Name ______________________________ Class___________________Date__________________

Cell Structure and Function

Study Guide B
Answer Key
4. stores most of the genetic information of a
SECTION 1. CELL THEORY
cell; contains the nucleolus, where
1. first to identify cells and name them
ribosomes are assembled
2. observed live cells and observed greater
5. endoplasmic reticulum
detail
6. link amino acids together to form proteins
3. concluded that plants are made of cells
7. processes, sorts, and delivers proteins
4. concluded that animals and, in fact, all
8. vesicles
living things are made of cells
9. supply energy to the cell by converting
5. proposed that all cells come from other cells
molecules from food into usable energy
6. All organisms are made of cells. All existing
10. stores materials needed by a cell; may help
cells are produced by other living cells. The
provide support to plant cells
cell is the most basic unit of life.
11. contains enzymes that break down damaged
7. Answers will vary. Sample answer: Cell
and worn-out cell parts; defends a cell from
theory is one of the great unifying theories
invaders
of biology. Cell theory helped people
12. organizes microtubules to form cilia and
understand that life didn’t arise from
flagella for cell motion or the movement of
nonliving sources.
fluids past a cell
Y diagram: Eukaryotic cells—surrounded
13. The cell walls are strong and rigid and
by a cell membrane; contains cytoplasm;
adhere to each other, which helps to support
contains a nucleus; contains membrane-
the entire plant.
bound organelles; tends to be microscopic in
14. All cells are surrounded by a cell membrane
size; eukaryotic organisms may be single-
that is flexible and interacts with the
celled or multicellular; Prokaryotic cells—
environment. Only certain cells have a cell
surrounded by a cell membrane; contains
wall, which is rigid and provides shape and
cytoplasm; tends to be microscopic in size;
support to cells.
prokaryotic organisms are single-celled;
15. They enable plants to convert solar energy
Both—surrounded by a cell membrane;
into energy-rich molecules that cells
contains cytoplasm; tends to be microscopic
can use.
in size.
16. endoplasmic reticulum
8. a jellylike substance that contains dissolved
17. mitochondrion
molecular building blocks and, in some
types of cells, organelles SECTION 3. CELL MEMBRANE
9. in the cytoplasm 1. Student should draw and label: phosphate
10. cell theory group; glycerol; fatty acid.
11. prokaryotic cells 2. the charged phosphate and glycerol
3. the fatty acid tails
SECTION 2. CELL ORGANELLES
4. polar
1. The cytoskeleton supports and shapes the
5. outside the cell because of the extracellular
cell, positions and transports organelles,
fluid and inside the cell because of the
provides strength, assists in cell division,
cytoplasm
and aids cell movement.
6. The polar heads interact with the watery
2. The cytoskeleton supports and shapes
environments both inside and outside the
the cell.
cell. The nonpolar tails interact with each
3. The cytoskeleton helps the cell move.
other inside the membrane.

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Holt McDougal Biology i Cell Structure and Function

Study Guide B
Name ______________________________ Class___________________Date__________________

Study Guide B continued

7. strengthen the cell membrane 14. Just as a hyper person has a higher level of
8. help materials cross the membrane, part of energy than most people, a hypertonic
the cytoskeleton solution has a higher level of solutes than
9. help identify cell types the solution it is being compared to.
10. The phospholipids in each layer can move 15. The transport protein makes it easier for a
from side to side and slide past each other. molecule that cannot directly cross the cell
11. Refer to Figure 3.2 for visual answer. membrane to enter or exit a cell.
12. receptor
13. ligand SECTION 5. ACTIVE TRANSPORT,
14. intracellular ENDOCYTOSIS, AND EXOCYTOSIS
15. membrane, changes 1. Active transport is the movement of
16. The fluid mosaic model is a description of molecules against a concentration gradient,
the arrangement of the molecules that make whereas any type of diffusion is the
up a cell membrane. It emphasizes both the movement of molecules down a
fluidity of the membrane and the variety of concentration gradient.
molecules that make up the membrane. 2. Both involve the movement of molecules
17. selective permeability through selective membrane proteins.
3. All transport proteins span the membrane,
SECTION 4. DIFFUSION AND and most change shape when they bind to a
OSMOSIS target molecule or molecules.
1. the difference in the concentration of a 4. Active transport proteins use chemical
substance from one location to another energy to move a substance against its
2. The molecule diffuses from an area of concentration gradient.
higher concentration into an area of lower 5. Refer to Figure 5.1 for visual answer.
concentration. 6. ATP
3. diffusion 7. vesicles
4. osmosis 8. lysosomal enzymes
5. the movement of molecules down a Y diagram: Endocytosis—uses energy,
concentration gradient takes substances into a cell, moves
6. the natural motion of particles substances in vesicles; Exocytosis—uses
7. energy from the cell energy, releases substances outside a cell,
8. lower moves substances in vesicles; Both—use
9. hypertonic energy, move substances in vesicles.
10. hypotonic 9. phagocytosis
11. It occurs through selective transport 10. Exocytosis is a process that releases
proteins, not simply across the membrane. substances outside a cell. Endocytosis is a
12. down a concentration gradient process that takes substances into a cell.
13. concentration gradient 11. active transport

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Holt McDougal Biology ii Cell Structure and Function

Study Guide B
Name ______________________________ Class___________________Date__________________
Section 1: Cell Theory

Study Guide B
KEY CONCEPT
Cells are the basic unit of life.

