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Cover
Practical Tableau

Ryan Sleeper

Copyright © 2017 Ryan Sleeper

All rights reserved.

Published by O’Reilly Media, Inc., 1005 Gravenstein Highway North,
Sebastopol, CA 95472.

ISBN-13: 9781491977316

4/20/17

Part 1: Fundamentals

Chapter 1 - How to Learn Tableau: My Top Five Tips - AVAILABLE

Chapter 2 – Which Tableau Product is Best for Me? - AVAILABLE

Chapter 3 – An Introduction to Connecting to Data - AVAILABLE

Chapter 4 – Shaping Data for Use with Tableau - AVAILABLE

Chapter 5 – Getting a Lay of the Land - AVAILABLE

Chapter 6 – Dimension vs. Measure - AVAILABLE

Chapter 7 – Discrete vs. Continuous - AVAILABLE

Chapter 8 – 5 Ways to Make a Bar Chart / An Introduction to

Aggregation - AVAILABLE

Chapter 9 – Line Graphs, Independent Axes, and Date Hierarchies -

AVAILABLE

Chapter 10 – Marks Cards, Encoding, and Level of Detail -

AVAILABLE

Chapter 11 – An Introduction to Filters - AVAILABLE

Chapter 12 – An Introduction to Calculated Fields - AVAILABLE

Chapter 13 - An Introduction to Table Calculations - AVAILABLE

Chapter 14 – An Introduction to Parameters - AVAILABLE

Chapter 15 – An Introduction to Sets - AVAILABLE

Chapter 16 – An Introduction to Level of Detail Expressions -

AVAILABLE

Chapter 17 - An Introduction to Dashboards and Distribution-

AVAILABLE

Part 2: The INSIGHT Framework for Data Visualization

Chapter 18 – Introducing the INSIGHT Framework for Data

Visualization - AVAILABLE

Chapter 19 – Identify Business Question - AVAILABLE

Chapter 20 – Name KPIs - AVAILABLE

Chapter 21 – Shape Data - AVAILABLE

Chapter 22 – Initial Concept - AVAILABLE

Chapter 23 – Gather Feedback - AVAILABLE

Chapter 24 – Hone Dashboard - AVAILABLE

Chapter 25 – Tell the Story

Part 3: Storytelling

Chapter 26 – Introduction to Storytelling - AVAILABLE

Chapter 27 – An Analogy for Data Visualization: Tableau’s Iron Viz

Championship - AVAILABLE
Chapter 28 – Tip 1: Know your Audience - AVAILABLE

Chapter 29 – Tip 2: Smooth the Excel Transition - AVAILABLE

Chapter 30 – Tip 3: Leverage Color - AVAILABLE

Chapter 31 – Tip 4: Keep it Simple - AVAILABLE

Chapter 32 – Tip 5: Use the Golden Ratio - AVAILABLE

Chapter 33 – Tip 6: Retell An Old Story - AVAILABLE

Chapter 34 – Tip 7: Don’t Neglect the Set-Up - AVAILABLE

Chapter 35 – Tip 8: Don’t Use Pie Charts - AVAILABLE

Chapter 36 – Tip 9: Use Comparisons - AVAILABLE

Chapter 37 – Tip 10: Use Callout Numbers - AVAILABLE

Chapter 38 – Tip 11: Allow Discovery - AVAILABLE

Chapter 39 – Tip 12: Balance Data and Design - AVAILABLE

Chapter 40 – Tip 13: Eliminate Chartjunk (but Not Graphics) -

AVAILABLE

Chapter 41 – Tip 14: Use Freeform Dashboard Design - AVAILABLE

Chapter 42 – Tip 15: Tell a Story- AVAILABLE

Part 4: Chart Types

Chapter 43 – A Spreadsheet is Not a Data Visualization - AVAILABLE

Chapter 44 – How to Make a Highlight Table - AVAILABLE

Chapter 45 – How to Make a Heat Map - AVAILABLE

Chapter 46 – How to Make a Dual-Axis Combination Chart -
AVAILABLE

Chapter 47 – How to Make a Scatter Plot - AVAILABLE

Chapter 48 – How to Make a Tree Map - AVAILABLE

Chapter 49 – How to Make Sparklines - AVAILABLE

Chapter 50 – How to Make Small Multiples - AVAILABLE

Chapter 51 – How to Make Bullet Graphs - AVAILABLE

Chapter 52 – How to Make a Stacked Area Chart - AVAILABLE

Chapter 53 – How to Make a Histogram - AVAILABLE

Chapter 54 – How to Make a Box-and-Whisker PlotChapter 55 – How

to Make a Symbol Map with Mapbox Integration - AVAILABLE

Chapter 56 – How to Make a Filled Map - AVAILABLE

Chapter 57 – How to Make a Dual-Axis Map - AVAILABLE

Chapter 58 – How to Map a Sequential Path - AVAILABLE

Chapter 59 – How to Map Anything in Tableau - AVAILABLE

Chapter 60 – How to Make Custom Polygon Maps - AVAILABLE

Chapter 61 – How to Make a Gantt Chart - AVAILABLE

Chapter 62 – How to Make a Waterfall Chart - AVAILABLE

Chapter 63 – How to Make Dual-Axis Slope Graphs - AVAILABLE

Chapter 64 – How to Make Donut Charts - AVAILABLE

Chapter 65 – How to Make Funnel Charts - AVAILABLE

Chapter 66 – Introducing Pace Charts in Tableau - AVAILABLE

Chapter 67 – How to Make a Pareto Chart - AVAILABLE

Chapter 68 – How to Make a Control Chart - AVAILABLE

Chapter 69 – How to Make Dynamic Dual-Axis Bump Charts -

AVAILABLE

Chapter 70 – How to Make Dumbbell Charts - AVAILABLE

Chapter 71 – How and Why to Make Customizable Jitter Plots -

AVAILABLE

Part 5. Tips & Tricks

Chapter 72 – How to Create Icon-Based Navigation or Filters - Not

available

Chapter 73 – How to Make a What-If Analysis Using Parameters -

Not available

Chapter 74 – 3 Ways to Add Alerts to Your Dashboards - Not

available

Chapter 75 – How to Add Instructions or Methodology Using Custom

Shape Palettes - Not available

Chapter 76 – 10 Tableau Data Visualization Tips I Learned from

Google Analytics - Not available

Chapter 77 – Tableau Pie Chart: A Better Approach - Not available

Chapter 78 – How to Compare and Create Segments - Not available

Chapter 79 – Five Ways to Balance Data and Design in Tableau

Without Graphic Design - Not available
Chapter 80 – Leveraging Color to Improve Your Data Visualization -
Not available

Chapter 81 – 3 Creative Ways to Use Dashboard Actions - Not

available

Chapter 82 – How to Conditionally Format Individual Rows or

Columns - Not available

Chapter 83 – 5 Tips for Creating Efficient Workbooks - Not available

Chapter 84 – Using Level of Detail Expressions to Create

Benchmarks - Not available

Chapter 85 – Designing Device-Specific Dashboards - Not available

Chapter 86 – How to Make a Stoplight 100-Point Index - Not

available

Chapter 87 – The Case for One-Dimensional Unit Charts - Not

available

Chapter 88 – How to Highlight a Dimension - Not available

Chapter 89 – Allow Users to Choose Measures and Dimensions - Not

available

Chapter 90 – How to Dynamically Format Numbers - Not available

Chapter 91 – How to Change Date Aggregation Using Parameters -

Not available

Chapter 92 – How to Equalize Year Over Year Dates - Not available

Chapter 93 – How to Filter Out Partial Time Periods - Not available

Chapter 94 – How to Compare Two Date Ranges on One Axis - Not

available
Chapter 95 – How to Compare Unequal Date Ranges on One Axis -
Not available

Chapter 96 – How to Make a Cluster Analysis - Not available

Chapter 97 – 5 Tips for Making Your Tableau Public Viz Go Viral - Not
available

Chapter 98 – 3 Ways to Make Beautiful Bar Charts in Tableau - Not

available

Chapter 99 – 3 Ways to Make Lovely Line Graphs in Tableau - Not

available

Chapter 100 – 3 Ways Psychological Schemas Can Improve Your

Data Visualization

Chapter 1 - How to Learn Tableau: My Top Five Tips

Tableau’s mission is to help people see and understand their data,

and I can tell you that after you’ve mastered a few of the
fundamentals, it is an extremely easy way to do just that. For basic
analyses, such as looking at a measure such as sales, and slicing
and dicing that measure by a dimension such as region, I’m not sure
anything could be easier than Tableau. However, there can be a
substantial learning curve required to get exactly what you want out
of the software. In fact, for me personally it has been a career-long
education spanning eight years using Tableau. While I’ve been
through some growing pains and experienced some frustration
learning the tool, I mostly view my lack of perfection as good news.
The challenge keeps my job interesting and I continue to get excited
discovering innovative solutions to complex problems that have led
to several successful visualizations.
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This chapter shares my top tips for how to learn Tableau, whether
you have a budget of $0 or $5,000.

5. Follow the community

Cost: $0

The first tip in my list of top five is to follow the Tableau community.
I have learned several software programs during my career in digital
analytics and data visualization, and bar none, Tableau has the most
selfless community of any of them. The great thing about following
the community is that you can tailor the list of users you focus on to
align with your own uses of Tableau. Perhaps you want to follow
users sharing advanced technical know-how, members of the
community who are applying Tableau in your own industry, or users
more focused on design and user experience.

