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Olaf Schulz

Using SAP
®

An Introduction for Beginners and Business Users

Dear Reader,

The SAP landscape is broad and vast, and each successful go-live and employment
offer letter creates new beginning SAP users. So if you’ve ever felt tired of opaque,
confusing instructions, or wondered whether technical literature is actually written
in secret code, you’re not alone.

This book is your easy-to-follow guide to using SAP, from log-on to log-off. You can
leave your decoder ring and cipher at home, and instead rely on SAP codebreaker
Olaf Schulz for the tools you need to navigate otherwise puzzling SAP systems. His
simple explanations and screenshots will provide you with the smoothest software
guidance you’ve ever had, so you can move from feeling like an SAP newbie to
operating like an SAP pro.

As always, we appreciate your feedback. What did you think about Using SAP? Your
comments and suggestions are the most useful tools to help us make our books the
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The Library of Congress has cataloged the printed edition as follows:

Names: Schulz, Olaf, author.
Title: Using SAP : An introduction for beginners and business users / Olaf Schulz.
Other titles: SAP-Grundkurs für Einsteiger und Anwender. English
Description: 3rd edition. | Bonn ; Boston : Rheinwerk Publishing, 2016. |
Translation of: SAP-Grundkurs für Einsteiger und Anwender.
Identifiers: LCCN 2016051694 | ISBN 9781493214044 (alk. paper)
Subjects: LCSH: SAP ERP. | Integrated software. | Business--Data processing.
Classification: LCC QA76.76.I57 S3813 20164 | DDC 650.0285--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016051694

ISBN 978-1-4932-1404-4 (print)

ISBN 978-1-4932-1405-1 (e-book)
ISBN 978-1-4932-1406-8 (print and e-book)

© 2017 by Rheinwerk Publishing, Inc., Boston (MA)

3rd edition 2017
3rd German edition published 2016 by Rheinwerk Verlag, Bonn, Germany
Contents 1
2
About This Book ........................................................................................ 13
3

Part I The SAP Enterprise 4

5
1 Brief History of the SAP Enterprise .......................... 21
1.1 Getting Started: From Realtime Financials to SAP R/3 .................. 21 6
1.2 SAP from the Turn of the Millennium to the Present ..................... 24
7

2 How Does SAP Software Work? ................................ 27 8

2.1 What Is Standard Software? .......................................................... 27
9
2.2 Adapting the SAP System to an Enterprise .................................... 28
2.3 What If the Standard Isn’t Sufficient? ........................................... 30 10
2.4 Orientation toward the Process ..................................................... 30
2.5 Real Time ....................................................................................... 31 11
2.6 Central Data: Decentralized Processing ......................................... 32
12
3 Overview of the Most Critical SAP Products ....... 35 13
3.1 Complete Package: SAP Business Suite ......................................... 35
14
3.2 The Central Component: SAP ERP ................................................. 36
3.3 Maintaining Customer Relationships: SAP Customer 15
Relationship Management ............................................................. 42
3.4 Optimizing Supplier Relationships: SAP Supplier Relationship 16
Management ................................................................................. 43
3.5 The Entire Lifecycle of a Product: SAP Product Lifecycle
17
Management ................................................................................. 44 18
3.6 For all Supply Chain Elements: SAP Supply Chain Management ... 45
3.7 Industry Solutions ......................................................................... 47 19
3.8 Special Software for Medium-Sized Enterprises ............................ 48
3.9 The Next Software Generation: SAP S/4HANA .............................. 49 20
3.10 The Technical Basis: SAP NetWeaver ............................................. 50
21
22
23
24

7
Contents

Part II Basic Principles of System Operation

4 Organizational Structures and Master Data ........ 55

4.1 Organizational Structures .............................................................. 55
4.2 Master Data .................................................................................. 62
4.3 Try It! ............................................................................................ 68

5 Logging On to the SAP System ................................... 71

5.1 SAP Logon ..................................................................................... 71
5.2 Logging On for the First Time ....................................................... 74
5.3 Logging On to the System ............................................................. 77
5.4 The SAP Graphical User Interface .................................................. 77
5.5 Logging Off the SAP System .......................................................... 83
5.6 Try It! ............................................................................................ 84

6 Navigating in the SAP System ..................................... 87

6.1 Overview of the Navigation Options ............................................. 87
6.2 Navigating via the SAP Easy Access Menu .................................... 89
6.3 Navigating via Transaction Codes .................................................. 90
6.4 Entering Data in the SAP System .................................................. 94
6.5 Input Help ..................................................................................... 99
6.6 Working with Sessions .................................................................. 100
6.7 Try It! ............................................................................................ 102

7 Maintaining the System Layout and

User Data ................................................................................ 103
7.1 Creating Links on the Desktop ...................................................... 103
7.2 Maintaining Your Own User Data ................................................. 104
7.3 Creating Favorites ......................................................................... 108
7.4 Prepopulating Parameters for Fields .............................................. 113
7.5 Holding, Setting, and Deleting Data ............................................. 116
7.6 Adapting the User Interface .......................................................... 118
7.7 Try It! ............................................................................................ 120

8 Creating Evaluations and Reports ............................. 121

8.1 Using Standard Reports in the SAP System ................................... 121
8.2 Finding Standard Reports .............................................................. 125

8
 Contents

8.3 Exporting Lists to Microsoft Excel ................................................. 128

8.4 Using Variants ............................................................................... 130
1
8.5 Other Reporting Options in SAP ERP ............................................ 131 2
8.6 Try It! ............................................................................................. 133
3
9 Printing .................................................................................... 135
4
9.1 Overview of the Print Functions .................................................... 135
9.2 Using Spool Requests .................................................................... 137 5
9.3 Changing the Default Printer ......................................................... 142
9.4 Creating Screenshots ..................................................................... 143 6
9.5 Try It! ............................................................................................. 144
7

10 Automating Tasks .............................................................. 145 8

10.1 Background Jobs ........................................................................... 145 9
10.2 Batch Processing (Batch Input) ...................................................... 158
10.3 Try It! ............................................................................................. 166 10
11
11 Working with Messages and Business
Workplace .............................................................................. 167 12
11.1 Overview of the Business Workplace ............................................ 167
11.2 Sending Short Messages ............................................................... 169
13
11.3 SAP Business Workflow ................................................................. 172 14
11.4 Folders .......................................................................................... 173
11.5 Office Organization ....................................................................... 174 15
11.6 Try It! ............................................................................................. 177
16
12 Electronic Data Interchange ........................................ 179 17
12.1 Overview of the Electronic Data Interchange Process ................... 179
12.2 Electronic Data Interchange in Practice ......................................... 181
18
12.3 Try It! ............................................................................................. 182
19