VOCABULARY

cell theory organelle eukaryotic cell

cytoplasm prokaryotic cell

MAIN IDEA: Early studies led to the development of the cell theory.
In a phrase, tell what each scientist did to help develop the cell theory.

Scientist Contribution to Cell Theory

1. Hooke

2. Leeuwenhoek

3. Schleiden

4. Schwann

5. Virchow

6. What are the three parts of the cell theory?

_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
7. Give two reasons why the cell theory is important.
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Holt McDougal Biology 1 Cell Structure and Function

Study Guide B Section 1: Cell Theory
Name ______________________________ Class___________________Date__________________

Study Guide B continued

MAIN IDEA: Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and most internal structures of
eukaryotic cells.
In the top left side of the Y shape below, write the characteristics of eukaryotic
cells. In the top right side of the Y shape below, write the characteristics of
prokaryotic cells. At the bottom of the Y shape below, write the characteristics that
both kinds of cells have in common. Then lightly cross out those characteristics at
the top of the Y.

Eukaryotic cells Prokaryotic cells

Both

Vocabulary Check
8. What is cytoplasm?
_______________________________________________________________
9. Where do you find organelles?
_______________________________________________________________
10. What statements summarize scientists’ concepts of cells?
_______________________________________________________________
11. Which type of cells have no nucleus?
_______________________________________________________________

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Holt McDougal Biology 2 Cell Structure and Function

Study Guide B Section 1: Cell Theory
Name ______________________________ Class___________________Date__________________
Section 2: Cell Organelles

Study Guide B
KEY CONCEPT
Eukaryotic cells share many similarities.

VOCABULARY

cytoskeleton Golgi apparatus lysosome

nucleus vesicle centriole
endoplasmic reticulum mitochondrion cell wall
ribosome vacuole chloroplast

MAIN IDEA: Cells have an internal structure.

1. Look at Figure 2.1 in your textbook. What are the functions of a cytoskeleton?
_______________________________________________________________
2. How is a cytoskeleton like your skeleton?
_______________________________________________________________
3. How is a cytoskeleton like your muscles?
_______________________________________________________________

MAIN IDEA: Several organelles are involved in making and processing proteins.
Write either the function or the name of each organelle. Draw a sketch to help you
remember it.

Organelle Function Sketch

4. nucleus

5. helps in the production of

proteins and lipids
6. ribosomes

7. Golgi apparatus

8. carries certain molecules

from place to place within
a cell

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Holt McDougal Biology 3 Cell Structure and Function

Study Guide B Section 2: Cell Organelles
Name ______________________________ Class___________________Date__________________

Study Guide B continued

MAIN IDEA: Other organelles have various functions.

Write the function of each organelle. Draw a sketch to help you remember it.

Organelle Function Sketch

9. mitochondrion

10. vacuole

11. lysosome

12. centriole

MAIN IDEA: Plant cells have cell walls and chloroplasts.

13. What role do cell walls play in a plant?
_______________________________________________________________
14. What is the difference between a cell wall and a cell membrane?
_______________________________________________________________
15. Why are chloroplasts important?
_______________________________________________________________

Vocabulary Check
16. Which cell part is a maze of folded membranes where proteins and lipids are
produced?
_______________________________________________________________
17. Which cell part converts food into energy that is usable by a cell?
_______________________________________________________________

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Holt McDougal Biology 4 Cell Structure and Function

Study Guide B Section 2: Cell Organelles
Name ______________________________ Class___________________Date__________________
Section 3: Cell Membrane

Study Guide B
KEY CONCEPT
The cell membrane is a barrier that separates a cell from the external environment.

VOCABULARY

cell membrane selective permeability phospholipid

receptor fluid mosaic model

MAIN IDEA: Cell membranes are composed of two phospholipid layers.

1. Draw a phospholipid in the box below. Label the three major parts.

2. Which part of a phospholipid is charged, or polar?

_______________________________________________________________
3. Which part of a phospholipid is nonpolar?
_______________________________________________________________
4. What type of molecules interact with water, polar or nonpolar?
_______________________________________________________________
5. Where does a cell membrane come into contact with water?
_______________________________________________________________
6. Why do the phospholipids surrounding the cell form a bilayer?
_______________________________________________________________

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Holt McDougal Biology 5 Cell Structure and Function

Study Guide B Section 3: Cell Membrane
Name ______________________________ Class___________________Date__________________

Study Guide B continued

A cell membrane has other types of molecules embedded in the phospholipid

bilayer. List a function of each type of molecule in the table below.