I’ve put together a Twitter list, Data Viz Heroes, that might be a
good starting point for you. These are just a few of my favorite users
to learn Tableau from. Remember, this is not a comprehensive list of
every outstanding Tableau user, but a short list of users whose style
aligns with how I want to use the software.

Some of these users have created aggregated learning resources

from several users in the community. One of my favorites is Jeffrey
Shaffer’s (@HighVizAbility), Data + Science Tableau Reference
Guide.

Lastly, get involved with a local Tableau User Group. This is a free
resource where you can meet local Tableau users and learn from
what others are doing. Many of my ‘Data Viz Heroes’ mentioned
above often speak at these meetings. These user groups are all over
the world – use this handy Tableau User Group map to find the one
closest to you and reach out to the leader to get involved.

4. Take a training class

Cost: $13 - $6,000 / day

No matter how many blog posts you’ve read, sometimes you just
need to talk to somebody who can help you connect the dots
between what you are learning. Attending a Tableau training or data
visualization workshop can help you take your skills a significant step
forward in a short amount of time. Tableau training comes in many
shapes and sizes, and as with the community tip above, you should
choose your Tableau training based on what you are hoping to get
out of the software at this point in your development.

If you would like a recorded training, I recommend the resources

available at [Link to Come]O’Reilly’s Safari Udemy, Lynda, or
Pluralsight. Several of these recorded trainings are taught by
qualified instructors including my data viz heroes.

If you are in need of in-person training, you can attend a one-day

training at Tableau’s annual customer conference, a group training
conducted by Tableau, an on-site training conducted by Tableau, or
an on-site training conducted by a third-party trainer. I attended a
group training conducted by Tableau during my second year using
Tableau, and a condensed “analyst” training at a Tableau conference
in my third year using Tableau. I can personally attest to the value
that attending an in-person training provides.

I’d be a bad consultant if I didn’t mention that if you are interested

in my personal training services, please take a look at my speaking
schedule and get in touch.

3. Read up

Cost: $35 - $45

It may be a cliché, but there are simply some good books on

Tableau available to learn from. This is a great starting point for
learning Tableau, and one we sometimes take for granted. When I
started using Tableau (“Back in my day….”), there was only one book
that I can remember, and it was a very short book. There are now
dozens of such resources available. I’m obviously biased towards the
book you are currently reading, but among several other great
options, here are two that I vouch for:

Tableau Your Data! by Dan Murray

This book is possibly the best all-around – Non-Practical Tableau  -

resource for getting started with Tableau. It provides some of the
basic fundamentals, but also discusses more advanced features and
Tableau Server.

Communicating Data with Tableau by Ben Jones

In my opinion, Ben’s book is the best second step as it is more

strategic and provides some ways to think about your approach to
data visualization after you have the fundamentals down. It also
offers several hands-on walkthroughs for different applications of
Tableau.

2. Practice

Cost: $0

There is no substitute for on the job training with your own data and
unique business problems. The more challenges you come across
and push through to an eventual solution, the more unique tools you
get to add to your toolbelt to solve increasingly complex problems
that emerge. This may sound obvious, so I will offer an extra tip to
help you get the most out of your practice:

Start a weekly internal meetup; I call mine Tableau Tuesday. During

Tableau Tuesday, a group of 5 – 10 internal Tableau users get
together to train, share case studies of our own work, and/or work
collaboratively through challenging situations. These Tableau
Tuesday events lead to valuable discussion and ensure that the
entire team is continuously learning.

1. 1. Tableau Public

Cost: $0

I credit Tableau Public as the primary reason for my personal

success with Tableau, and thus, it is my number one tip for how to
learn Tableau. Tableau Public is a free tool that has almost all of the
same functionality as Tableau Desktop (Personal). You can currently
connect to and explore Excel,text files, and Google Sheets with up to
15 million rows.
The only catch with Tableau Public is that your files have to be saved
to the web, and external audiences can potentially find your work.
For this reason, it is not a suitable option for private business data. I
actually view this as a positive. This forces you to find topics and
data outside of your normal work environment. As I described in my
Tableau customer story, Tableau Public is my sandbox to try new
approaches to data visualization that may not be as - let's say,
appreciated - in a business setting. The cool thing is, these ‘attempts
to fly’ are often eventually figured out, and often make it into my
daily corporate work.

You can also download many of the workbooks you find on Tableau
Public. This provides an amazing bevy of dashboards that you can
use as a learning resource by downloading, looking under the hood,
and reverse engineering. There is an option for the publisher to
disallow this feature, but there are still thousands of downloadable
dashboards – including every single one of mine. I previously had
just one dashboard that was not downloadable, The Cost of
Attending the 2015 World Series, and that was because it included
stadium data of Kauffman Stadium in Kansas City and Citi Field in
New York worth thousands of dollars to create. Well, I’m proud to
report that even the 2015 Tableau Public Visualization of the Year is
now available to download for free!

I unlocked this dashboard for two reasons, which I’ll relate here
because they illustrate the spirit of Tableau Public. Steve Wexler of
Data Revelations wrote a post called In Praise of Tableau Public. In
the post, Steve describes all of the things that I love about Tableau
Public. Then I came to a line that said, “Unless you indeed have
proprietary data please, please, please don’t stop your workbooks
from being downloaded.” That’s three pleases. It reminded me of
how important Tableau Public is as a resource for people to learn
from and have discussions around approaches to data visualization.

Second, after the announcement that this viz received the honor of
Tableau Public Viz of the Year, I was immediately asked personally
from a new user for the original copy so they could see how it was
created. It simply didn’t feel right to keep the dashboard locked. My
hope is that Tableau users of any experience level have the
opportunity to learn from Tableau Public dashboards so they can
incorporate innovations into their own work and continue pushing
the envelope in their own ways.

That’s it my for my top five tips for how to learn Tableau. Trust me
when I say that everybody is learning! The key is to be persistent.
Tableau is user-friendly enough and has so many resources available
that anybody who is committed can become an expert.

Chapter 2 – Which Tableau Product is Best for Me?

The first thing I wish I knew the first day I used Tableau is which
product or products should I download to get started. Tableau is
growing at a rapid pace and there are still regular updates to all of
their products, as well as their product ecosystem itself, making
product selection a potentially confusing topic for a beginner.

The first thing to know is that Tableau is a brand, not a specific

product. When somebody asks you to “download Tableau”, they
could be talking about Tableau Reader, Tableau Public, Tableau
Desktop (Personal), Tableau Desktop (Professional), Tableau Server,
Tableau Online, and so on.
This chapter provides an introduction to Tableau’s product
ecosystem so you can make the choice that best suits your individual
requirements.

Which Tableau product is best for me?

The decision on which Tableau product to download comes down to

four key attributes:

1. 1. Connectivity – what data sources do you need to access?

2. 2. Distribution – who do you want to see your dashboard and
how will you share it with them?
3. 3. Automation – do you need your work to update automatically
on a refresh schedule?
4. 4. Security – do you require an on-premise level of security or
can your work be saved in the cloud?

From here, I will share a brief synopsis of each product, how each
answers the four questions just mentioned, and who might get the
best use out of each product.

Tableau Reader

Tableau Reader is a free download that allows you to open

“packaged workbooks”, which are Tableau workbooks that are saved
in a special way by Tableau Desktop users so the data and
visualizations are in the same file. Tableau Reader allows you to
open and interact with Tableau workbooks, but not develop them.
Development capabilities could be considered an obvious fifth key
attribute, but as Tableau Reader is the only product listed that does
not provide these capabilities, I have not listed it as a key
consideration. This product works much like a PDF-viewer, where a
developer of a document saves it in a certain way so that it can be
opened by a PDF-reader.
Connectivity: .twbx files only (packaged workbooks)

Distribution: Offline

Automation: Not available

Security: As good as your personal computer / server’s security

Best for: People that need an affordable way to view and interact
with colleagues’ Tableau workbooks

Tableau Public

Tableau Public is another free download, but this product actually

provides development capabilities. The catch is that the workbooks
have to be saved to Tableau’s public cloud, making this an unsuitable
choice for proprietary business data.

Connectivity: Excel, text files

Distribution: Cloud (Public)

Automation: Not available

Security: Limited; your workbooks are potentially accessible by

anyone on the Internet, but you are able to restrict the ability for
someone to download your files.

Best for: Journalists; sharing publicly available data (and Tableau

know-how) with the world; practicing Tableau for free; trying the
software

Tableau Desktop: Personal

Tableau Desktop: Personal is the entry point for the paid

development versions of the software. It allows you to keep your
workbooks private, but connection and distribution options are
limited.
Connectivity: Excel, text files, Access, statistical files, shape files,
spatial files, and Tableau files

Distribution: Offline or Tableau Public

Automation: Not available

Security: As good as your personal computer / server’s security

Best for: Those that only need to connect to flat data files; those
that need the most cost-effective version that will keep their data
private

Tableau Desktop: Professional

Tableau Desktop: Professional is similar to Tableau Desktop: Personal

in that it is a development version of Tableau. Both the Personal and
Professional versions have all of the same development capabilities,
but the Professional version provides full access to every data type
and distribution channel.

Connectivity: All possible connections in Tableau

Distribution: Offline, Tableau Server, or Tableau Public (all possible

distribution options in Tableau)

Automation: Not available

Security: As good as your personal computer / server’s security

Best for: Those that need to connect to data in databases; those

that need the capability to publish to Tableau Server

Tableau Server

Tableau Server provides a central repository for all of your Tableau

workbooks that can be accessed by your business users via a web
browser. Tableau Server also has the advantage of data refresh
capabilities as well as a way for your organization to keep their data
and workbooks on premise in the case that your organization
requires that level of security. Tableau Server requires additional user
licenses, even if you already have a Tableau Desktop license.