13 Using Help Functions ....................................................... 183 20

13.1 Field Helps and Search Windows .................................................. 183 21
13.2 The Help Menu .............................................................................. 186
13.3 Customizing the Help .................................................................... 191 22
13.4 Try It! ............................................................................................. 193
23
24

9
Contents

14 The Role and Authorization Concept ....................... 195

14.1 Authorizations ............................................................................... 195
14.2 Roles ............................................................................................. 196
14.3 Try It! ............................................................................................ 198

Part III Most Important Processes in the SAP System

15 Materials Management ................................................... 201

15.1 Materials Management Tasks ........................................................ 201
15.2 Organizational Structures .............................................................. 205
15.3 Master Data .................................................................................. 206
15.4 Purchase Order .............................................................................. 219
15.5 Inventory Management ................................................................. 223
15.6 Invoice Verification ........................................................................ 226
15.7 Automatic Material Requirements Planning .................................. 231
15.8 Standard Reporting ....................................................................... 232

16 Sales and Distribution ..................................................... 235

16.1 Sales and Distribution Tasks ......................................................... 235
16.2 Organizational Structures .............................................................. 237
16.3 Master Data .................................................................................. 238
16.4 Sales Order Processing .................................................................. 245
16.5 Availability Check .......................................................................... 251
16.6 Complaint Processing (Returns) .................................................... 252
16.7 Standard Reporting ....................................................................... 254

17 SAP ERP Financials ............................................................ 257

17.1 Financial Accounting Tasks ............................................................ 257
17.2 Organizational Structures .............................................................. 261
17.3 Creating the Financial Statement and Profit and
Loss Statement .............................................................................. 263
17.4 Processing Vendor Invoices ........................................................... 267
17.5 Processing Customer Invoices ....................................................... 277
17.6 Evaluation ..................................................................................... 282

10
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 Contents

18 Controlling .............................................................................. 287

1
18.1 Controlling Tasks ........................................................................... 287
18.2 Organizational Structures .............................................................. 292 2
18.3 Overhead Cost Controlling ............................................................ 293
18.4 Product Cost Controlling ............................................................... 299 3
18.5 Profitability Analysis ...................................................................... 303
4
18.6 Evaluations .................................................................................... 307
5
19 Human Resources ............................................................... 309
6
19.1 Tasks in Human Resources ............................................................ 309
19.2 Organizational Management ......................................................... 311 7
19.3 Recruitment ................................................................................... 314
19.4 Personnel Administration .............................................................. 318 8
19.5 Talent Management ...................................................................... 321
9
19.6 Time Management ......................................................................... 322
19.7 Payroll ........................................................................................... 324 10
19.8 Standard Reporting ....................................................................... 326
11
20 Case Study .............................................................................. 329 12
20.1 The Sample Business ..................................................................... 331
20.2 The Enterprise Structure ................................................................ 331 13
20.3 Creating a Material Master Record ................................................ 333
14
20.4 Creating Vendor Master Records ................................................... 335
20.5 Creating Purchasing Info Records .................................................. 336 15
20.6 Creating a Purchase Order ............................................................. 337
20.7 Receiving Goods ............................................................................ 339 16
20.8 Verifying an Invoice ....................................................................... 341
20.9 Displaying Open Items (Optional) ................................................. 342 17
20.10 Posting Outgoing Payments .......................................................... 343
18
20.11 Creating a Customer Master .......................................................... 345
20.12 Adding Sales Data to the Material Master Record ........................ 346 19
20.13 Creating Conditions ....................................................................... 348
20.14 Creating a Standard Order ............................................................. 349 20
20.15 Delivering and Issuing Goods ........................................................ 350
21
20.16 Creating an Invoice ........................................................................ 351
20.17 Posting Incoming Payments .......................................................... 352 22
23
24

11
Contents

Appendices
A Abbreviations ..................................................................................... 357
B Glossary ............................................................................................. 359
C Buttons, Key Combinations, and Function Keys .................................. 369
D The Author ......................................................................................... 375

Index ......................................................................................................... 377

Service Pages .......................................................................................... I

Legal Notes ............................................................................................ II

12
About This Book
Kapitel 0

This book is aimed at anyone who wants to become familiar with the SAP
system or get an overview of the most important functions and components.
We’ll describe the software, how you navigate in the SAP system, and which
central functions are available for the various business areas—logistics,
accounting, and human resources.

If you’re already familiar with the SAP system and want to specialize in one
of the various SAP components, or if you’re looking for detailed informa-
tion, this book is probably not the best resource for you. In this case, you
should refer to a book that deals with your specific field of interest at
www.sap-press.com.

Structure of the Book

The book is divided into 3 parts and 20 chapters:

Part I outlines the history of the SAP enterprise and provides an overview of
its products and special features.

Chapter 1, Brief History of the SAP Enterprise, describes the history of SAP
SE from its foundation to the present.

In Chapter 2, How Does SAP Software Work?, you learn how to adapt the
software to the requirements and needs of enterprises.

Chapter 3, Overview of the Most Critical SAP Products, provides an over-

view of the products of SAP Business Suite—that is, SAP ERP, SAP Supply
Chain Management (SAP SCM), SAP Product Lifecycle Management (SAP
PLM), and SAP Supplier Relationship Management (SAP SRM).

Part II forms the centerpiece of this book. It explains step by step how you
operate the SAP system.

Chapter 4, Organizational Structures and Master Data, illustrates the signifi-

cance of master data for all business processes and how you can map the
enterprise structure in SAP systems using organizational units.

13
About This Book

Chapter 5, Logging On to the SAP System, describes how you establish a

connection from a workplace computer to an SAP system.

Chapter 6, Navigating in the SAP System, discusses the navigation in the

program interface.

Chapter 7, Maintaining the System Layout and User Data, shows you how to
adapt the SAP system to your requirements.

Chapter 8, Creating Evaluations and Reports, deals with evaluating and

reporting processes. The data stored in the SAP system are often used for
evaluations, which then form the basis for the decision-making process in
the enterprise.

