Formula Sheet for Cosmology

𝑐 = 3.00 × 10! m s "# 𝐺 = 6.67 × 10"## m$ kg "# s "%

$'
1 𝑀⨀ = 2 × 10 kg 1 𝐿⨀ = 3.9 × 10%( W
1 pc = 3.09 × 10#( m
Constants 1 Gyr = 3.16 × 10#( s
𝐻' = 70 km s Mpc "# = 2.27 × 10"#! s "# = 0.0716 Gyr "#
"#

1/𝐻' = 4.41 × 10#) s = 14.0 Gyr (for 𝐻' = 70)

𝑐/𝐻' = 1.32 × 10%( m = 4.28 Gpc (for 𝐻' = 70)
% % % %
𝑑𝑟 %
FRW metric 𝑑𝑠 = −𝑐 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑎(𝑡) I + 𝑟 % (𝑑𝜃 % + sin% 𝜃 𝑑𝜙 % )P
1 − 𝐾𝑟 %
𝑎(𝑡) 𝑑𝑟
Light travel 𝑑𝑠 = 0 → 𝑐 𝑑𝑡 = ±
√1 − 𝐾𝑟 %
𝑧 = 𝜆*+, /𝜆-. − 1
Redshifting
𝑎-. = 1/(1 + 𝑧)
𝑣 = 𝐻' 𝑑
Hubble parameter
𝐻 = 𝑎̇ /𝑎
# #
𝑑𝑎 𝑑𝑎′
Age of Universe 𝑡/0- = X 𝑡1**2+/32 (𝑎) = X
' 𝑎 𝐻(𝑎) 4 𝑎′ 𝐻(𝑎′)

9 𝑎(𝑡) sin"# (𝑟[𝐾)/√𝐾 (𝐾 > 0)

𝑑𝑟 8
𝐷567, = 𝑎(𝑡) X = \𝑎 (𝑡) 𝑟 (𝐾 = 0)
' [1 − 𝐾𝑟 8 %
Distances 𝑎(𝑡) sinh"# (𝑟[𝐾)/√𝐾 (𝐾 < 0)
𝐷: = 𝑊/∆𝜃 = 𝑎(𝑡;< ) 𝑟 = 𝑟/(1 + 𝑧)
𝐷= = [𝐿/4𝜋𝑓 = 𝑟/𝑎(𝑡;< ) = 𝑟 (1 + 𝑧)
Distance modulus 𝜇 = 5 log#' 𝐷= (Mpc) − 25
4𝜋𝑟 % 𝑑𝑟
Volume element 𝑑𝑉 =
√1 − 𝐾𝑟 %
?
𝑑𝑡′
Particle horizon 𝐷> (𝑡) = 𝑐 𝑎(𝑡) X 8
' 𝑎(𝑡 )
%
𝑎̇ 8𝜋𝐺𝜌(𝑡) 𝐾𝑐 % Λ𝑐 %
n o = − % +
𝑎 3 𝑎 3
Matter: 𝜌< (𝑡) = 𝜌<,' /𝑎$
Radiation: 𝜌9 (𝑡) = 𝜌9,' /𝑎A
Cosmological constant: 𝜌B (𝑡) = constant
3𝐻' %
𝜌C9D? = = 9.20 × 10"%) kg m"$ (for 𝐻' = 70)
Friedmann equation 8𝜋𝐺
Density parameters: Ω = 𝜌/𝜌C9D?
1 𝑎̇ % Ω9 Ω< ΩE
n o = A + $ + % + ΩB
𝐻' % 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
%
8𝜋𝐺𝜌< 𝐾𝑐 Λ𝑐 %
Ω< = ΩE = − % ΩB =
3𝐻' % 𝐻' 3𝐻' %
Ω9 + Ω< + ΩE + ΩB = 1
 %/$
⎧𝑡 (matter dominated)
⎪𝑡 #/% (radiation dominated)
Solutions 𝑎(𝑡) ∝
⎨𝑡 (empty Universe)
⎪ 𝑒 G? (Λ dominated)
⎩
𝑑𝜌 𝑃
Energy equation + 3𝐻 n𝜌 + % o = 0
𝑑𝑡 𝑐
𝑃 = 𝑤𝜌𝑐 %
0 (matter)
1
Equation of state 𝑤=\ (radiation)
3
−1 (Λ)
"$(#IJ)
𝜌(𝑡) ∝ 𝑎
Acceleration 𝑎̈ 4𝜋𝐺 3𝑃 4𝜋𝐺𝜌
=− n𝜌 + % o = − (1 + 3𝑤)
equation 𝑎 3 𝑐 3
𝑇(𝑧) = (2.73 K) (1 + 𝑧)
4𝜎
Energy density of radiation 𝑈9 = n o 𝑇 A
𝑐
𝜎 = Stefan Boltzmann constant = 5.67 × 10"! W m"% K "A
Average energy of photon = 2.71 𝑘L 𝑇
CMB temperature Baryon to photon ratio 𝜂 = 6.68 × 10"#' (for ΩM = 0.05)
1−𝑥 𝑛M ℎ$
Saha equation: = 𝑒 N!"#$ /O% P
𝑥% (2𝜋𝑚; 𝑘L 𝑇)$/%
1
Mean free path =
𝑛; 𝜎P
𝜎P = Thomson cross section = 6.65 × 10"%Q m%
𝑘L 𝑇
Jeans length 𝐿R = “
𝐺𝜌< 𝑚S
Spherical collapse Jeans mass 𝑀R = 𝜌𝐿R $
1
Collapse time 𝑡T ~
[𝐺𝜌<