Connectivity: Workbooks that have been published to Tableau Server

and that you have been granted access to

Distribution: Cloud

Automation: Available via data refresh schedules

Security: As good as your on premise or server host’s security

Best for: Those that need to access / distribute workbooks in the

cloud; those that want to automate workbook refreshes; those that
want to edit workbooks in the cloud (limited capability); those that
need to keep their data and workbooks on premise

Tableau Online

Tableau Online is similar to Tableau Server, but it is hosted via a

third-party partner of Tableau. This product still has the advantages
of cloud distribution and automatic refreshes, but it is hosted off
premise, which can result in security challenges for certain
organizations. Like Tableau Server, Tableau Online requires additional
per-user licensing, even if those users already have access to
Tableau Desktop.

Connectivity: Workbooks that have been published to Tableau Online

and that you have been granted access to

Distribution: Cloud

Automation: Available via data refresh schedules

Security: As good as Tableau’s third-party host

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Best for: Those that need to access / distribute workbooks in the
cloud; those that want to automate workbook refreshes; those that
want to edit workbooks in the cloud (limited capability); those that
are okay having their data and workbooks hosted off premise

Tableau consistently invests in research and development so it is a

good idea to keep an eye out for updates and new products at
Tableau’s product page at tableau.com/products. Also, if you are
a non-profit organization and just getting started with any of the
paid products mentioned above, be sure to ask Tableau for special
pricing!

Chapter 3 – An Introduction to Connecting to Data

Once you have chosen the best Tableau product for you, it is time to
start finding insights in your data! Much like Tableau’s suite of
products, data connections come in many shapes and sizes. As of
this writing, Tableau Desktop: Personal has five different types of
data connections, and Tableau Desktop: Professional adds another
54 native ways to connect to data. That doesn’t even count the
ability to access web data through customized connectors or Open
Database Connectivity (ODBC).

As you can imagine from the breadth of connection options, you can
connect to almost any type of data in Tableau and if you don’t see
the connection you are looking for, somebody is likely working on a
customized solution that will help. I could write an entire book on
the different data connections alone, but they all work similarly and
are fairly intuitive. So for the purposes of this chapter, I will show
you how to get started with one connection type and a few of the
ways you can prepare to work with the data.

An introduction to connecting to data in Tableau

When you open Tableau, you will see a screen that looks like this,
where you have the option to choose your data connection:

[Insert Image 3-1]

Image

The options under the navigation heading “To a File” can be

accessed with Tableau Desktop: Personal. All possible data
connections, including to data that resides on a server, can be
accessed with Tableau Desktop: Professional.

At the bottom of the left navigation, there are a couple of data

sources that come with every download of Tableau. The first, Sample
– Superstore, is actually an Excel file, so you can connect to it
whether you are using Tableau Desktop: Personal or Tableau
Desktop: Professional. I like to train with this data source because it
is the most common data source used in online tutorials and during
Tableau’s own training. To start using it, click on it.

After clicking on a saved data source, you are immediately thrown

into the authoring interface. We discuss getting a lay of the
land [link to chapter 5 – Getting a Lay of the Land] in another
chapter, but I actually want to take a step back to show you what
happens when you normally connect to a new data source. To get to
the data editing interface, click the “Data Source” tab in the bottom
left corner of the authoring interface. You should be taken to a
screen that looks like this:

[Insert Image 3-2]

Image

This is the screen you will be presented with when connecting to an

Excel or database connection. In Tableau, the Excel workbook is
treated as a database and the individual tabs are treated as
individual tables within that database. For this reason, you can join
tabs to each other if they have at least one field in common. When
you join tables, you are appending additional fields to your data
source based on shared fields. To do so, simply drag the table (tab)
that you want to join into the data editing interface and tell Tableau
what the two tabs have in common. Here’s what the Sample –
Superstore dataset looks like after I dragged the Returns table into
the view and set up a left join on Order ID. This means that every
field that has a matching Order ID in the table on the right will be
appended to the table on the left.

[Insert Image 3-3]

Image

You can even do cross-database joins, even if the data come from
different types of data connections. To do this, you would click “Add”
to the right of “Connections”, connect to your additional data source,
and set up a join just as pictured in the previous image.

If you’re working with multiple tables that all have the same column
headers, it may make more sense to union, or stack, the tables
instead of joining them. Maybe you’ve got twelve months of web
analytics data in one Excel file, but each month’s data live on a
separate tab. To union the twelve tabs, you would drag “New Union”
from the left navigation onto the data editing interface, then drag
the tables that you want to union into the box that appears. When
you create a union in Tableau, a column will be added that tells you
what sheet the data came from.

After you’ve retrieved the data you want to work with, there are a
few more options for preparing each column. To access them, click
the down arrow next to the data type icon for each column:

[Insert Image 3-4]

 Image

The options are:

Rename: Allows you to rename the field

Copy Values: When nothing is selected, places the value in the first
row on your clipboard (preselecting rows before choosing this option
will copy your selection)
Hide: Hides the entire column
Aliases…: Allows you to assign new names to individual dimension
members
Create Calculated Field…: Allows you to create a new field before
you start using it within Tableau
Create Group: Allows you to group different dimension members.
This can be handy for quick data clean-up.
Split: Tableau will look at the dimension members in your column
and guess the most appropriate way to split them into multiple
columns
Custom Split…: The same as split, but you determine how to
separate the dimension members
Pivot: When you have multiple columns selected, you can transpose
them. Note you can only do one data pivot per data source.
Describe: Gives you additional information about the field

When going through this process for quantitative fields, the string
functions are not available, and one additional option is available:
“Create Bins…”. This creates equally-sized bins, which can be used to
make histograms. We will discuss how to make histograms in a later
chapter.

Lastly, you can also change the data type of a column by clicking the
data type icon at the top of the column.

It’s important to note that any changes you make to the data at this
point creates metadata and has no impact on your underlying data
source. This means you can make rapid progress in Tableau without
the risk of messing up your existing infrastructure.

Another notable task that you may choose to do when connecting to

a new data source is to either extract or filter the data source. By
default, most data source connections will be live with no filters;
these options can be seen in the top right corner of the data editor:

[Insert Image 3-5]

Image

Extracts create a snapshot of your data at whatever point they were

created. They are typically faster than a live data connection,
especially when connecting to a live database, and are my general
recommendation. Just remember that extracts have to be refreshed
periodically so that you are working with the latest data possible.
From within Tableau Desktop, extracts can be refreshed by
navigating to “Data” in the top navigation, hovering over the data
source you want to refresh, then hovering over “Extract”, and
clicking “Refresh”. If you eventually use Tableau Server, the cloud-
based version of Tableau, you will see option to automate the
refresh process when you publish from Tableau Desktop.