Chapter 9, Printing, describes the print process in the SAP system, how to
print documents, and the creation of screenshots from the SAP system.

Chapter 10, Automating Tasks, teaches you how to have the SAP system
work for you by automating tasks via batch jobs.

Chapter 11, Working with Messages and Business Workplace, shows you
how to use the SAP system to perform different office administration tasks.
The Business Workplace enables you to send messages, manage documents,
and deploy workflows.

Chapter 12, Electronic Data Exchange, explains how you can use Electronic
Data Interchange (EDI) to transfer data to other systems seamlessly.

Chapter 13, Using Help Functions, describes the different help functions:
the SAP online help, the (F1) and (F4) help, and many more.

Chapter 14, The Role and Authorization Concept, provides general informa-
tion on authorization control and the role concept in SAP ERP.

Part III of this book provides an overview of the most critical business pro-
cesses in the SAP system.

In Chapter 15, Materials Management, you learn how purchasing processes

are mapped in the Materials Management (MM) component in the SAP ERP
system. The chapter provides information on the required master data, the
organizational structures, and the procurement process, including purchase
order, goods receipt, and invoice verification.

Chapter 16, Sales and Distribution, discusses sales processes and illustrates
the sales process with the Sales and Distribution (SD) component in the SAP

14
 Working with This Book

ERP system. It introduces master data and organizational structures, as well

as sales order, goods issue, and invoicing.

Chapter 17, SAP ERP Financials, gives you an overview of the central func-
tions of the Financials (FI) component in SAP ERP. It discusses the SAP Gen-
eral Ledger, as well as accounts receivable and accounts payable.

Chapter 18, Controlling, describes the basic principles and functions of the
Controlling (CO) component in SAP ERP. This includes controlling tasks,
overhead cost controlling, product cost controlling, and profitability analysis.

Chapter 19, Human Resources, deals with the tasks and processes of human
resources (HR) in the SAP system, for example, organizational management,
recruitment, personnel administration, and time management.

The case study in Chapter 20 reinforces your understanding of the basic SAP
processes by reproducing a continuous process in the SAP system.

The Appendix of this book provides critical information for quick reference:
abbreviations, a glossary with the most important SAP concepts, and an
overview of transaction codes, menu paths, key combinations, buttons, and
function keys.

More content is available on the book’s catalog page. There you can download
solution notes for the exercises, additional information, and the overviews
from the appendix for printing. You can find documents for download under
https://www.sap-press.com/using-sap_4155/ in the Product Supplements area.

Working with This Book

You can use this book both as a general introduction and as a reference book.
Each chapter of Part II contains exercises in which you can apply what
you’ve learned. You can also carry out the exercises directly in an Internet
Demonstration and Evaluation System (IDES) training system. Allow your-
self plenty of time, and make sure that you understand all of the steps. This
way, you become acquainted with the SAP system. Remember: Never carry
out the exercises in a live SAP system; if you're unsure, ask your supervisor
or administrator.

Reading this book doesn’t require previous knowledge of SAP, just basic PC
knowledge and an understanding of the processes in business enterprises.

15
About This Book

Beginners should read the book from the beginning because the individual
chapters build on each other. Each topic provides background information
about concepts and processes. Finally, the processes in the system are
described click by click and with numerous screenshots.

SAP’s Training System

You can maximize your success with this book if you have access to an SAP
ERP test or training system. All the examples in this book are based on the
IDES system, which means that you don't have to implement Customizing
settings to reproduce examples or carry out exercises.

IDES is the SAP ERP training system where you navigate in a virtual enter-
prise. It maps an entire enterprise structure and provides master data for all
areas. SAP customers have free access to IDES.

Preparing for User Certification

You can also use this book to prepare for the SAP user certification, Founda-
tion Level – System Handling. Although it can’t completely replace classroom
training with trainer and training system, it still provides useful tips in
preparation for the test. The author has prepared courses for SAP certifica-
tions and provides you with the information necessary to help you prepare.
You can find more information about the user certification on the book’s cat-
alog page at https://www.sap-press.com/using-sap_4155/.

SAP offers different certifications for users and consultants. This book covers
the knowledge that you need for the Foundation Level – System Handling user
certification. You can find up-to-date information on this certification on the
SAP website at https://training.sap.com/shop/certification/.

Acknowledgments

It’s not easy to write a book on this kind of subject, especially because it cov-
ers such a wide range of topics, all of which are useful to readers.

16
 Acknowledgments

While writing this book, I received support from many people. First of all, I
want to thank my wife, Nicole, for her support, and Eva Tripp, editor at
SAP PRESS, for the excellent cooperation and infinite patience. My thanks
also go to Ana Carla Psenner and Anja Marxsen for their constructive
reviews of the chapters on Financial Accounting, Controlling, and Human
Resources. Thank you to my employer ABISCON GmbH in Nuremberg for
letting me use the SAP test system.

17
 Part I

The SAP Enterprise

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1 Brief History of the SAP Enterprise
Kapitel 1

SAP produces software to support the processes of businesses from different

industries and of various sizes. Since it was founded in the 1970s, SAP has
become the largest European and fourth-largest global software manufac-
turer. This chapter outlines the most critical milestones in the development
of SAP from the early stages up to today.

This chapter discusses the following:

쐍 Where SAP began
쐍 How SAP became the enterprise it is today
쐍 What the SAP R/3 and SAP ERP products are made of

1.1 Getting Started: From Realtime Financials to SAP R/3

SAP’s history begins in Weinheim, Germany, in the early 1970s. In 1972, five
former IBM employees—Hans-Werner Hektor, Dietmar Hopp, Hasso Plattner,
Klaus Tschira, and Claus Wellenreuther—founded the enterprise Systemanal-
yse und Programmentwicklung (System Analysis and Program Development),
which was later renamed Systeme, Anwendungen und Produkte in der Datenver-
arbeitung (Systems, Applications, and Products in Data Processing). In the
early stages, they programmed at their customers’ data centers because they
didn’t have their own systems yet. The very first product was created on com-
puters that belonged to their first customer, Imperial Chemical Industries
(ICI).

The Realtime Financials (RF) system was the first SAP product that supported
financial business processes. The computers of the time can’t even be com-
pared with today’s IT systems. The software was operated on large computer
systems, punch cards were used as data carriers (Figure 1.1), and memory
capacities were limited to only a few kilobytes.

