DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER

& SOFTWARE ENGINEERING

COLLEGE OF E&ME, NUST,
RAWALPINDI

Subject
Computer Networks

Lab Number: 04

SUBMITTED TO:
Sir Muhammad Salman

SUBMITTED BY:
Muhammad Mussa Kazim Reg# 404047

DE- 44 Department C&SE – Syn B

Submission Date: 4th Oct, 2024

LAB 4: Connecting Multiple Networks in CISCO Packet Tracer

Objectives:
• Understanding of the working of router
• Configuration of different ports of the router
• Connect multiple networks by using Routers

TASKS

PRE-TASK: Make the configuration as given in the lab and see if the
messages send or not. Configure the Router as well.

Connection:
 Configuration of the Router for 2 Gateways:
i.

ii.

Message Passing from PC2 to PC5 (both in different Networks):

EXPLANATION: In order to send messages from 1 network to another, we have put a router in

between and then configured it giving it gateway addresses for both networks. After configuring

the routers and giving the PCs their IPs and the Gateway Address, the message passing is

successful between 2 PCs in different networks.

 TASK:
Connection:

Configuration:
i.

ii.
 iii.

iv.

i) Create 4 different networks under 4 switches by assigning different class IP

addresses to the PCs. Select PC1, go to command prompt and ping with PC 6, Is
it successful?
Explanation: Yes, the Ping is Successful as we have used a Router for Communication between

different Networks.

ii) Use inspect tool to check routing table, ARP table and other tables available in

the router and examine how these tables are updated.

 Routing Table:

iii) Now send packets using PDU tool from PC7 to PC3. Explain does this ping this

time?

Yes, Ping is Successful

iv) Now assign a same network IP address to last 5 PCs and Using PDU tool, send

the packets from PC5 to PC9. Is it successful this time? Justify your answer with

reason.
For message passing between two PCs in the same network, we will need a switch or hub.

Routers are used when message is to be passed from network to network. Since here, there is

a router connected between these PCs, the message is not passed.

v) Write a report (1-2 pages) on types of memories and interfaces in a router

Types of Memories and Interfaces in a Router

Routers are essential for managing network traffic, directing data between different networks

and devices. To do this effectively, routers rely on various types of memories and interfaces.

These components help routers store data, make routing decisions, and connect to other

networks.

Types of Memories in a Router:

1. RAM (Random Access Memory):

RAM is used for storing temporary data while the router is running, like the routing table

and active connections. Since it is volatile, all data in RAM is erased when the router is

rebooted. The more RAM a router has, the more data it can process at once, which is

crucial for handling heavy network traffic.

 2. ROM (Read-Only Memory):

ROM holds essential startup instructions, such as the router’s bootstrap program, which

loads the operating system when the router starts up. This memory is non-volatile,

meaning its contents remain even when the router is powered off.

3. NVRAM (Non-Volatile RAM):

NVRAM is where the router’s configuration settings are stored. These settings stay intact

even after the router is turned off, ensuring that the router retains its configuration every

time it restarts.

4. Flash Memory:

Flash memory stores the router’s operating system, typically called the IOS (Internetwork

Operating System). Like NVRAM, flash memory is non-volatile, meaning it keeps data

even when the router is powered off. Flash can be updated to improve performance or

add new features.

Types of Interfaces in a Router

1. Ethernet Interfaces:

Ethernet interfaces are the most common and provide wired connections to other network

devices. They are fast, reliable, and ideal for connecting routers to local networks and

other routers.
 2. Serial Interfaces:

Serial interfaces are used for connecting routers to wide-area networks (WANs) over long

distances. While slower than Ethernet, they are still used in some network setups,

particularly older or specialized systems.

3. Fiber Optic Interfaces:

Fiber optic interfaces support very high-speed data transmission and are ideal for long-

distance or high-bandwidth connections. These interfaces are crucial for backbone

networks where speed and reliability are critical.

4. Wireless Interfaces:

Some routers include wireless interfaces, allowing devices to connect over Wi-Fi. This is

common in consumer routers, enabling connections without the need for physical cables.

CONCLUSION:

The fourth lab of Computer Networks was an engaging and informative session. We focused on

routers, learning how to configure them in CISCO Packet Tracer. We explored how routers are

essential for passing messages between different networks. Seeing routers in action made it

easier to understand their role in real-world networking. Overall, the lab helped reinforce key

concepts and made learning about routers both practical and enjoyable.