The final option discussed in this chapter is the ability to filter the
entire data source before you start working with it in Tableau. These
filters can be created with any combination of fields by clicking the
“Add” button under “Filters”. This is an easy opportunity to make
your workbooks more efficient because you have the ability to filter
out the data you don’t need for your analysis. For example, if your
analysis is about this year’s data, don’t pull in the last ten years of
data! Or maybe you are building the workbook for a stakeholder that
is only responsible for one division and they’re not allowed to see
the performance of other divisions. Adding a filter in this scenario
not only makes the workbook process more efficiently, it will help
Random documents with unrelated
content Scribd suggests to you:
 An inside view of club life in Berlin. (VI, 6; IX, 1, 2, 3, 4.)
Lucas, Edw. V. The Friendly Town: A Little Book for the Urbane
(New York, 1906). (V, 1; IX, 2, 3.)
Maciver, R. M. Community; a Sociological Study, Being an
Attempt to Set Out the Nature and Fundamental Laws of
Social Life (London, 1917).
Distinguishes between natural areas and communities, showing how
occupational and cultural groupings enter into the political process. (IV, 3; V,
1, 2, 4; VI, 7.)
Maurice, Arthur Bartlett. The New York of the Novelists (New
York, 1916).
The New York as seen through the eyes of literary men.
Park, Robert E., and Miller, H. A. Old-World Traits Transplanted
(New York, 1921).
A study of immigrant communities. (VII, 2, 5; IX, 3, 4.)
Sears, C. H. “The Clash of Contending Forces in Great Cities,”
Biblical World, XLVIII (October, 1916), 224–31. (VII, 5; IX, 1,
3.)
Symposium, “The Greatest Negro Community in the World,”
Survey Graphic, LIII (March 1, 1925), No. 11.
A collection of articles on the Negro community in Harlem, New York.
(VII, 2, 3; IX, 1, 3, 4; X, 1.)
Williams, Fred V. The Hop-Heads: Personal Experiences among
the Users of “Dope” in the San Francisco Underworld (San
Francisco, 1920). (VII, 2; IX, 3, 4.)
4. The city may be graphically depicted in terms of a series of
concentric circles, representing the different zones or typical areas of
settlement. At the center we find the business district, where land
values are high. Surrounding this there is an area of deterioration,
where the slums tend to locate themselves. Then follows an area of
workmen’s homes, followed in turn by the middle-class apartment
section, and finally by the upper-class residential area. Land values,
general appearance, and function divide these areas off from each
other. These differences in structure and use get themselves
incorporated in law in the form of zoning ordinances. This is an
attempt, in the face of the growth of the city, to control the ecological
forces that are at work.
 Cheney, C. H. “Removing Social Barriers by Zoning,” Survey, XLIV
(May, 1922), 275–78. (V, 1, 5; VII, 2.)
Eberstadt, Rudolph. Handbuch des Wohnungswesens und der
Wohnungsfrage (4th ed.; Jena, 1910).
An encyclopedic work on housing, city-zoning, and planning. (VI, 1, 2, 3,
6, 7, 8, 9, 10; VII.)
Kern, Robert R. The Supercity: A Planned Physical Equipment for
City Life (Washington, D.C., 1924).
A planned model city with co-operative services of many sorts, with
zoning as an important feature. (V, 5; VI.)
Wuttke, R. Die deutschen Städte (2 vols.; Leipzig, 1904).
A collection of articles on various technical phases of city life. Article 4,
“Die Baupolizei,” by Oberbaukommissar Gruner, is a discussion of the public
regulation of buildings and the function of zoning and building codes in the
modern city. (VI; VII, 3; VII, 1, 2.)
In addition there are available reports of zoning commissions of
the various cities and numerous articles in magazines dealing with
the administrative aspects of city life, such as The American City, in
which digests, criticisms, and discussions of these zoning devices
may be found.
5. The needs of communal life impose upon the city a certain
degree of order which sometimes expresses itself in a city plan which
is an attempt to predict and to guide the physical structure of the
city. The older European cities appear more like haphazard,
unplanned products of individualistic enterprise than the American
cities with their checkerboard form. And yet, most European cities
were built according to some preconceived plan which attempted to
take account of the needs of the community and the limitations of
the environment. There is a tendency, however, for the city to run
counter to the plan which was laid out for it, as is seen, for instance,
in the problems of city-planning of the city of Washington. The fact is
that the city is a dynamic mechanism which cannot be controlled in
advance unless the conditions entering into its genesis and its growth
are fully known. City-planning, which has grown into a highly
technical profession, is coming to be more concerned with studying
the problems of a changing institution, with city growth, and the
forces operating in city life than with the creation of artistic schemes
of city structure. On the one hand the importance of devising a
scheme of wholesome, orderly existence in the city is being
recognized, on the other hand, the limitations of any attempt to
make the city conform to an artificial plan impresses itself upon the
experience of the technicians engaged in this work.
Agache, Auburtin and Redont. Comment reconstruire nos cités
destruites, reviewed in Scott. Geog. Mag., XXXIII, 348–52,
and Annales de Geog., January, 1917, by F. Schrader.
A criticism of suggested plans for the reconstruction of cities in the
French devastated area. (III, 6.)
American Institute of Architects. City-Planning Progress in the
United States (New York, 1917).
Bartlett, Dana W. The Better City: A Sociological Study of a
Modern City (Los Angeles, 1907). (III, 6.)
English Catalogue, “International Cities and Town-Planning
Exhibition, Gothenburg, Sweden, 1923.”
A comprehensive summary of the town-planning movement. A work to be
consulted by all students of the subject. (II, 3; V, 4.)
Geddes, P. Cities in Evolution: An Introduction to the Town-
Planning Movement and the Study of Civics (London, 1915).
An introductory statement by the foremost authority in England. (II; III;
IV, 2; V, 4; VI, 3, 5, 6, 9; VII, 1, 2.)
Haverfield, F. J. Ancient Town Planning (Oxford, 1913). (II, 1; III,
6.)
Hughes, W. R. New Town: A Proposal in Agricultural, Industrial,
Educational, Civic, and Social Reconstruction (London, 1919).
Lewis, Nelson P. The Planning of the Modern City: A Review of
the Principles Governing City-Planning (New York, 1916).
Mulvihill, F. J. “Distribution of Population Graphically
Represented as a Basis for City-Planning,” American City, XX
(February, 1919), 159–61. (VII, 2.)
Purdom, C. B. The Garden City (London, 1913). (IV, 6.)
Roberts, Kate L. The City Beautiful: A Study of Town-Planning
and Municipal Art (New York, 1916). (VI, 3, 5, 6.)
Sennett, A. R. Garden Cities in Theory and Practice (2 vols.;
London, 1905). (III, 6.)
Stote, A. “Ideal American City,” McBride’s, XCVII (April, 1916),
89–99.
Symposium. “Regional Planning,” Survey Graphic, May 1, 1925.
Contains a series of suggestive articles on various aspects of city growth
and city-planning. (V, 5; VII, 1, 2, 3; III, 6.)
Tout, T. F. Medieval Town-Planning (London, 1907). (II, 2; III, 6.)
Triggs, H. Inigo. Town Planning (London, 1909).
 VI. THE CITY AS A PHYSICAL MECHANISM
The aggregation of large numbers of human beings within a
restricted area, as is represented by the modern city, makes possible,
and at the same time makes imperative, the communal effort to
satisfy certain essential needs of all the inhabitants. The manner in
which these needs are met has become institutionalized. The
facilities which have been created to meet these needs make up the
physical structure of the city as a social mechanism.
1. The need for uninterrupted water supply, fuel, and light have
brought it about that the means of satisfying these wants are either
in the hands of the city as a corporate body, or, if in private hands,
are controlled and regulated by the city government. These public
utilities are of interest to the sociologist only in so far as they have a
bearing on group life and call forth attitudes, sentiments, and
behavior which influences the group. These factors may have an
important relation to the ecological organization of the city, and may
furnish indexes to the selective and distributive processes which
result in the grouping of the population. The lighting of the city may
have a direct bearing on the crime of the city, the water supply, on
the health, etc. The regulation of public utilities may become issues
at elections and call forth factionalism, thus bringing into play the
social groupings in the community.
Fassett, Charles M. Assets of the Ideal City (New York, 1922).
A brief statement of various structural aspects of the city, with a
bibliography. (V, 4, 5; VI.)
Grahn, E. “Die städtischen Wasserwerke,” in Wuttke, Die
Deutschen Städte (Leipzig, 1904), pp. 301–44.
A statement of the water-supply problem in German cities.
Höffner, C. “Die Gaswerke,” in Wuttke, Die Deutschen Städte
(Leipzig, 1904), pp. 198–238.
A statement of the evolution and present status of the technique of gas
supply in the modern city.
Jephson, H. L. The Sanitary Evolution of London (London, 1907).
(VI.)
 Kübler, Wilhelm. “Über städtische Elektrizitätswerke,” in Wuttke,
Die Deutschen Städte, pp. 239–300.
An account of the municipal electricity works in German cities.
Most books on the modern city contain a chapter on public
utilities, and a great many technical journals and municipal reports
are accessible giving detailed accounts of various aspects of both the