21
1 Brief History of the SAP Enterprise

Figure 1.1 Former Data Carriers: Punch Cards

RF formed the basis of further software parts, called modules (components

today). Later, RF was also referred to as SAP R/1. The letter “R” stands for
real time, and even decades later, this letter is still included in the names of
SAP’s core products.
INFO

Real-Time Processing
Real-time processing means that actions (e.g., creating or changing
data records) are immediately executed in the system and have imme-
diate effect on the processes concerned.

SAP’s software had the following three features from the outset:

쐍 Real-time processing
The processing was supposed to be made in real time; that is, an input is
immediately available in the entire system.
쐍 Standard software
The software was supposed to be standardized to a large extent. In other
words, every enterprise obtains the same software, which is then custom-
ized during the implementation project.
쐍 Integration
The various modules or components are supposed to be integrated, which
means that the data from one application are also available to other appli-
cations.

22
 1.1 Getting Started: From Realtime Financials to SAP R/3

You can find more information on these properties in Chapter 3.

EXAMPLE

Integration
The settlement for a completed procurement process (the Materials
Management (MM) component in SAP ERP) is implemented in financial
accounting (the SAP ERP Financials [FI] component in SAP). In this pro-
cess, the relevant departments use the documents that were created or
stored in the SAP system during the operation.

Two years after SAP was founded, it established itself for more than 40 addi-
tional customers from different industries. SAP GmbH was founded in 1976.
In the following year, SAP relocated its headquarters from Weinheim to
Walldorf, Germany.

In 1979, SAP redesigned its applications and revised the technologies in system
and database development; these were included in the SAP R/2 system (the suc-
cessor of SAP R/1). The next leap in SAP development was the initial public
offering; in 1988, SAP GmbH became SAP AG. In 2014, it became SAP SE.

In 1991, SAP AG presented the first applications of the SAP R/3 system at the
CeBIT trade fair in Hanover, Germany. SAP R/3 is a system with new client-
server architecture and a graphical user interface. The three layers of this cli-
ent-server architecture (database layer, application layer, and presentation
layer) are represented by the figure “3” in the product name. Relational data-
bases are used internally, and the system can be used in different platforms.
Chapter 2 and Chapter 3 provide additional information about this.
NOTE

Relational Databases
Information is stored as tables for relational databases. The tables are
linked with one another so that the information doesn’t need to be
stored multiple times in the system. Connections—or relations—
emerge between the tables. Relational databases that are well-known
today include SAP MaxDB, Microsoft SQL Server, mySQL, Oracle, and
DB2 from IBM.

The client-server architecture is based on a three-layer concept that describes

the system’s technical task allocation: The presentation layer is a user PC
(frontend) in the network, on which the screens are displayed. If one user PC

23
1 Brief History of the SAP Enterprise

fails, it won’t affect the other users because the applications are “only” pre-
sented. The system’s programs and the user’s inputs are processed at the
application layer. Various user PCs are connected with a server. One or more
servers access the databases, which can be installed on separate machines.
Chapter 3 discusses the client-server principle in more detail.

The SAP R/3 system was extremely successful. The hardware required by a
client-server system was more efficient and less expensive; at the same time,
a greater number of users could work with the system. SAP R/3 consisted of
a technical basis, SAP’s “operating system” so to speak, and the applications,
which were broken down into various modules for the different enterprise
areas.

From the functional perspective, SAP R/3 provided software for all steps in
the value chain of an enterprise. The SAP software mapped these steps (i.e.,
purchase, dispatch, and invoicing) so that all essential departments of an
enterprise were now able to use the SAP system for their work: accounting,
controlling, sales and distribution, purchasing, production, stockholding,
and human resources.
INFO

Enterprise Resource Planning

An IT system that supports enterprise processes is referred to as an
enterprise resource planning (ERP) system. The goal is to use these
resources as efficiently as possible and effectively control the enter-
prise.

1.2 SAP from the Turn of the Millennium to the Present

In 2000, there were more than 10 million SAP users around the world. The
software, which covers the classic enterprise areas, is still available. In addi-
tion to that, however, the Internet era that dawned in the 1990s brought
new technologies, which involved new options for communication between
customers and enterprises, such as web sales. In addition, the cooperation of
businesses changed, and they increasingly communicated via web technolo-
gies.

24
 1.2 SAP from the Turn of the Millennium to the Present

SAP R/3 Enterprise (Release 4.7) was the last SAP system to include the real
time “R” in its name. In 2003, the product name SAP R/3 was replaced with
mySAP ERP and then SAP ERP. A stronger emphasis was placed on the pur-
pose of SAP software—enterprise resource planning.

SAP ERP 6.0 is the current release that is used in 2016 and as the basis of this
book. New functions are imported via enhancement packages (EHP). The
core of the system, however, is still composed of the applications from R/3
times; the range of products, however, contain more solutions that further
refine the functional scope of SAP ERP or offer support for processes that
aren’t covered in SAP ERP. Chapter 3 provides a more detailed description of
these solutions.

An important innovation was the implementation of SAP NetWeaver as a tech-

nology platform. Among other things, SAP NetWeaver includes those func-
tions that were previously located in SAP Basis. The keyword for SAP NetWea-
ver is integration—there is the option to access the SAP system via the Internet
to support processes using different software applications and to gather infor-
mation. You’ll find a brief overview of SAP NetWeaver in Chapter 3.

In past years, SAP has focused on expanding into new markets. Various soft-
ware products are directed toward the target group of small and medium
businesses (SMB). In addition, SAP’s acquisitions (e.g. BusinessObjects in
2007 and Sybase in 2010) have attracted attention. In this context, SAP has
focused on cloud computing, mobile business applications, and so-called in-
memory technology (described in more detail in the two subsequent chap-
ters).
INFO

SAP Figures
To illustrate SAP's market success, let's talk numbers: As of 2016, SAP
has a workforce of approximately 78,000 employees located in Ger-
many, the United States, and India. SAP is a global enterprise with
more than 310,000 customers in more than 190 countries. Its head-
quarters are still located in Walldorf, Germany (Figure 1.2).

