𝑑 1 1 3.53𝐾

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FCE 431 – Structural Design IA 2022/2023 2022‐11‐22

 𝑧 𝑑 0.5 0.5 1 3.53𝐾

 𝑧 𝑑 0.5 0.25 1 3.53𝐾
 𝑧 𝑑 0.5 0.25 0.883𝐾
 REMEMBER 𝐾 and good practise is to limit 𝑧 0.95𝑑

 We can now find the area of steel required:

 𝐴 .

8 EXAMPLE

 Design a 500mm deep x 200 mm wide beam on Concrete C20/25

spanning 5m and carrying a design UDL of 30kN/m. Characteristic strength
of steel is 460MPa.

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FCE 431 – Structural Design IA 2022/2023 2022‐11‐22

9 EXAMPLE

 𝑉 75𝑘𝑁

 𝑀 93.75𝑘𝑁𝑚

 𝑐 30𝑚𝑚 ∅ 25𝑚𝑚 ∅ 8𝑚𝑚 ℎ 500𝑚𝑚

∅
 𝑑 ℎ 𝑐 ∅

 500 30 8 449.5𝑚𝑚

 M 0.167bd f 0.167 200 449.5 20 134.97kNm

 M 93.75kNm M 134.97kNm ⇒ singly reinforced

10 EXAMPLE

.
 𝐾 0.116 𝐾′ 0.167 ⇒ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑑
.

 z 0.5 0.25 0.882K d

 𝑧 0.5 0.25 0.882 0.116 𝑑 0.884𝑑 𝑧 0.95𝑑 ∴ 𝑂𝐾
. .
 A 560mm
. . . . . .

 From Reinforcement Areas Table,

 Provide BOTTOM 3T16(603𝑚𝑚

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FCE 431 – Structural Design IA 2022/2023 2022‐11‐22

11 Reinforcement Area
 560mm

 From Reinforcement Table,

 Provide BOTTOM 3T16 (603𝑚𝑚

12 EXAMPLE

 Calculations for TOP reinforcement

 𝐴 , 0.13%𝑏𝑑 0.0013𝑏𝑑

.
 𝐴 , 200 449.5 117𝑚𝑚

 Eurocode limits the minimum diameter in a beam to 12mm.

 Provide TOP 2T12(226𝑚𝑚

 Provide Sketch

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FCE 431 – Structural Design IA 2022/2023 2022‐11‐22

13 Reinforcement Area
 117mm

 From Reinforcement Table,

 Provide BOTTOM 2T12 (226𝑚𝑚

14 EXAMPLE

 Design a 500mm deep by 200mm wide beam of Concrete C20/25, spanning 5m

carrying a design UDL of 50kN/m. Characteristic strength of steel is 460MPa. Cover
to reinforcement is 30mm. For initial calculation, assume longitudinal reinforcement
with a diameter of 25mm and transverse reinforcement with a diameter of 8mm.
Draw the free body diagram, shear force diagram and bending moment diagram.

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FCE 431 – Structural Design IA 2022/2023 2022‐11‐22

15 EXAMPLE
 Design a 500mm deep by 200mm wide beam of Concrete C20/25, spanning 5m
carrying a design UDL of 50kN/m. Characteristic strength of steel is 460MPa. Cover
to reinforcement is 30mm. For initial calculation, assume longitudinal reinforcement
with a diameter of 25mm and transverse reinforcement with a diameter of 8mm.
Draw the free body diagram, shear force diagram and bending moment diagram.

 𝑉 125𝑘𝑁

 𝑀 156.25𝑘𝑁𝑚

 𝑐 30𝑚𝑚 ∅ 25𝑚𝑚 ∅ 8𝑚𝑚 ℎ 500𝑚𝑚

∅
 𝑑 ℎ 𝑐 ∅

 500 30 8 449.5𝑚𝑚

16 EXAMPLE
 M 0.167bd f 0.167 200 449.5 20 134.97kNm
 M 156.25kNm M 134.97kNm ⇒ doubly reinforced
.
 𝐾 .
0.193 𝐾′ 0.167 ⇒ 𝑑𝑜𝑢𝑏𝑙𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑑

 What can we do:

1. Increase section depth

2. Increase section width
3. Use higher concrete class
4. Add compression reinforcement.

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FCE 431 – Structural Design IA 2022/2023 2022‐11‐22

17 SECTION DEPTH
 Let us try to increase the depth to 600mm

 𝑐 30𝑚𝑚 ∅ 25𝑚𝑚 ∅ 8𝑚𝑚 ℎ 600𝑚𝑚

∅
 𝑑 ℎ 𝑐 ∅

 600 30 8 549.5𝑚𝑚

 M 0.167bd f 0.167 200 549.5 20 201.7kNm

 M 156.25kNm M 201.7kNm ⇒ singly reinforced

18 SECTION DEPTH
.
 𝐾 0.129 𝐾′ 0.167 ⇒ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑑
.

 z 0.5 0.25 0.882K d

 𝑧 0.5 0.25 0.882 0.129 𝑑 0.869𝑑 𝑧 0.95𝑑 ∴ 𝑂𝐾

. .
 A 818mm
. . . . . .