technical, the administrative, and the functional sides of the public
utility situation.
2. One of the most characteristic features of city life is the high
degree of intercommunication. This is made possible by technical
devices, such as the telephone, street cars, and the automobile. While
the sociologist has no intrinsic interest in these technical devices,
they become an object of study as factors entering, for instance, into
the problem of mobility of the city population.
D’Avenel, G. le Vicomte. Le Mécanisme de la Vie moderne (3 vols.;
Paris, 1922).
Among many other aspects of the city as a physical mechanism, has a
chapter on publicity, urban transportation, and communication. This work
has gone through many editions and is written in a popular style. (VI; IX, 1.)
Harris, Emerson Pitt. The Community Newspaper (New York,
1923). (IX, 3.)
Kingsbury, J. E. The Telephone and Telephone Exchanges: Their
Invention and Development (London and New York, 1915).
Lewis, H. M., and Goodrich, E. P. Highway Traffic in New York
and Its Environs (New York, 1924).
The results of a study embodied in a report for the Committee on a
Regional Plan for New York and its Environs. (IV, 2; V, 4, 5; VI, 2; VII, 2, 4.)
Park, Robert E. The Immigrant Press and Its Control (New York,
1922).
A study of the organization and the influence of the press in the
immigrant communities of the large city (IX, 3.)
The municipal transportation and communication question has
developed a large literature which is to be found in many separate
works on the telephone, telegraph, radio, street-car systems, busses,
automobile, mail service, newspaper, and railways as well as in
municipal reports, technical and administrative journals, and
textbooks on the city.
 3. The existence of streets, pavement, alleys, sewers, and other
devices of the same sort that characterize the city as a physical
mechanism influence the behavior of the person and the group, and
as such are of interest to the sociologist.
Hirschfeld, Magnus. Die Gurgel Berlins, Vol. XLI in “Grossstadt
Dokumente” (Berlin, 1905).
A study of the main street of Berlin from the standpoint of its effect on the
individual and as a revelation of city life. (VI, 2; VII, 2, 4.)
Quaife, Milo Milton. Chicago’s Highways, Old and New (Chicago,
1923).
The changes wrought in the character of the city as viewed from the point
of view of the streets. (VI, 2; VII, 1, 2.)
Whipple, G. C. “Economical and Sanitary Problems of American
Cities,” American City (February, 1921), p. 112. (VI.)
4. The many devices in the realm of public safety and welfare
which are the characteristic product of the city, such as fire
department, police, health inspection, and the manifold activities of
the social agencies concern the sociologist as typical expressions of
group life in the city environment.
Addams, Jane. Twenty Years at Hull House; With
Autobiographical Notes (New York, 1910).
City life as seen in a typical social agency—the social settlement. (V, 2, 3;
VII, 5.)
Assessor (pseudonym). Die Berliner Polizei, Vol. XXXIV in
“Grossstadt Dokumente” (Berlin, 1905).
A personal account of the police force of the modern city. (IX, 1.)
Anonymous. Berliner Gerichte, Vol. XXIV in “Grossstadt
Dokumente” (Berlin, 1905).
Daily experiences in a typical city court.
Carbaugh, H. C. Human Welfare Work in Chicago (Chicago, 1917).
A brief account of the various specialized social agencies operating in the
large city. (VII, 5; IX, 1.)
Fitzpatrick, Edward A. Interrelationships of Hospital and
Community, reprint from Modern Hospital, February, 1925.
Pamphlet.
A sketch of the possible place and nature of a health agency in a modern
urban community.
 Fosdick, Raymond, and Associates. Criminal Justice in Cleveland,
directed and edited by Roscoe Pound and Felix Frankfurter
(Cleveland, 1922). (VI, 7.)
Fosdick, Raymond B. European Police Systems (New York, 1915).
——. American Police Systems (New York, 1920).
Harrison, Shelby M. Public Employment Offices; Their Purpose,
Structure, and Method (New York, 1924). (IX, 1.)
Richmond, Mary E. The Good Neighbor in the Modern City
(Philadelphia and London, 1913).
Suggestions to the layman about the social agencies and their work in the
large modern city. (V, 2; VII, 5.)
Wilson, Warren H. The Evolution of the Country Community: A
Study in Religious Sociology (Boston, New York, Chicago,
1912).
Gives types of organizations and institutions. (V, 3; X, 2.)
In almost every large city the number of social agencies and
public institutions is so large and their work so varied that
directories of these agencies have been made available. In addition,
reports and surveys of many cities are at hand, and the periodical
literature is tremendous.
5. The cultural needs of the community find expression in the
city in the form of schools, theaters, museums, parks, monuments,
and other public enterprises. They exert an influence extending
beyond the boundaries of the city itself, and may be regarded as
agencies for the definition of the person’s wishes. They are indicative
of the level of social life which the community has achieved.
Carroll, Charles E. The Community Survey in Relation to Church
Efficiency (New York, 1915).
Typical of studies bearing on the place of religious and cultural agencies
in city life. (X, 2.)
For a basic statement of the problem of education in the modern city,
compare Dewey, John, Democracy and Education (New York, 1916).
Moore, E. C. “Provision for the Education of the City Child,” School
and Society, III (February 19, 1916), 265–72.
Phelan, J. J. Motion Pictures as a Phase of Commercialized
Amusement in Toledo, Ohio (Toledo, Ohio, 1919).
 Tews, Johannes. Berliner Lehrer, Vol. XX in “Grossstadt
Dokumente” (Berlin, 1905).
An intimate study of a professional group in the large city. (IX, 1.)
Trawick, Arcadius McSwain. The City Church and Its Social
Mission (New York, 1913).
Turszinsky, Walter. Berliner Theater, Vol. XXIX of “Grossstadt
Dokumente” (Berlin, 1905). (III, 4; V, 1; VI, 6.)
Ward, Edward J. The Social Center (New York and London, 1915).
(VI, 6; VII, 5.)
6. The leisure-time activities which the city produces are so
intimately connected with the life of the people that they furnish
clues as to the pathology or disorganization typical of city life. The
dance hall, the movie, the amusement park, the back-yard or vacant
lot improvised playground, and the many other forms of public,
commercialized, or improvised recreation facilities are phases of
group life which cannot escape the Sociologist.
Arndt, Arno. Berliner Sport, Vol. X in “Grossstadt Dokumente”
(Berlin, 1905).
Describes various specialized, institutionalized, and commercialized
forms of sport life in Berlin. (IX, 2, 4.)
Bowman, LeRoy E., and Lambin, Maria Ward. “Evidences of Social
Relations as Seen in Types of New York City Dance Halls,”
Jour. Social Forces, III (January, 1925), 286–91. (IX, 2, 3, 4.)
Buchner, Eberhard. Berliner Variétés und Tingeltangel, Vol. XXII
in “Grossstadt Dokumente” (Berlin, 1905).
Analysis of various types of the variété, cabaret, and burlesque, and the
development of these institutions in the city. (IX, 1, 3, 4.)
Günther, Viktor. Petersbourg s’amuse, Vol. XXXII in “Grossstadt
Dokumente” (Berlin, 1905).
The recreational activities of the Russian capital. (III, 4; V, 1; IX, 2.)
Herschmann, Otto. Wiener Sport, Vol. XII in “Grossstadt
Dokumente” (Berlin, 1905).
Describes the recreational activities of the dominant population groups in
Vienna. (IX, 4.)
Ostwald, H. O. A. Berliner Kaffeehäuser, Vol. VII in “Grossstadt
Dokumente” (Berlin, 1905).
 Human behavior in the coffee houses of Berlin. (IX, 1, 4.)
——. Berliner Tanzlokale, Vol. IV in “Grossstadt Dokumente”
(Berlin, 1905).
Intimate glimpses of the diverse types of dance halls and their habitués.
(V, 2, 3; VII, 5; IX, 1, 4.)
Phelan, John J. Pool, Billiards, and Bowling Alleys as a Phase of
Commercialized Amusement in Toledo (Toledo, 1919). (VII, 5)
Rhodes, H. “City Summers,” Harper’s, CXXXI (June, 1915), 2–15.
The seasonal aspects of city recreation.
7. The city government shows, perhaps more clearly than many
other phases of city life, the extent to which the city has
revolutionized social life and has changed the habits and attitudes of
the people. In the city government we can see the various local,
national, cultural, and interest groups attempting to exert their
influence. In the city we see the political boss as a typical product of
an anomalous situation. Here we find such phenomena as non-
voting, the clash between local and occupational groups, and many
other disharmonies between the needs of the people and the
institutions that are present to satisfy them.
Bruere, Henry. The New City Government (New York, 1913).
A study of the commission form of government in cities.
Capes, William Parr. The Modern City and Its Government (New
York, 1922).
Clerk (pseudonym). Berliner Beamte, Vol. XLIII in “Grossstadt
Dokumente” (Berlin, 1905).
A study of the types of civil servants developed by modern city
government. (IX, 1, 2, 4.)
Cleveland, Frederick A. Chapters on Municipal Administration
and Accounting (New York, 1909 and 1915).
Cummin, G. C. “Will the City-Manager Form of Government Fit All
Cities—Large Cities—Machine-Controlled Cities?” National
Municipal Rev., VII (May, 1918), 276–81.
Ely, Richard T. The Coming City (New York, 1902).
An address taking up some of the problems connected with the
government, public interest in administration, and corruption in the modern
American city. (VII, 5.)
Gilbert, Arthur Benson. American Cities: Their Methods of
Business (New York, 1918).
Goodnow, Frank J. City Government in the United States (New
York, 1904 and 1909).
Hill, Howard C. Community Life and Civic Problems (New York,