25
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and they take their choice, and most of people choose to believe
that Hamlet was buried hereabouts, and any heap of stones with
Runic characters upon them would answer the purpose, but they
cannot find even this. Drop the letter H and we have Amlet, and that
signifies madman, and so you have the beginning of the story on
which the tragedy was founded. And the story runs in this wise in
the gossipy guide-books, so useful to travellers, and especially to
those who have to write about their travels.
According to the Danish history of old Saxo Grammaticus, Hamlet
was not the son of a Danish king, but of a famous pirate-chief, who
was governor of Jutland in conjunction with his brother. Hamlet’s
father married the daughter of the Danish king, and the issue of that
marriage was Hamlet. Hamlet’s father was subsequently murdered
by his brother, who married the widow and succeeded to the
government of the whole of Jutland. As a pagan, it was Hamlet’s
first duty to avenge his father. The better to conceal his purpose, he
feigned madness. His uncle, suspecting it to be feigned, sent him to
England, with a request to the king that he would put Hamlet to
death. He was accompanied by two creatures of his uncle, whose
letter to the English king was carved upon wood, according to the
custom of the period. This Hamlet during the voyage contrived to
get possession of, and so altered the characters as to make it a
request that his two companions should be slain, and which was
accordingly done on their arrival in England. He afterwards married
the daughter of the English king: but subsequently returning to
Jutland, and still feigning madness, contrived to surprise and slay his
uncle, after upbraiding him with his various crimes. Hamlet then
became governor of Jutland, married a second time to a queen of
Scotland, and was eventually killed in battle.
I wish we could stop at Frederiksborg, but we must come back to
it from Copenhagen. For here is the royal castle of Denmark, built in
1600, and now the repository of works of art and objects of
antiquarian interest connected with the reigning house. It was in this
castle that the unfortunate queen of Christian VII. died at the early
age of twenty-three, a broken-hearted victim of slander and
conspiracy. In one of the private rooms in which this beautiful
woman was a prisoner, she wrote with a diamond upon the window
pane this touching and self-sacrificing prayer:—
“O keep me innocent, make others great.”
The woodland scenery around the castle is charming. The Royal
Forest covers a vast extent laid out with lovely walks and drives, and
the whole island of Zealand is preserved for royal pleasures in forest
and field.
A drive through this forest brings you to the Castle of Peace, so
called because a treaty of peace was concluded in it with Sweden;
and perhaps it keeps its name the more fittingly, as the palace is
now cut up into apartments which are occupied by families, once
rich, now poor, belonging to the aristocracy. They find it very
convenient to live in a palace free of rent, and as the neighbors are
all in the same condition with themselves, they are not mortified by
the fact that they are dependents of the State. We would call such a
place the royal poor-house. In England, the splendid palace at
Hampton Court, which Cromwell built and gave to his king for fear
he would take it without, is used for decayed families of the British
aristocracy, who live genteelly in kings’ houses at very little expense.
Denmark is not one of the great countries of the earth, but very
far from being least among the kingdoms. It has a history, and a
future too, civilization, religion, science, art, and enterprise. It made
a fine show at Paris in the World’s Industrial Exhibition, and has no
reason to be ashamed of her agriculture, manufactures, and fish. I
was surprised to notice in the fields so many of the productions
common in the northern States of America. A kitchen garden looked
homelike, with its pease and beans and cabbage and potatoes and
turnips, and all the ordinary vegetables cultivated in the same way
with our own; and the crops on the broader farms, wheat and rye
and oats; so that the children, playing the games of the country and
singing as they played, were doubtless familiar with the farmers’
song,—
“Oats, pease, beans, and barley grow.”
 Let us study the history of Denmark for a moment. Time was
when Denmark was the ruling power in Scandinavia, which name
includes her and Norway and Sweden. Time was when Denmark
conquered all England, and Sweyn I., the king of Denmark, was on
the throne that the Georges and Victoria have since filled. Canute
the Great was also king of Denmark and England, and a line of kings
after him swayed the same double sceptre. This was when the
Christian era was in the 1000’s, and perhaps Denmark has never had
a more illustrious period of history than in the first part of the
eleventh century. Then England and all the north, with part of
Prussia, were under her crown.
She fell. And not by the superior prowess of any rival foreign
prince, but through the treachery and violence of one of her own
subjects. Those were turbulent times doubtless, and it is wonderful
that the mighty monarch of such a kingdom could be seized, as
Valdemar II. was (by one of his own subjects) while he and his son
were hunting in the woods, carried on board a sloop and off to a
foreign castle and immured in prison for three years. The proudest
king in Europe was thus insulted and bearded and degraded, while
Europe looked on without raising a hand to deliver him. At length
the Pope threatened, and one word from him did what the kings of
the earth could not. Valdemar was released and restored, but his
prestige was destroyed and he never recovered from the effects of
his fall. Provinces revolted and became independent. England set up
for herself again. In 1387, Queen Margaret came to the throne of
Denmark and Norway, and subdued Sweden. For a hundred years
the three Scandinavian countries were under the same government.
In 1448, the king of Denmark died, and for a whole century no male
heir was left by any sovereign for the throne. Then the German
dynasty came in, and the Duchy of Schleswig was united with
Holstein, which was annexed to Denmark under Christian I. There
begins that Schleswig-Holstein question, which bothered Europe and
has plunged the country into war even in our day. The very next
king, Christian II., lost Sweden; and then Denmark became a little
monarchy, all by itself, which you will find embracing a peninsula and
several islands on the north-west coast of Europe.
England and Denmark have been good friends notwithstanding
the unpleasant relations that once existed. Three or four times the
royal families have intermarried, and the Prince of Wales of the
present day depends far more on the popularity in England of his
Danish wife, than on any merits of his own for his future success on
the British throne. These pleasant relations were disturbed in the
early part of the present century when the British destroyed the
Danish fleet and commerce; and, since that time, Denmark has
cultivated the arts of peace, making for herself a name better than
the glory of arms or extent of territory.
Christianity fought with paganism in Denmark during the eighth
and ninth centuries; and, after a terrible struggle, triumphed over
Thor and Odin, whose superstitious power is still felt in the minds of
the more ignorant of the people. Then the Romish religion reigned,
until the Luther reformation came with healing in its beams, and
Protestantism became the religion of Denmark. The Lutheran form
of worship is established, but, under the constitution, toleration is
enjoyed.
In no one department of public interest have I been more pleased
to be disappointed, than in the general intelligence prevailing among
the people of these northern countries of Europe. They are
Protestants, and, therefore, knowledge is diffused; the people
wishing it, and the government encouraging it. No Roman Catholic
government favors free schools and the universal elevation of the
people. The Danes have a school in every parish, and every child is
obliged to go to school and learn to read and write. There are higher
grades of schools in all the towns, and two universities,—one at
Copenhagen and one at Kiel. Thus the means of education being
brought within the reach of the humblest, the whole country is
enlightened.
 A Domestic Scene in Denmark.

