Dato

1 Whcul aneHastey dnd Vecton ? Wbèie the_basic dilloremr

batwccn HasteH an vecton.

Rastr and kumdemetal data lonmats usee.

Ccion cUIe
Ho cpacseat digitd imcges and grphics
Raster
-Rasten fmagca ie compaseal of Piaes Ling Squcuncs)auanye
in a gid Each tixel has a colaus. valw
chanc isHcs.
-Pikcd based
-irid StuctuLHe.
- Resalution depesodeat
Fixcddimensions
|Vecto
USe mathematical equatons to dacd shajes
and lines austng geomeBxic cooacinaks.
Chanac teHistics.
-Scalable
- Resdution ladepent
Dynamir dimensions.
Key difexeast es
Rastn images ane SIitahle fox paotoqnaplhic contemt, while.
Neckox quaphis aHe ideal Aau 9lustnctions logos amd
Aylagrcphy.
Vecto qHaphics Seae penfecty wítaDut losiag qualiH
wheneas HasteH images become pixelateal.
Rasten imaqes Hequixe mOHe Stotage Space Hhan vecto
qHaphics
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2aDesCHibe bHiely pD Ctles ds oell as classification of

mappojecions
Popel!es
o f Map pgections
a Scole
Relalionship balumcem distcirxe on map and actuc) distcunce
2 shape
Puescnvation of angles shcipes cnd sizes
3 .Axcd
- PHescaVotion of cyed Helalionships.
Compass diuections
5.Distorlion
Iaveliblel istoxlion due to proetting 3D Faxth ano 2D.
Suface.

classseicaHon of Map projections

L. By PxoJeclion method
ylindzical
Conic
- Azimulhal
- St encagHaphic
2. By PreseAvahoa puapezy
-ConfoHma
- Equivaleat
-Equidistant
-Othophanle
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3. By Pupose.
Naviaation chaxts
Tapogxaphic Maps.
-ThemaHe Maps
aeagzaçhica Maps
-

Explcin in baief ditfenemat Components of

Conspnngats GIS

Hazcuene i Computezstoxage and Reriphazals

2. Saft wae aIS pograras and appli colions
3. Dato Genguapaic data. ataibute dcua and meBadctcu
GIS Data Companints

teoguaphic eatunes
2 Altxibhute data & Non -Spatia infay nacti on lnked ta
SpaHal otunes
3. MetoData Tnfoumction abot data qualiH sauce Qnd
fomate
GIS SottwaHe Componemds

L IS Engine Cate Saltusuc ton spatial aalysis ond

POcessing.
2 GTS aals &Euncti ans fou daica Cxection, editing aud analysi
&sen ?ntenf aces ton întenactian Qnd
yisulizatian

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cls Functioncl Componemts
l. Data Inpud Data ncakon conension and impint
2. Data SlonagcDatabase managcmtast and duta hetueved
3 Daiu anaysis spalial andysis quexiES Cnd modeling
4. Data visualizalion Maínghanting and epLing

4Deine metadata attibte data_& Spatil data

Metadatae
Metadata is dato thad pxovides infomalion baut athex
dala" La IS. metadala descibes the Contend, quality
and cantext of Spakial data.
Atibute dcta i
Attaibuje data is non-spcial ialoMatlon associctcd with
Staial featunes Tt descHibes chaHacexisHcs at pucpexies
of qengraphic kaluscs
spalial data &
E Spctial data epAeseaads gengnaphie katuxes with coadmakes
Ciy) II Can hei poinds lines Paygona Ros tCH

5. (cive the saliknt featuMEA Of cadastathemaic gnd

tapagnaphit maps.
Heze a the saicnt fcatunes of cadastycl, themaic and
Hopoqzaphi mapse
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Cadastnal Maps. baundaiesand

shau pMopeay
Wsed Pan land ouanexslhi
Peposes. administactian. taxaHon and lea
Tyricallyscaled
FeatuHes.
Taopexdy ines
Raacel numbeks
Ownen nlrmes
Lclnd LSe inlomcian

Thematte Mapes.
Displuy speci data a4 themes uelattd to qeogzaplhie aneas
-Wsed fax anclysis Plaoning and decision mcakinq
-Scales voMy deending on thene and data
Featunes
- Staistical data.
ResouHte distHibution
econonic data.
EnviHonmeatal data

- show natuna dad man -mde featuwHes of the tencin.