1922).
An elementary textbook for community civics classes. (V, 3; VI.)
McKenzie, R. D. “Community Forces: A Study of the Non-Partisan
Municipal Elections in Seattle,” Journal of Social Forces
(January, March, May, 1924).
A study of the relation between local groupings and political attitudes.
(IV, 3; V, 1, 2, 3; VII, 5; IX, 3.)
Munro, W. B. Municipal Government and Administration (New
York, 1923). (II, 3; IV, 3; VII, 1.)
——. The Government of American Cities (3d ed.; New York, 1921).
A standard textbook on city government in the United States. By the same
author, a companion volume, The Government of European Cities. (VI, 7; IV,
3.)
Odum, Howard W. Community and Government: A Manual of
Discussion and Study of the Newer Ideals of Citizenship
(Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 1921).
Steffens, Lincoln. The Shame of the Cities (New York, 1907).
An exposure of corruption in city governments. (VII, 5.)
Toulmin, Harry A. The City Manager: A New Profession (New
York, 1915). (IX, 1.)
Weber, G. A. Organized Efforts for the Improvement of Methods
of Administration in the United States (New York and London,
1919).
Weyl, Walter E. “The Brand of the City,” Harper’s, CXXX (April,
1915), 769–75.
Wilcox, Delos F. Great Cities in America: Their Problems and
Their Government (New York, 1910). (IV, 3; VI; VII, 1, 5.)
Zueblin, Charles. A Decade of Civic Development (Chicago, 1905).
A discussion of the state of American city civilization at the beginning of
the twentieth century. (V, 4, 5; VI; VII, 1; VIII, 1.)
 8. The complexity, specialization, and dependence of the city are
seen clearly in the methods by which the city gets its food supply and
other vital necessities for the existence of the population. The food
trains, milk trains, cattle trains, the miles of refrigerator cars and
coal cars that daily enter the large city, the warehouses and the
stores, the countless delivery wagons that line the streets—all these
are evidence of what a tremendously complex and efficient
organization has grown up to meet the urgent wants, the desires for
subsistence and for luxury of our millions of city-dwellers. Here too
we sometimes see examples of what anxiety and what calamity might
result from the slightest interruption or dislocation in the methods of
supplying the city with these varied specialties. The department store
and the chain store are characteristic city institutions, corresponding
to the grouping of the city population.
Colze, Leo. Berliner Warenhäuser, Vol. XLVII in “Grossstadt
Dokumente” (Berlin, 1905).
Berlin stores. (III, 4; IV, 1; V, 1; IX, 1.)
Loeb, Moritz. Berliner Konfektionen, Vol. XV in “Grossstadt
Dokumente” (Berlin, 1905).
Ready-made clothing establishments. (V, 1, 4; IX, 1.)
Parker, Horatio Newton. City Milk Supply (New York, 1917). (IV,
1.)
Shideler, E. H. “The Business Center as an Institution,” Jour. Appl.
Sociol., IX (March, April, 1925), 269–75.
An outline of the local trade center in the urban community and its
significance in city life. (IV, 1; V, 1, 2, 3; VII, 1, 2.)
9. One of the latest phases of city development is the direct
result of the invention of a new technique of building. Steel
construction has made possible the skyscraper, the elevated railroad,
and the subway, and thus introduced a new dimension into city
growth. This new technique has made possible a density, per unit of
ground surface, which has given the city an entirely new complexion.
The full effects of this new invention are still not fully known.
Holborn, I. B. S. “The City: The Outer Expression of an Inner Self,”
Art World, III (December, 1917), 217–21. (III, 1; IX, 2.)
Mumford, Lewis. Sticks and Stones: A Study of American
Civilization (New York, 1925).
 An evaluation and critique of the architectural aspects of American cities
and their cultural significance. (V, 5; VI, 9; X, 2.)
Nichols, C. M. (editor). Studies on Building-Height Limitations in
Large Cities (Chicago, 1923).
Written from the point of view of the real-estate profession.
Schumacher, Fritz. “Architektonische Aufgaben der Städte,” in
Wuttke, Die Deutschen Städte, pp. 47–66.
Discussion of the changing needs and methods in urban construction.
The literature on the significance of the steel-construction
technique is still very small. The professional engineers and
architects have contributed some to their journals, but the
interpretation of their contributions is still to be made.
10. Land values are the chief determining influence in the
segregation of local areas and in the determination of the uses to
which an area is to be put. Land values also determine more
specifically the type of building that is to be erected in a given area—
whether it shall be a tenement house, an office building, a factory, or
a single dwelling—what buildings shall be razed, and what buildings
are to be repaired. The technique of determining city land values has
developed into a highly specialized and well-paid profession. Land
values are so potent a selective factor that the human ecologist will
find in them a very accurate index to many phases of city life.
Aronovici, Carol. Housing and the Housing Problem (Chicago,
1921).
A study of the relation between rent, income, and housing.
Arner, G. B. L. “Urban Land Economics,” in volume, Urban Land
Economics, Institute for Research in Land Economics (Ann
Arbor, Michigan, 1922).
Gives a summary of land values in New York City and an outline of the
subject. (VII, 1, 2.)
George, W. L. Labor and Housing at Port Sunlight (London,
1909). (III, 4, 6; V, 4, 5; IX, 1.)
“Housing and Town Planning,” Ann. Amer. Acad., LI (January,
1914), 1–264.
An excellent collection of authoritative articles on housing, city planning,
city land values, transportation, and government. (III, 6; IV, 1, 2, 3; V; VII;
VIII.)
Hull House Maps and Papers (New York, 1895).
A presentation of nationalities and wages in a congested district of
Chicago together with comments and essays on problems growing out of the
social conditions. (VII, 2, 3, 4, 5; IX, 3.)
Hunter, Robert. Tenement Conditions in Chicago: Report by the
Investigating Committee of the City Homes Association
(Chicago, 1901). (VII, 5.)
Hurd, Richard M. Principles of City Land Values (New York,
1924).
Land valuation on the basis of city growth. Shows that the coming of the
automobile, making available large tracts for residential purposes, the radio,
and other devices for intercommunication have not materially changed the
general principles of city growth. Contains maps and photographs showing
foot-front values for various cities and land utilization. (VII, 1, 4; VI, 2.)
Morehouse, E. W., and Ely, R. T. Elements of Land Economics
(New York, 1924).
An introduction to land valuation. Chapter vi, on urban land utilization.
(VII, 1, 2; X, 2.)
McMichael, Stanley L., and Bingham, Robert F. City Growth and
Values (Cleveland, 1923).
An authoritative statement. (VII, 1.)
Olcott, George C. Olcott’s Land Value Maps (annually, Chicago,
1909–25).
Valuations of Chicago real estate.
Pratt, Edward Ewing. Industrial Causes of Congestion of
Population in New York City (New York, 1911).
Contains an excellent bibliography. (III, 4; V, 1, 2, 4, 5; VI, 2, 3; VII, 1, 2,
3, 4, 5.)
Reeve, Sidney A. “Congestion in Cities,” Geog. Rev., III (1917),
278–93.
Regards congestion as a growing menace to public health and social
stability, and analyzes the causes and suggests remedies. (V, 4, 5; VI; VII, 1, 2,
5; VIII 1.)
Riis, Jacob A. How the Other Half Lives: Studies among the
Tenements of New York (New York, 1890 and 1914).
This together with his other book, The Battle with the Slum (New York,
1892), has done much to call public attention to the tenement problem of the
 large American city and to invite remedial legislation. (V, 1, 2, 4, 5; VII, 1, 2,
5.)
Schumacher, F. “Probleme der Grossstadt,” Deutsche Rundschau
für Geog., CXXC (July 5, 1919), 66–81, 262–85, 416–29. (V;
VI; VII; VIII.)
Smythe, William Ellsworth. City Homes on Country Lanes:
Philosophy and Practice of the Home-in-a-Garden (New York,
1921). (V, 5.)
Stella, A. “The Effects of Urban Congestion on Italian Women and
Children,” Medical Record, LXXIII (New York, 1908), 722–32.
(V, 1, 3; VIII, 1.)
Südekum, Albert. Grossstädtisches Wohnungselend, Vol. XLV in
“Grossstadt Dokumente” (Berlin, 1905).
A description of a typical tenement area in the European city and its
effects on human behavior. (VII, 5; IX, 3.)
Veiller, Lawrence. “The Housing Problem in America,” Ann. Amer.
Academy, XXV (1905), 248–75.
In this article, as well as in his later works (for instance, Housing Reform
(New York, 1910)), the writer, who has been regarded as one of the foremost
housing students in America, outlines some of the social consequences of bad
housing in the modern city and questions the adequacy of democratic form of
government in the slum areas. (V; IX, 3.)
 VII. THE GROWTH OF THE CITY
The growth of the city has been described as the outstanding
characteristic of modern civilization. The sociologist is interested in
the processes underlying this phenomenon.
1. One of the most obvious phases of this growth is the addition
in numbers and the expansion in area of the city. This has been
accurately measured by the statisticians and geographers. The typical
process of expansion is from the core of the city outward toward the
periphery. While ample materials for such studies of processes exist,
their interpretation and analysis is yet to be undertaken. In the
process of growth the city tends to become empty, as concerns
habitations, at the center. This phenomenon is referred to as “city-
building.”
Ballard, W. J. “Our Twenty-nine Largest Cities, Jour. Educ.,
XXCIII (April 27, 1916), 468.
Bassett, E. M. “Distribution of Population in Cities,” American