The women are good-looking, and in this matter there are national
peculiarities worth noticing. At a fair or public entertainment, where
men and women of the working classes are brought together in
great numbers, the women of Denmark will be pronounced above
the average for good looks, and, perhaps, the same thing would not
be said of the men.
Copenhagen is the capital of Denmark, and the capital of
Copenhagen is Thorvaldsen’s Museum. Copenhagen has other and
many attractions, but this museum is the crown and glory of
Denmark. Art has her victories, and those of war are not so enduring
in their glory as the fruits of genius and peace. Here in this ancient
and beautiful city, in 1770,—a hundred years, save one, ago,—was
born Albert Thorvaldsen, the son of an Iceland ship-carpenter. Poor,
obscure, and friendless, but inspired with the genius of his future
art, the boy made his own way to Rome. He found employment in
the studio of Canova, and his talents soon commanded respect. But
he lacked the aid of a patron and friend, and he was about to
abandon Italy in despair, when an English banker, by the auspicious
name of Hope, appreciated the artist, ordered a marble statue of
Jason, which was standing in the clay, and from that glad hour his
career was onward and brilliant, till he attained wealth and fame
unsurpassed by any sculptor of ancient or modern times. He loved
his native Scandinavian climes, and often visited the city of his birth,
which he enriched with the noblest creations of his marvellous hand.
But he dwelt in Rome, unmarried, save to his art; and when he
returned, at the age of sixty-eight, to Copenhagen, he was received
as a conqueror, was domiciled in the palace, and, six years
afterwards, died in the midst of the lamentations of the people, who
loved him and whom he loved.

Façade of the Thorvaldsen Museum, Copenhagen.

 As he made the people the heir of his glorious works—in large
part the models of the statuary he had executed for kings and
nations and wealthy individuals—it was resolved to erect a
monument to his name, which should be at once a museum of his
creations and a mausoleum for his remains. In the midst of the city,
and on an open square, a building—a vast parallelogram with a
court-yard in the centre of it—has been reared; the successive
stories filled with the productions of the genius of this one man,
including the minutest specimens, up to the model of his “Christ,”
the highest achievement of his, not to say of human, art. In the
midst of the little court-yard, surrounded on its four sides by the
walls of this museum, so that every window on the inner side looks
down into the court, there lie in solemn and sublime repose the
ashes and bones of the man who made all these things! It is silent;
but oh! how eloquent the lesson of the greatness and the vanity of
genius! It is something, it is a grand thing, to have made all these
marbles for the joy and instruction of mankind; and it is sweet to die
with the consciousness of leaving for after generations the works
that shall teach them lessons of virtue and strength and beauty. But
to die and leave them all! To lie and moulder in the midst of them!
To be rotting while even the clay that one’s fingers moulded into life-
like shapes is admired—this makes the cup of life an insipid draught,
and the wise man cries it is vanity, all vanity, after all. Yet not so vain
after all! No man liveth unto himself; and one would gladly take the
pay that a good, great man gets, who adds to the material wealth of
the world the glorious creations of art for all time to come, and then
dies in the midst of them. It is more also to be useful than to be
great; and he who lives to make others happy, though not an artist
in stone or oil, lives to a noble purpose, and his mausoleum is in the
hearts made glad by his kindness while he lived.
On the outside of this museum the walls are covered with fresco
paintings illustrating the mechanical processes by which the statuary
was brought to its place. This is the antique Grecian, and even
Egyptian, idea of celebrating an historical event. It might be called
Thorvaldsen’s triumph. Within the frieze of the grand hall is the
triumph of Alexander the Great. The Hall of Christ contains the casts
of the Saviour and all his disciples—that wondrous group which in
marble illuminates the chief church in Copenhagen. And as we
ascend from floor to floor, and pass through successive chambers—
all of them filled with the handiwork of the same great artist who
sleeps in sight of every window—one is filled with admiring awe,
while charmed with the beauty of the design and execution. Beauty
is not the word, though much here is very beautiful. Thorvaldsen
was one of the first to appreciate and encourage our own sculptor
Powers, whose works are more beautiful than the Dane’s. Strength,
majesty, power—these are the attributes that cover as with a
garment the face, the head, the limbs of the heroes whom
Thorvaldsen by his magic chisel turned into stone. The divine is
revealed in his conception of the Redeemer of men. The god-like is
in Moses and Peter and John the Baptist; and his ancient heroes are
inspired with a sentiment that is easily drawn from the mythology of
Scandinavia, in which the worship of Thor and Odin seems to be
incorporated ineffaceably.
 Portrait of Thorvaldsen. (By Horace Vernet.)