- Used Pas goncngineening Qnd eninn Mesnted ¡lunk
icaly
Fectunes
1:10o00 koe50.,000

- Countouts
-Relielshading
Hydaaguaphy
- YegetLi on.

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6|List the aiS
outthe cIS. anadysis
conccpt bi funcion and cxpluin 1he
"Grcaday añalsis"
IS Analysis Funttione
Fun
noximis Analgsis
.3 Qrenlay cnclysis
NetuOk Analysis.
S. spcatial Intenolation.
Analysis
lo Tapalngical Andlysis.
Orlay Anadyis
Oxealay nalyatsaHeas combines tuo o4 moMe spatiad dadasets
identity o intrsecHon, Union Ou dift enence

1. UnionQuenlay Combine kuo datasekk HeBaining all teatuK

. TntesecHon venlay Tdemies cueas (omaon to bath
dotasets.
3. Diffeneace OYerlay e Ideaati ies aneas uniue to one.dadasct
SumnckHic Dioncace aranlay to bath datascts.

Aplicaiona ol aralay analysik

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Envionmemdal impat assesment

3 EmogeAy sponse planning
4. Unban planning
5.Natuna esoice manciqeaAeat.

tExlan plicatlons of digital tenHain model.

A Diaital Texnaln Model cDIM) 4CPHeseats the D) Snface
of thè Euth enabling vauious Cnalyses cnd applications
L. EhiOnmeatal and Niuxal Resaunce Hanagenaesat
alakeashed analysis and tinod
Hood H(Ek
Hisk Qssessmlat.
Sail exosion an lendslides pacdiction
Rydxolagical madelliag
cmate modalling- and micaaclinake analysik
- Habited and hiodivasity onalysis
2. Tnfncastauc tue and Uxban plcning
Ixanspoziction plaaing
- Uxbanplanningand develaaat
UHlY Cosidax planning
FFntnqency epanse planning
Site Selecion PoH Constsuion paccts
realogical and Miniag mio Applications.
ehcul explohCIÄDA.
realogic a mapping and
FMine planing aae ptinmizet'on
Geckechnicad analysis
- 5eis mic hazand &ssesmt
aAOUnductex eSOuMSemanaqeneAat.
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4 Agnicultue and foncstay.
Cep 4icld rediclion qnd Paccision aguicullute
moistauc Qnd iwigation mancgeat
Soil
Foresi maindgmeaat and timhen hanvestin4
-Land deguadation and soil eAosion manilosing
|S. Disask Managesmeaat and Enmengemy esponse
- Flood zisk
assesmnent and evacuhanplaning
- Landslide an ockallhazand

8.ite abaut the funcion of DBMS.

Dcdabase McinagemeMt Sysitam CDBMS) Ls sofiwcue that
monagesstoxes cnd setuires dada elicicnmcy. Thspuimany
Hunchians ensune data intequiy Securiy and scalabilfy
Main Punctions of DBMS.

Data Deinition.
Cheates and modifies dotahase Schem, deining data
Stuchues and uelckion ships.
. Data Stoxage
Stohes dcta îna StHuctuxed cnd condsolled manne.

3 Data Retuieval.
Pxovides eicieat deta gctess gnd selHieva mechanisms

4. Data Seauui
-Ineplemaats access conhol autheniccation an eneHsp Han to
Prokct data
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5. Data inteqily
Lnswes data consîskency. an accurac4 thagh coastclnts.
onel validation
G. Dcta Recaven
Pnovides backñ and ACCONONY mechanisoms to ensue dcka
aueilabiy
ConcuhHencyCannol
-

Marages multiple QCcess Puexcnting data conflis.