Molecule Function
7. Cholesterol
8. Proteins
9. Carbohydrates

10. In what way is a membrane fluid?

_______________________________________________________________

11. Draw a picture in the box below to represent selective permeability.

outside inside

MAIN IDEA: Chemical signals are transmitted across the cell membrane.
12. A ________________ detects a signal molecule and carries out an action in
response.
13. A ________________ is a molecule that acts as a signal when it binds to
a receptor.
14. A ligand that can cross the cell membrane can bind to an ________________
receptor.
15. A ligand that cannot cross the cell membrane can send a message to a cell by
binding to a _____________ receptor, which then _____________ shape.

Vocabulary Check
16. What is the fluid mosaic model?
_______________________________________________________________
17. The cell membrane allows some, but not all, molecules to cross. What term
describes this property?
_______________________________________________________________
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Holt McDougal Biology 6 Cell Structure and Function

Study Guide B Section 3: Cell Membrane
Name ______________________________ Class___________________Date__________________
Section 4: Diffusion and Osmosis

Study Guide B
KEY CONCEPT
Materials move across membranes because of concentration differences.

VOCABULARY

passive transport osmosis hypotonic

diffusion isotonic facilitated diffusion
concentration gradient hypertonic

MAIN IDEA: Diffusion and osmosis are types of passive transport.

1. What is a concentration gradient?
_______________________________________________________________
2. What does it mean for a molecule to diffuse down a concentration gradient?
_______________________________________________________________

Complete the concept map below about passive transport.

Passive transport requires no 7.

example example
3.
4.

is gets energy from is

the diffusion
5. 6.
of water

8. The higher the concentration of dissolved particles in a solution, the

_______________ the concentration of water molecules in that solution.

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Holt McDougal Biology 7 Cell Structure and Function

Study Guide B Section 4: Diffusion and Osmosis
Name ______________________________ Class___________________Date__________________

Study Guide B continued

Suppose you have three solutions with different concentrations of particles.

Relative to the concentration of particles in a cell, one solution is isotonic, one is
hypertonic, and one is hypotonic. Use this information to answer the next two
questions.
9. Which solution has the highest concentration of particles?
_______________________________________________________________
10. Which solution has the highest concentration of water molecules?
_______________________________________________________________

MAIN IDEA: Some molecules diffuse through transport proteins.

11. How does facilitated diffusion differ from simple diffusion?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
12. In facilitated diffusion, do molecules move down a concentration gradient or
against a concentration gradient?
_______________________________________________________________

Vocabulary Check
13. The difference in the concentration of a substance from one location to
another is a _________.
14. People with excess energy are described as hyper. How does this relate to the
meaning of hypertonic?
_______________________________________________________________
15. The word facilitate means “to make easier.” How does this meaning apply to
facilitated diffusion?
_______________________________________________________________

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Holt McDougal Biology 8 Cell Structure and Function

Study Guide B Section 4: Diffusion and Osmosis
Name ______________________________ Class___________________Date__________________
Section 5: Active Transport, Endocytosis, and Exocytosis

Study Guide B
KEY CONCEPT
Cells use energy to transport materials that cannot diffuse across a membrane.

VOCABULARY

active transport phagocytosis

endocytosis exocytosis

MAIN IDEA: Proteins can transport materials against a concentration gradient.

1. How is active transport different than simple diffusion and facilitated
diffusion?
_______________________________________________________________
2. How is active transport similar to facilitated diffusion?
_______________________________________________________________
3. List two characteristics that almost all transport proteins share.
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
4. List the key distinguishing feature of active transport proteins.
_______________________________________________________________
5. Refer to Figure 5.1 to draw a picture in the box below to represent active
transport.
outside inside

6. Most active transport proteins use energy from the breakdown of __________.

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Holt McDougal Biology 9 Cell Structure and Function

Study Guide B Section 5: Active Transport, Endocytosis, and Exocytosis
Name ______________________________ Class___________________Date__________________

Study Guide B continued

MAIN IDEA: Endocytosis and exocytosis transport materials across the

membrane in vesicles.
7. A cell may transport a substance in __________ if the substance is too large to
cross the membrane.
8. During endocytosis, the vesicle membrane fuses with a lysosome, and the
membrane and its contents are broken down by __________.

Complete the Y diagram below to compare and contrast the processes of

endocytosis and exocytosis. Under the heading “endocytosis,” list the
characteristics of endocytosis. Under the heading “exocytosis,” list the
characteristics of exocytosis. At the bottom of the Y, write the characteristics that
both processes have in common. Then lightly cross out those characteristics at
the top of the Y.

Endocytosis Exocytosis

Both

Vocabulary Check
9. What term means “cell eating” and describes a type of endocytosis?
_______________________________________________________________
10. The prefix exo- means “out of,” and the prefix endo- means “taking in.” How
do these meanings relate to the meaning of exocytosis and endocytosis?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
11. What process drives molecules across a membrane against a concentration
gradient?
_______________________________________________________________
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Holt McDougal Biology 10 Cell Structure and Function

Study Guide B Section 5: Active Transport, Endocytosis, and Exocytosis