Away in the farthest corner of the museum is a collection of gems

and bronzes and vases and coins and antique sculpture, which his
taste and money had gathered in Italy. Here is the furniture of his
sitting-room as it was the day he died, and here is a cast of Luther,
which on that day of his death he had begun to work! Here are
sketches he had made with pen and pencil, the dawn of his gigantic
conceptions, afterwards made perfect in marble—now interesting as
the outlines we have of the first thoughts of Raphael and Michael
Angelo and others on their immortal works!
Never was an artist so honored by his countrymen; never was
one’s fame more precious in the memory of his fellow-men. And I
may easily convey to you an impression of the reverence in which he
is held by saying that Thorvaldsen is to-day in Denmark what in our
country is the name of Washington.
Vor Frue Kirke, the Notre Dame, the Church of our Lady, is the
royal church—the Cathedral of Copenhagen.
I worshipped there yesterday; and of all the days in the year, and
of all the churches in Europe, not one could have been selected
more crowded with interest to a traveller whose tastes flow in the
channels of religion and art.
For as I came to it there were standing on one side of the portal a
statue of David, and on the other one of Moses, in bronze, both of
them by the hand of Thorvaldsen, and sublime with the inspiration
of his power. I stood a few moments before them, and thought of
the royal poet and the inspired law-giver, and wondered at the art
which could embody and express their spirit and mission with such
silent eloquence. And then I entered the church itself, and it was all
ablaze, not with five thousand candles, as I had seen at St. Peter’s
at noonday, not with flaring gaslights, nor even the glorious sunlight
alone, but with the greatest of modern statues, the Christ in marble,
standing over the altar, and the twelve apostles, six on one hand and
six on the other, along the sides of the house (Paul being put in the
place of Iscariot), and all by the hand of the same master.
Thorvaldsen chose this sanctuary as the place to be made beautiful
and glorious with his works,—his triumphs. The Saviour is
represented with extended arms, as if he were saying the sweetest
of all his words, “Come unto me,” and on the face of his disciples
rests the expression that sacred art might desire to present as
characteristic of each one of the chosen group. In the middle of the
chancel a marble angel, of loveliness unspeakable, is kneeling and
holding in his hands a shell, which is the font for baptism. Copies of
this are multiplied till the world is familiar with it. Near the door is a
group representing a child walking with his face heavenward, and an
angel follows, pointing with his finger over the child’s head. And on
the other side of the door is a Mother’s Love in marble.
 Those who worship here from day to day become familiar with all
this sculpture, and are not distracted, if they are not aided by the
beauty and the majesty of such a wealth of art. But a stranger
within the gates, for a morning only, seeing it all at once for the first
and the last time, would find it difficult to withdraw his soul from the
marble and contemplate for an hour the unseen and eternal. And
this would be more difficult when the worshipper is unable to
understand a word of the service.
The church was full of people, going out and coming in, as in
Romish churches. The officiating minister had on a white robe,
ruffles, and red mantle, with a broad gilt cross on his back. He stood
before the altar, on which was an image of the crucifixion, and two
candles four feet high, and burning. After a brief service and
sermon, he administered the sacrament of the Lord’s supper to a
few who remained to receive it, kneeling; he gave them the bread,
with a few words to each, and an assistant followed, putting the cup
to the lips of the communicant. The formalities of the ceremony, the
tones of the priest, the tergiversations, the responses of the choir,
&c., were similar to the forms in use in the Church of Rome.
When this sacrament was concluded, I was about leaving the
house, which was now nearly deserted, when I noticed something
going on in the chancel. Twenty mothers, each with a babe in her
arms, and a female attendant, entered and arranged themselves in a
large circle around the kneeling marble angel holding the baptismal
font. Twenty women, twenty babes, twenty female friends, not
nurses, but god-mothers; not a man appeared. It was a beautiful
spectacle; perhaps it would be impossible to invent a more lovely
tableaux. The mothers, the infants, the friends, all clothed in white,
all before the altar in a circle, in the midst of which was this white
angel kneeling, and above the whole the finest statue on earth of
Jesus, with open arms, as when he said, “Suffer little children to
come unto me.”
The priest read a form of baptism, and then, passing around the
circle, made the sign of the cross on the face of each child; he then
read again; again he went to each child, and laid his hand upon its
head as if in blessing: then he read again. The service was now so
protracted that the mothers were allowed to sit down, and then, one
by one, each came up with the attendant, and, the cap being
removed, the babe was held over the font, the priest took water and
poured it three times from his hand upon the head of the child,
pronouncing its name and that of the Triune God.
This being concluded, and as I was coming out of the church, a
carriage arrived with an elegantly dressed lady and her attendant
with a babe, to be baptized after the people of the humbler class
had received the sacrament. Alas! I said to myself, is aristocracy in
religion the same everywhere?—and cannot the noble of this world
be humble before God? So I would not return to the baptism of this
“better born” infant, but went on my way praying that all alike might
be washed in the blood of Christ, and made children of the kingdom.
It will surprise you—it certainly did me—to find that the people of
these northern countries of Europe give far more time to mere
amusements than the Americans do. I was struck with this on
coming to Sweden, and saw something of it, but not so much in
Norway; and here in Copenhagen they are as much given to it as the
Athenians were to news.
Perhaps the French and Italians are more disposed to make
themselves merry in crowds. But on recalling the habits of the
masses as they are seen in public places in Paris and Florence, I
think that I was never in any city in the world where so many people
in proportion to the whole number go from home to be amused. On
the outskirts of the city—but not so far away as to be difficult of
access—there are large gardens, so called, laid off with walks and
shrubbery and fountains, and in the midst are all sorts of spectacular
games and plays, combining in one enclosure theatre, circus,
gymnastics, music and dancing, concerts, orations, and whatever is
usually found scattered in different parts of a city, and to be visited
only after paying a fee for each admission. To enter this garden—for
one is a type of many—you pay about ten cents, and that gives you
the entrée to nearly all the shows. The theatre may charge another
trifling fee, but the one admission makes all these amusements open
to the visitor. Around every stage are little tables and chairs, and
refreshments are served, if you choose to call for them, at an extra
charge. To such places as this thousands upon thousands of
respectable people resort night after night, usually coming before
dark, for the days are long and nights short; men bring their wives
and children, and take their evening meal together in little stalls
provided for the purpose, and go home in good season. This is their
refreshment after a day of toil, and it is not unlikely that it helps
them to bear with patience the burdens of a working life.
These gardens are the institutions of Copenhagen, for the
entertainment of the people. They are cheap, so as to be within the
reach of all; and they are cheap, as one of the proprietors told me,
because low prices bring more money than high. Doubtless there are
other and more intellectual enjoyments provided for those who
prefer them; but when you consider the enormous expense incurred
to fit up and furnish every night such entertainments as these, you
see it requires the attendance of many thousands, at the
insignificant charge, to make them pay at all.
On certain days, the Royal Picture Galleries and Thorvaldsen’s
Museum are thrown open to the people, and the throngs of working
people, evidently in very humble life, as their dress and manner
indicate, who pack the halls and rooms, show that the people have
also a taste for something higher and better than plays. Something
might be said of the effect of so much amusement upon the morals
of the masses; but it is not safe for a transient visitor to speak with
certainty of any thing but what he actually sees as he goes along. To
me it is a pleasant, and only a pleasant reflection, that the people in
these northern countries, who do not accomplish much beyond
making a decent subsistence from year to year, find both time and
money to spend in amusements that are not in themselves as
demoralizing as the sensual and intoxicating pleasures which so
many of our own poor pursue to their ruin.
You would have to go far and search long before you would find a
more interesting museum than that of Northern Antiquities, which
occupies part of the Christiansborg Palace. This northern country
abounds in curious relics of past ages, defunct systems of religious
worship, modes of warfare now wholly unknown; and by law all
these remains, wherever found, belong to the crown. In every parish
in Denmark the minister is made the agent of government, to have
every thing discovered, and that promises to be of any interest, sent
to the museum, where a fair price is paid for it to the finder.
There is scarcely an end to the number and variety of these
curious objects, illustrating the manners and customs of the long-
buried past. Weapons of war form the most conspicuous feature of
such an exhibition, and stone is the material from which the most
formidable are made; clubs and axes, arrow-heads of flint, chisels
and knives most singularly and beautifully wrought; urns from
ancient sepulchres, with bones of other animals than human, are
here; and tradition tells us that the old Norse heroes were buried
with their dogs and horses, to bear them company in the world of
spirits. It is hard to say what part in the funeral rites a sieve could
perform, but it is often found in the ancient tombs.
The Runic monuments are the most remarkable objects in the
collection; and the one that has excited the closest scrutiny came
from Greenland, in latitude 73, and is said to bear a date 1135.
Among the fire-arms of the earliest years of their use, we have old
cannons to be loaded at the breech, and guns on the revolving
principle, though we have been in the habit of thinking that both of
these are inventions of our own times.
Besides these collections, there is the Royal Arsenal, and the
Museum of Natural History, and the Royal Museum, and many
others, which are but the repetition and extension of these and like
objects of interest,—interesting, indeed, to look at for a few hours,
tiresome after a while; and I will not weary you with the details.
Setting off by rail from Copenhagen to Hamburg, I encountered a
gentleman who claimed to be a countryman of mine, because he
hailed from South America. He was German born, in England bred,
and he went to Uruguay, S. A., where he had been twenty-four years
in business. He was now travelling with his family in the North of
Europe. He was a shipping-merchant, and vessels in which he was
interested come from Hamburg and Havre and England with
furniture, tin-ware, and a thousand manufactured articles, and carry
away hides, tallow, and so forth. It was easy to see that he had an
eye to business in the midst of his pleasure travel, and that he was
learning what wants of the North of Europe could be supplied from
the South of America. My conversation with him developed the
beautiful relations of the different parts of the earth to each other:
the climate, the soil, the position of one country supplementing
another, and showing that no country “liveth unto itself” any more
than a man lives to himself. There is a thorough mutual dependence
running through society and the whole world.
 Hamburg.