8. Quuy aptimizokion.
Optimizes queny exeution for elicicut data Hcbujetol

4Discuss the applications af aIs in the field of Civ

Enqinexing
IS Caeographic Infomaion System) technolagy Plys
ConstaucHion and
Pagiaering
mahagemead
emhancing lcaningdeign
af inlucstHuctuxe pxayects
Planning and desiqn
elecHan and fcasthiliy stucies
Land use plcanning end zoning anuysis
Ixans poxcdationpleanning
- UFliY Conid04 planing
-Eninonmantalimpact assesment

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InfxasinudwreDesign.
Road cnd highuay design
Bridge design andstuctunalanalysis.
SLomuctCA dAcinqge and Scuen System design
builing Inlonmcton madelling
Constucon and Management
=Constaucton monitoxiag qnd Puaques tHacking.
Sie managenaoaat ane Iogisttcs planning
-Qualy Contnco Cnd asSLLICnce
-Emenqenncy esponse planning
Tanspoxtakion Enginexing.
Taffe Plou) analysis and Simulaian
Cute optinizaion nd schtdullng
- public tuanspotction plunning
Tnteligt bxanspoxt cation Systema
alato Resoiles Engineexing
atenshud analysis Gnd flood isk assesmnent
Naten suply ad desncnd nodelling.
hlaten Aisaipution netw0HK anayis
and dacinaqe design
Enizon memtal Enginein
- Aiy Qnd naise pdluHon madelling.
- Enaknmontal CSSesment.
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l0.Explain Buffering in cIS

Buffcxing is a spatial analysi lechniqua in recgaaphic
nfamtion Systtmi CaIS) hct Cyeates aSuunoUnding
aHCa aound a featuxe bH set of featuncs.
Puxpose.
-Prakimiy andysis.
Spcttalaclationshits fdenification
Aea of iafluoMte dotcIminctlan
Disicunce hased analysis
SpatHal Jbin pxepauation
yes of Buffens
L Exed Distance Buffex
2 Vaniable Distante Buffe
MulHple Ring Bufkn
Applicatons
Eninonmeatal impact aSsesmen t
Emaqency espanse planning
THanspaxtatian planning
Uxban planning
NcauHl HesaLLHe mnagemeat
Stte seleetion analysis
Noise pallukion Cnalysis.
- Elood tisk assesmemt

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lL Explcín. eALOHS_în cIS dat

rISdct etOS can
sigailcantly impact analgsls sesulls.
decision making cancd mupping accuact

L. Posiiona] eaxOMS. LnaccuIate spcLHal loca tions

2AHaibute E10HS Tacasyect 04 missing nan spcaticd dcua
Tenoxal ExxanA Time -helcued inaclHCACies.
DCuta eHHOHs.

. Data collecHon Ncthods aPSSuHVeying oH eNOE SeAASI

Limitations.
2.Data caneHson & FoHMa changes an data ta nsfen issues
Dato entny mistakes an ia coxyect eiHng
4.Scae and Resoluion Insuiciea data detcfl

Positional eHnoH
-Sputial Shilt
-Scale
Rotatton erOH
Atibute etOt
pata eniHy eHMoL
- Data fonmat eHHOh.
F Hissing data.
Tempoxal
Time Staimp eHNDNS.
Data pdele
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124What ane the advantages ond Limitation ot Hast and
Veckon data mnodol

Rastey Data Model

Advantages
Eicid Stoxage and puocessing b lange dalasels.
Suitable fox oninuous dala.
Easy to perlom spokial inalysis
Sup~oxts muiti band and hynspeclnal data
Campakible with Hemake sensing and aenial phalagcphy
Limitcions.
-Limited spatial dua to fixel size
Diiculty in Hepaeseating complex qcomekuy
Data qenealiz aHonand loss_Öf delil.
Nat Suitable fo dis cHke deta

Vectox Dctta Modol

Advantages
- Hiah spctial 0cCuHY Qnd piecisian
- Ciems HepHesemtaHon of disate data
Sppats camplex Jenmtag and tapalagy.
-Easy to edit and updae fndividual PeatoeS
-Suiable fas rIS analyais
Limitctions
Complex data Sbxutuxe and sioxage Hequiuemeuds.
- Diulky in ueacseating Contínuous data.
-Coutakione) inkaasily Fox lange dataseks.
Requizes Specialized soltwcne and expexkíse
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L3.Enlist_vaious
in detaiL
aIS dn RS packayes Cnd cxplain anyone.