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FCE 431 – Structural Design IA 2022/2023 2022‐11‐22

19 SECTION DEPTH
 818mm

 From Reinforcement Table,

 Provide BOTTOM 3T20 (942𝑚𝑚 or 2T25 (982𝑚𝑚 )

 Either of the two are right answers, provide only ONE in your working

20 SECTION DEPTH
 Calculations for TOP reinforcement

 𝐴 , 0.13%𝑏𝑑 0.0013𝑏𝑑

.
 𝐴 , 200 549.5 143𝑚𝑚

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FCE 431 – Structural Design IA 2022/2023 2022‐11‐22

21 SECTION DEPTH
 143 𝑚𝑚

 Eurocode limits the minimum diameter in a beam to 12mm.

 Provide TOP 2T12(226𝑚𝑚

 Provide Sketch (indicate steel areas in sketch)

 Increase section width

22 SECTION WIDTH
 Let us try to instead increase the width to 300mm

 𝑐 30𝑚𝑚 ∅ 25𝑚𝑚 ∅ 8𝑚𝑚 ℎ 500𝑚𝑚

∅
 𝑑 ℎ 𝑐 ∅

 500 30 8 449.5𝑚𝑚

 M 0.167bd f 0.167 300 449.5 20 202.5kNm

 M 156.25kNm M 202.5kNm ⇒ singly reinforced

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23 SECTION WIDTH
.
 𝐾 0.129 𝐾′ 0.167 ⇒ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑑
.

 z 0.5 0.25 0.882K d

 𝑧 0.5 0.25 0.882 0.129 𝑑 0.869𝑑 𝑧 0.95𝑑 ∴ 𝑂𝐾

. .
 A 1 000mm
. . . . . .

24 SECTION WIDTH
 1 000mm

 From Reinforcement Table,

 Provide BOTTOM 5T16 (1005𝑚𝑚 or 4T20 (1257𝑚𝑚 ) or 3T25 (1473𝑚𝑚 )

 Any of the three are right answers, provide only ONE in your working

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FCE 431 – Structural Design IA 2022/2023 2022‐11‐22

25 SECTION WIDTH
 Calculations for TOP reinforcement

 𝐴 , 0.13%𝑏𝑑 0.0013𝑏𝑑

.
 𝐴 , 300 449.5 175𝑚𝑚

26 SECTION WIDTH
 175 𝑚𝑚

 Eurocode limits the minimum diameter in a beam to 12mm.

 Provide TOP 2T12(226𝑚𝑚

 Provide Sketch (indicate steel areas in sketch)

 Option 3: Concrete Class:

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FCE 431 – Structural Design IA 2022/2023 2022‐11‐22

27 CONCRETE CLASS
 Let us try to instead change concrete class to C25/30

 𝑐 30𝑚𝑚 ∅ 25𝑚𝑚 ∅ 8𝑚𝑚 ℎ 500𝑚𝑚

∅
 𝑑 ℎ 𝑐 ∅

 500 30 8 449.5𝑚𝑚

 M 0.167bd f 0.167 200 449.5 25 168.71kNm

 M 156.25kNm M 168.71kNm ⇒ singly reinforced

28 CONCRETE CLASS
.
 𝐾 0.155 𝐾′ 0.167 ⇒ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑑
.

 z 0.5 0.25 0.882K d

 𝑧 0.5 0.25 0.882 0.155 𝑑 0.837𝑑 𝑧 0.95𝑑 ∴ 𝑂𝐾

. .
 A 1 038mm
. . . . . .

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FCE 431 – Structural Design IA 2022/2023 2022‐11‐22

29 CONCRETE CLASS
 1 037mm

 From Reinforcement Table,

 Provide BOTTOM 4T20 (1257𝑚𝑚 ) or 3T25 (1473𝑚𝑚 )

 Any of the two are right answers, provide only ONE in your working

30 CONCRETE CLASS
 Calculations for TOP reinforcement

 𝐴 , 0.13%𝑏𝑑 0.0013𝑏𝑑

.
 𝐴 , 200 449.5 117𝑚𝑚

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FCE 431 – Structural Design IA 2022/2023 2022‐11‐22

31 CONCRETE CLASS
 117 𝑚𝑚

 Eurocode limits the minimum diameter in a beam to 12mm.

 Provide TOP 2T12(226𝑚𝑚

 Provide Sketch (indicate steel areas in sketch)

 Option 4: Compression Reinforcement
 …… Done after the derivation :

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