Our rail ride was across the island of Zealand—flat, poor, wet, cold
soil; the peasants’ houses were low, of stone, and thatched. The
windows were so few and small, they must be ill ventilated, and
probably unwholesome. Mustard was growing in large quantities,
fields of rye were fair, and grass was looking well. Cattle abounded
in the meadows,—not on the hills, for those were not in sight.
At ten o’clock at night, and while it was yet light, we reached the
steamer at Corseow. It was a large, commodious, and well-furnished
vessel, excepting that it had no state-rooms. The berths were good,
but were all in one open cabin. The decks were crowded with live-
stock,—pigs, calves, cows,—whose squeals, bleating, and moaning
were to be our serenade till the morning light. A bountiful supper
was served,—tea and coffee, meats, eggs, &c.,—and the charge for
the whole was twenty-seven cents! And this being over, I spent the
livelong night fighting, not wild beasts, nor the tame ones overhead,
but those pestering fleas, which seem to be one of the pet
annoyances of the travelling world.
We arrived at Kiel very early in the morning, and went ashore
through mud and rain; and the only way to ride was on the outside
of an omnibus, to the railroad station. This is a famous seaport, and
like all other seaports, so that Kiel will not have a sketch. We make
no stay, but by rail set off for Hamburg. Wheat and rye and
buckwheat cover the fields. Little Indian corn is raised in these
countries, where the soil and climate are as well suited to it as parts
of our country where it flourishes. The gardens are filled with the
same vegetables as our own,—potatoes, pease, beans, lettuce,
radishes, beets, carrots, cauliflower, cabbage,—making it pleasant to
know that the good things at home are just as abundant here. The
flowers, too,—roses and lilies and lilacs, others wild, and cultivated,
—make the wayside and the court-yards of the humble dwellings
smile. All the fields of grass and grain are ridged, and a ditch is
made about every twenty feet for a drain. Small tiles are used for
underground draining. Few evidences appear of high cultivation;
very little attention is paid to scientific preparation of manures,
which might greatly enhance the value of the land.
At Elmshorn,—a very pretty village where we stopped a few
moments, and large numbers of people gathered about the train, as
if they were quite at leisure,—old women brought baskets of
strawberries and cherries to the cars for sale; as large and of as fine
a flavor, and of such varieties as were quite familiar to the eye and
taste.
The train moves slowly on, and the spires of Hamburg appear in
the distance. We are now fairly out of Scandinavia. With hearts full
of thanksgiving to Him who has safely led us through our journey,
we turn away from the land of Odin and Thor, and in a few weeks
are

Home Again.

Cambridge: Stereotyped and Printed by John Wilson and Son.

Transcriber’s Note

This book uses inconsistent spelling and hyphenation, which were

retained in the ebook version. Some corrections have been made to
the text, including adjusting spelling in the table of contents to
match the main text and normalizing punctuation.
 Further corrections are noted below:
p. 62: in it the first mass was celebrated in 1805 -> in it the first
mass was celebrated in 1085
p. 179: and the ablity of the organist -> and the ability of the
organist
p. 230: to wear only on funeral occasious -> to wear only on
funeral occasions
p. 265: Order and quiet are my chracteristics -> Order and quiet
are my characteristics
p. 289: vast quantites of charcoal -> vast quantities of charcoal
p. 323: poured out their grateful ackowledgments -> poured out
their grateful acknowledgments
p. 400: fifty rix dollars, or about twelve American -> fifty-six
dollars, or about twelve American
p. 447: followed by eggs, carviar, beefsteaks -> followed by
eggs, caviar, beefsteaks
p. 470: Copenhagen has other and many attactions ->
Copenhagen has other and many attractions
p. 476: Suffer little little children to come -> Suffer little children
to come

The cover image was created by the transcriber and is placed in

the public domain.
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