IS packages
Anc rJS
CRASS CrIS.
aagle Ecuth Engine
Hap info
Aulodesk Ciri 3D
Bemtly sustat.
RS packeqed
- ERDAS Tmugine
ENVIL IOL
AAcCrIS
nagle ech enqine.
SpemtiaelAppliccukion platloHnM.
- NASA'S MEASÜRES.

AHc IS
Axc rIs is a campxeheasine crIs salticce developed by
ESRT CEnvixonmeata syshtms Resecanch Institute)
key fecatuwies
-Hazping Cind visualization.
-SpcLHaJ analysis
-DBa manaacmeat
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[diLing_ and cueation

3D analysi.
Netwak
onalysis
aeocoding
Componends
AncHap
AncCatalag
Aac Taol box
Anc Se ene
-Anc calobe.

J4. List Qut Vayious SouHCes of crIS SPakial data fHom

in tenet.

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IS.Lxpla°n the paDCeoune of Geo-nefeH encing fn any

CrISSoll wane.
Cren-teleyemcing is the puDCeSS of assignning spcatial
Cooxdinalestoo Haslot îmage 0 mapcllosingit to be
inieguatd with othex ge0S pakial deta.
reo - Hefereacing pHOCedwie in cIS softwaHe.

Using AgIS E
OpemAHcHap and add the naster image QH map
click (reonelexemcing in the 'Raskn' men.
Select he co0dinateSystemm amd datum
-Choose the geo- Helenerncing mith0d
Manual
AutomcHC.
Tleniky ContAol Paints CKnouun Locationslon the image
hen he y co0sdiaakes fos each Contal Potnt.
Adjust the tansfomakion tPe
Appy he gen Hefeueancing tuansfoumation.

k.DeSCHbe the applicahon of rIS fa Aood hazand

managememt uith suitahle example
GIS APplicatiOns.

- Flood HiskAssesmeat
- Flood mappiny
-Elaod Vulnexahilis Anasis.
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Emengemcy Response planning

Damage Assesment
Eleod miligcationplanning
Elnod is k_Assessment.
anulysis olainlall soil yre gnd lund ssc LO
ldentis lbod Pone aHeas.

Elood mnapping-
FCaeaion oi Aload meps usfng LiDAR deua cnd hydsolag
modoling
Elood Vulnexahi lity Analysis.
Integuation of Socio-ecanomic dao(population
densikyînfnastuuctune) wfth lood mops.
Emegeny Response planníng
CrIS hased evacuction outing and shel tr locatio
optimizaion.

Recl w0xld example.

The ciy
ait of Hrustan's Elood plcin Mancgennet pogaA
LHlizes
1. Tdeniy plo0d -PAone cieas.
perelap Llnod miiqoHon Stadegics
K Updoak Plood maps
H. Educate the public
t What ae the impaxt Campunens Of 1SRO Bhuvcn aeo

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ISRO Bhuvan ís a geo:postcl developecd hy Inlia spuc.

Reseauch Qnganisution (ISRO)t0piovidesalclic based
inloxmalion_ cand senvices,
Tmpoxdant componsnds
Sclellee Imagety
High esolution sclellt Imagery (s.3-6m)fnom Indian
RemoBe Semsing (IRS) Sa ellitcs.

ThemakiC layons.
layens
Pae-delind layens fou yaiousthsrmes
3D visullzation.
CupabiliH fo utban cuteCLS and leonaln
Mcy SeHvices.
aeb mapping seH0CES foA Înkequcion wita then applicclion
Geocoding
Adness seanch and geocodlng capabilities.
Rauting and Ncigatioa
Dineckianal souting cad NcwigaHon koals
Data Dauonlagd.
- OpHan ko dauonlnad satelitt. data dnd Haemahc
Jayess

18. What cne the diPeeat file foMats used to

HOsLeA Cnd Vectoy data
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FTlefomalslor Rasto und vcclon pala.

Raston Detla foumals.

L1agcd Image Cile loumeit )

IIFF_L1gcd
rcoIIIE

PNa.

ER DAS_imaqine
ASCIL Crid.
Ne coE
Vcctot Dala fomcls.

-Shapc/ile
ESRI r eodalabasc
KMI CKyhal. Mackup longuaqc)
KMZ (CompHesed KL )
(reoJsoN
MI
AutoDesk DWa
Maptalo tah.

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