City, XIII (July, 1915), 7–8.
Bernhard, H. “Die Entvölkerung des Landes,” Deutsche
Rundschau für Geog., XXXVII (1914–15), 563–67.
Of twenty-one countries examined, all showed an increase in urban
population between 1880–1910, in most cases far exceeding the natural
increase in population, and a decrease in percentage of rural population. (VII,
3; VIII, 1; X, 2.)
Brown, Robert M. “City Growth and City Advertising” (Abstract of
paper read at 1921 Conference of American Geographers), Ann.
Assoc. Amer. Geog., XII (1922), 155.
A discussion of the causes of growth of American cities with an analysis of
the one hundred cities showing the largest gains since 1910. Classification as
to type of advertising campaigns used.
Bushee, F. A. “The Growth of Population of Boston,” Pub. Amer.
Statistical Assoc., VI (1899), 239–74. (VIII, 3.)
City-Building: A Citation of Methods in Use in More Than One
Hundred Cities for the Solution of Important Problems in the
 Progressive Growth of the American Municipality (Cincinnati,
1913). (V, 4, 5; VI; VII, 5.)
“City Growth by Dead Reckoning,” Literary Digest, XXCII (August
9, 1924), 12.
Fawcett, C. B. “British Conurbations in 1921,” Sociol. Rev., XIV
(April, 1922), 111–22.
Feather, W. A. “Cities That Make Good,” Forum, LVII (May, 1917),
623–28.
Gregory, W. M. “Growth of the Cities of Washington,” Jour. Geog.,
XIV (May, 1916), 348–53. (VII, 3.)
“How Big Should a City Be?” Literary Digest, LI (August 28, 1915),
399–400.
James, Edmund J. “The Growth of Great Cities,” Ann. Amer.
Academy, XIII (1899), 1–30. (VII, 2, 3.)
Traces the growth of the cities and the genesis of the problems connected
with it.
Jefferson, Mark. “Great Cities of the United States in 1920,” Geog.
Rev., XI (July, 1921), 437–41.
Martell, P. “Die Bevölkerungsentwicklung der Stadt Berlin,”
Allgemeines Statistisches Archiv, X (1917), 207–15. (VII, 3;
VIII, 1.)
Püschel, Alfred. Das Anwachsen der Deutschen Städte in der Zeit
der mittelalterlichen Kolonialbewegung (Berlin, 1910).
Contains fifteen city plans. Traces the growth of cities in the medieval
period and the changes in city structure. (II, 2; VII, 2.)
Ridgley, D. C. “Sixty-eight Cities of the United States in 1920,”
Jour. Geog., XX (February, 1921), 75–79.
One of a series of postcensus-report analyses of the growth of the urban
population.
Roth, Lawrence V. “The Growth of American Cities,” Geog. Rev., V
(May, 1918), 384–98.
Holds that the growth of the cities of the United States has passed
through four periods, each of which in its turn was the response to the
commercial and industrial development of a new geographical region.
Distinguishes between site and situation in city growth, and is here concerned
mainly with general situation as a contributory influence. (III, 2, 3, 4.)
 Sedlaczek. “Die Bevölkerungszunahme der Grossstädte im XIX
Jahrhundert und deren Ursachen,” Report of the Eighth
International Congress of Hygiene and Demography
(Budapest, 1894). (VII, 3; VIII, 1; X, 1.)
United States Bureau of the Census. A Century of Population
Growth (Washington, 1909). (VII, 3; VIII; X, 2.)
United States Bureau of the Census. Population: Fourteenth
Census of the United States (3 vols.; Washington, 1920). (VII,
3; VIII, 1, 2; IX, 1; X, 2.)
Van Cleef, E. “How Big Is Your Town?” American City, XVII
(November, 1917), 471–73.
Weber, Adna Ferrin. The Growth of Cities in the Nineteenth
Century: A Study in Statistics, “Columbia University Studies in
History, Economics, and Public Law” (New York, 1899).
Besides being the most important book on the growth of the city from a
statistical standpoint, it contains many other features of great value to the
student of the city, especially of the influence of the urban environment on the
population. (VII, 2, 3; VIII.)
“Why Cities Grow,” Literary Digest, LVIII (August 17, 1918), 22–
23.
Zahn, F. “Die Volkszählung von 1900 und die Grossstadtfrage,”
Jahrbuch für Nationalökonomie und Statistik, XXCI (1903),
191–215. (VII, 3.)
2. Every addition in numbers and expansion of the city area is
accompanied by the redistribution and re-allocation of the whole
population. Some elements are given a new locus, while others shift
but little as a result of the stimulus incident to the arrival of
newcomers. This redistribution of the city population has become a
constantly operating process in view of the constant growth of the
city either through natural increase of the population or through
migration from without.
Allison, Thomas W. “Population Movements in Chicago,” Jour. of
Social Forces, II (May, 1924), 529–33. (V, 1, 3; VII, 4.)
Aurousseau, M. “Distribution of Population: A Constructive
Problem,” Geog. Rev., XI (October, 1921), 568–75.
“Density concerns itself with the number of people per unit of area;
distribution deals with the comparative study of density from area to area; and
 arrangement considers the way in which people are grouped. Grouping is the
fundamental concept....” (I, 1; IV, 1; X, 2.)
Bushee, F. A. “Ethnic Factors in the Population of Boston,” Pub.
Amer. Statistical Assoc., Vol. IV, No. 2, pp. 307–477. (V, 1, 2,
3.)
Douglas, H. Paul. The Suburban Trend (New York, 1925).
Traces the movement toward decentralization in the larger American
urban communities. (VII, 2, 1, 4; IV, 2; III, 5; V, 4.)
Hirschfeld, Magnus. Berlins drittes Geschlecht, Vol. III in
“Grossstadt Dokumente” (Berlin, 1905).
A study of the homosexuals in Berlin as a sample of the grouping of
population in the large city. (V, 1, 3; VII, 5.)
Hooker, G. E. “City-Planning and Political Areas,” Nat. Mun. Rev.,
VI (May, 1917), 337–45. (IV, 3; V, 1, 4, 5; VI, 7.)
The London Society. The London of the Future (New York and
London, 1921).
An excellent view of the processes bringing about the allocation of the
population and the trend of growth of the city from the core pressing outward
toward the periphery. (II, 3; III, 1, 5, 6; IV; V; VI; VII; VIII, 1, 2, 3; IX, 1, 2, 3,
4.)
Ripley, W. Z. “Racial Geography of Europe,” Popular Science
Monthly, LII (1898), 591–608; XIV, “Urban Problems.” See
also his “Races of Europe,” chap. xx, on “Ethnic Stratification
and Urban Selection.” (V, 3.)
Salten, Felix. Wiener Adel, Vol. XIV in “Grossstadt Dokumente”
(Berlin, 1905).
Shows the local grouping of the nobility in the large European city. (IX,
4.)
Schmid, Herman. City bildung und Bevölkerungsverteilung in
Grossstädten: Ein Beitrag zur Entwicklungsgeschichte des
modernen Städtewesens (München, 1909).
Shows that the normal process of growth of the city is by emptying at the
center, and redistributing its population around the periphery. (Compare
Mark Jefferson, “The Anthropography of Some Great Cities: A Study in
Distribution of Population,” Bull. Amer. Geog. Soc., XLI (1909), 537–66. (VII,
4, 5.))
Williams, James M. An American Town: A Sociological Study
(New York, 1906).
 Primarily an analysis of an American community from a socio-
psychological standpoint. Contains some interesting facts on growth and
distribution of population. (III, 5; V, 1, 2, 3; IX, 1, 3.)
Winter, Max. Im unterirdischen Wien, Vol. XIII in “Grossstadt
Dokumente” (Berlin, 1905).
A description of Vienna, showing the processes of segregation, allocation,
and communication at work in the city population. (V, 1; VI, 4, 6; VII, 5; IX, 3,
4.)
3. During the latter part of the nineteenth century the
expressions, “the flight from the country,” and “the drift to the city”
began to be heard. The rapid increase in population of the cities was
found to be due not to natural increase, i.e., excess of births over
deaths, but to migration from the surrounding rural area. In America
the rapid increase in the size of the cities was due chiefly to an
increasing stream of European immigrants who avoided the farm but
were attracted to the urban environment. Population statisticians
have been alert to discover whether this process is continuing or
whether a change is taking place. Improvements in rural life and
conscious efforts to control the movement of population have been
observed as to their possible effect on the rural-urban population
equilibrium.
Ashby, A. W. “Population and the Land,” Edinburgh Rev., CCXXIV
(1916), 321–39. (X, 1, 2.)
Ballod, C. “Sterblichkeit und Fortpflanzung der Stadtbevölkerung,”
Jahrbuch für Nationalökonomie und Statistik, XXXIII (1909),
521–41. (VIII, 1, 3.)
Bauer, L. Der Zug nach der Stadt (Stuttgart, 1904). Reviewed in
Archiv f. Rassen u. Gesellschaftsbiologie, II, 300. (VII, 1.)
Beusch, P. Wanderungen und Stadtkultur: eine
bevolkerungspolitische und sozialethische Studie (München-
Gladbach, 1916).
Böckh, R. “Der Anteil der örtlichen Bewegung an der Zunahme der
Bevölkerung der Grossstädte,” Congress Intern. d’Hygiène et
de Démographie (Budapest, 1894). (VII, 1.)
Bowley, A. L. “Births and Population in Great Britain,” Econ.
Jour., XXXIV (June, 1924), 188–92. (VII, 1; VIII, 1.)
Bryce, P. H. “Effects upon Public Health and Natural Prosperity
from Rural Depopulation and Abnormal Increase of Cities,”
Amer. Jour. Public Health, New York, V, 48–56. (VIII; X, 1, 2.)
Cacheux, E. “Influence des grandes villes sur la dépopulation,”
Rev. Philanthrop. Paris, XXXVII (1916), 513–18. (VIII; X, 1.)
Dickerman, G. S. “The Drift to the Cities,” Atlantic Monthly, CXI
(1913), 349–53. (IX, 2; X, 1, 2.)
Dittmann, P. Die Bevölkerungsbewegung der deutschen
Grossstädte seit der Gründung des deutschen Reiches
(Bamberg, 1912). (VII, 1.)
Groves, E. R. “Urban Complex: A Study of the Psychological
Aspects of the Urban Drift,” Sociol. Rev., XII (1920), 73–81.
(IX, 2; X, 2.)
Hecke, W. “Volksvermehrung, Binnenwanderung, und
Umgangssprache in den österreichischen Alpenländern und
Südländern,” Statist. Monatsschr., XXXIX (1913), 323–92.
(VIII, 1. 3; X, 2.)
Hoaglund, H. E. “The Movement of Rural Population in Illinois,”
Jour. Pol. Econ., XX (1912), 913–27.
Mayr, G. von. Die Bevölkerung der Grossstädte, in “Die
Grossstadt” (Dresden, 1903).
One of the best statements of the problem. (VII, 1, 2; VIII, 1, 2, 3.)
Prinzing, Dr. F. “Die Bevölkerungsentwicklung Stockholms, 1721–
1920,” Jahrbuch für Nationalökonomie und Statistik, XLVII
(1924), 87–93.
An excellent case study of the situation in a modern European city. (VII,
1; X, 1, 2.)
——. “Einheimische und Zugezogene in den Grossstädten,”
Zeitschr. für Sozialwiss., VII (Berlin, 1904), 660–67.
Ravenstein, E. G. “The Laws of Migration,” Jour. Royal Statist.
Soc., XLVIII (1885), 167–227. (X, 2.)
Spencer, A. G. “Changing Population of Our Large Cities,”
Kindergarten Primary Mag., XXIII (1910), 65–71.
Steinhart, A. Untersuchung zur Gebürtigkeit der deutschen
Grossstadtbevölkerung, Entwicklung, und Ursachen, “Rechts
 und Staatswissenschaftliche Studien,” Heft 45 (Berlin, 1912).
(VIII, 1; X, 2.)
Voss, W. “Städtische Kleinsiedlung,” Archiv für exacte
Wirtschaftsforschung, IX (1919), 377–412.
Weisstein, G. “Sind die Städte wirklich Menschenverzehrer?”
Deutsche Städte Ztg. (1905), pp. 153–54.
4. The mobility of a city population incident to city growth is
reflected in the increased number of contacts, changes of movement,
changes in appearance, and atmosphere of specific areas due to
succession of population groups, and in differences in land values.
Mobility implies not mere movement, but fresh stimulation, an
increase in number and intensity of stimulants, and a tendency to
respond more readily to new stimulation. The process by which the
city absorbs and incorporates its own offspring or foreign elements
into its life, and what becomes of them, may be referred to as the
metabolism of city life. Mobility is an index of metabolism.
Bercovici, Konrad. Around the World in New York (New York,
1924).
Discusses the local communities and the sifting process in the large city.
(VII, 1, 2; IX, 3; V, 1, 2, 3.)
Digby, E. “The Extinction of the Londoner,” Contemp. Rev.,
London, XXCVI (1904), 115–26. (VII, 2, 3; VIII, 1; IX, 2, 3.)
Herzfeld, Elsa G. Family Monographs; The History of Twenty-
four Families Living in the Middle West Side of New York City
(New York, 1905).
Examples of extreme mobility (tendency to migrate) in the tenement
district. (VII, 5.)
Meuriot, P. “Les Migrations internes dans quelques grandes
villes,” Jour. Soc. Stat., Paris, L (1909), 390. (V, 1; VII, 2.)
Prinzing, F. “Die Bevölkerungsbewegung in Paris und Berlin,”
Zeitschr. für Soziale Medizin, Leipzig, III (1908), 99–120.
Stephany, H. “Der Einfluss des Berufes und der Sozialstellung auf
die Bevölkerungsbewegung der Grossstädte nachgewiesen an
Königsberg i. Pr.,” Königsb. Statist., No. 13, 1912. (VII, 2, 3.)
Weleminsky, F. “Über Akklimatisation in Grossstädten,” Archiv
für Hygiene, XXXVI (1899), 66–126. (VII, 3, 5; VIII, 1.)
 Woods, Robert A. Americans in Process: A Settlement Study,
North- and West-End Boston (Boston, 1902). (VII, 2; V, 3; IX,
3.)
Typical of a number of settlement studies giving a view of the effect of the
city on its foreign population.
5. City growth may be thought of as a process of disorganization
and reorganization. Growth always involves these processes to some
extent, but when the city grows rapidly we see the disorganization
assuming proportions which may be regarded as pathological. Crime,
suicide, divorce, are some of the behavior problems in which social
disorganization, when viewed from the personal side, expresses
itself. The disappearance of the neighborhood and the local
community with its personal forms of control is one of the immediate
causal elements in this process.
Addams, Jane. The Spirit of Youth and the City Streets (New York,
1909). (V, 1, 2, 3; IX, 3; X, 2.)
Bader, Emil. Wiener Verbrecher, Vol. XVI, “Grossstadt
Dokumente” (Berlin, 1905). (VI, 4; VII, 5; IX, 4.)
Bonne, G. “Über die Notwendigkeit einer systematischen
Dezentralisation unserer Grossstädte in hygienischer, sozialer,
und volkswirtschaftlicher Beziehung,” Monatschr. für soz.
Med., I (Jena, 1904), 369, 425, 490. (V, 5; VIII.)
Buschan, G. H. Geschlecht und Verbrechen, Vol. XLVIII,
“Grossstadt Dokumente” (Berlin, 1905).
Some observations on the natural history of the city population. Very
fragmentary. (VIII, 2; IX, 3, 4.)
Chalmers, Thomas. The Christian and Civic Economy of Large
Towns (Glasgow, 1918). (IV, 5; VII; VIII, 1, 4.)
Classen, W. F. Grossstadt Heimat: Beobachtungen zur
Naturgeschichte des Grossstadtvolkes (Hamburg, 1906).
Classen, W. Das stadtegeborene Geschlecht und seine Zukunft
(Leipzig, 1914).
Henderson, C. R. “Industry and City Life and the Family,” Amer.
Jour. Sociol., XIV, 668. (VIII, 1, 2, 3.)
Lasson, Alfred. Gefährdete und verwahrloste Jugend, Vol. XLIX,
“Grossstadt Dokumente” (Berlin, 1905).
 The dangers confronting youth in the city and juvenile delinquency. (IX,
4.)
Marcuse, Max. Uneheliche Mütter, Vol. XXVII in “Grossstadt
Dokumente” (Berlin, 1905). (VIII, 1, 3; IX, 3.)
Illegitimacy in Berlin. Types of unmarried mothers.
Ostwald, H. O. A. Das Berliner Spielertum, Vol. XXXV in
“Grossstadt Dokumente” (Berlin, 1905). (VI, 6; IX, 4.)
Gambling in the city.
——. Zuhältertum in Berlin, Vol. V, “Grossstadt Dokumente”
(Berlin, 1905). Panderers and their victims in the city. (IX, 1,
4.)
Schuchard, Ernst. Sechs Monate Arbeitshaus, Vol. XXXIII in
“Grossstadt Dokumente” (Berlin, 1905).
Six months’ experiences in the workhouse of the city, where the
opportunity to observe social disorganization is great. (VI, 4; IX, 3, 4.)
Sears, Charles H. The Redemption of the City (Philadelphia, 1911).
Sharp, Geo. W. City Life and Its Amelioration (Boston, 1915).
Steiner, Jesse F. “Theories of Community Organization,” Jour.
Social Forces, III (November, 1924), 30–37. (V; VIII, 3.)
——. “A Critique of the Community Movement,” Jour. App. Sociol.,
IX (November-December, 1924), 108.
Problems of social control in relation to community organization and
disorganization. (V; VIII, 3.)
Stelze, Charles. Christianity’s Storm Center: A Study of the
Modern City (New York and Chicago, 1907).
Strong, Josiah. The Challenge of the City (New York, 1907).
From a religious and moral standpoint. (X, 1, 2.)
Thomas, W. I., and Znaniecki, Florian. The Polish Peasant in
Europe and America, Vol. V, “Organization and
Disorganization in America” (Boston, 1920). (V, 3; VII, 2.)
“The Tragedy of Great Cities,” Outlook, CXXVI (1920), 749–50.
Werthauer, Johannes. Sittlichkeitsdelikte der Grossstadt, Vol. XL
in “Grossstadt Dokumente” (Berlin, 1905).
A collection of typical city delinquencies of the sex type. (V, 4; IX, 4.)
 VIII. EUGENICS OF THE CITY
Considerable literature has grown up recently dealing with the
biological aspects of city life. Detailed studies as to the effect of city
life on the human stock remain to be made. On the basis of the
material now available, however, fruitful avenues of research are
opened, and certain tentative conclusions may be entertained.
1. The changes incident to city life in the birth, death, and
marriage rates of the population are noticeable on the basis of
statistics. These phenomena permit of sociological interpretation and
analysis. The difference between the urban and the rural span of life
offers a similar problem to the investigator. The proportions of the
human scrap-heap and its social consequences in the city have been
recognized as an important phase of urban existence.
Bailey, W. B. Modern Social Conditions: A Statistical Study of
Birth, Marriage, Divorce, Death, Disease, Suicide,
Immigration, etc., with Special Reference to the United States
(New York, 1906). (VII, 5; VIII.)
Bajla, E. “Come si distribuiscono topograficamente le malattee
contagiose negli aggregati urbani,” Attualita Med. Milano, V
(1916), 542–46.
The local distribution of contagious diseases in the urban area.
Barron, S. B. “Town life as a Cause of Degeneracy,” Pop. Sci. Mo.,
XXXIV (1888–89), 324–30. (X, 2.)
Billings, J. S. “The Mortality Rates of Baltimore; Life Table for
Baltimore; Mortality in Different Wards; Causes of Disease,”
Baltimore Med. Jour., X (1883–84), 487–89. (V, 1.)
“Biological Influences of City Life,” Literary Digest, LII (February,
1916), 371–72.
“Birth- and Death-Rates in American Cities,” Amer. City, XVI
(1917), 195–99.
Bleicher, H. “Über die Eigentümlichkeiten der städtischen
Natalitäts- und Mortalitätsverhältnisse,” Intern. Kongr. für
Hygiene und Demographie (Budapest, 1894). (VIII, 3.)
 The peculiarities of urban birth and death rates.
Dublin, Louis I. “The Significance of the Declining Birth-Rate,”
Science, (new series), XLVII, 201–10.
Fehlinger, Hans. “De l’influence biologique de la civilization
urbaine,” Scientia, X (1911), 421–34. (VIII, 3.)
Guilfoy, W. H. The Influence of Nationality upon the Mortality of
a Community, with Special Reference to the City of New York,
“Department of Health of New York City Monograph Series
18,” 1919. (V, 1, 2, 3.)
——. An Analysis of the Mortality Returns of the Sanitary Areas
of the Borough of Manhattan for the Year 1915, “Department
of Health of New York City Monograph Series 15,” 1916.
Hammond, L. J., and Gray, C. H. “The Relation of the Foreign
Population to the Mortality and Morbidity Rate of
Philadelphia,” Bull. Amer. Acad. of Med., XIV (1913), 113–29.
(V, 1.)
Harmon, G. E. “A Comparison of the Relative Healthfulness of
Certain Cities in the United States, Based upon the Study of
Their Vital Statistics,” Publ. Amer. Statist. Assoc., XV (Boston,
1916), 157–74.
Holmes, Samuel J. A Bibliography of Eugenics, “University of
California Publications in Zoölogy,” Vol. XXV, Berkeley,
California, 1924.
Contains a chapter on “Urban Selection and the Influence of Industrial
Development on Racial Heredity.” Has served as a source of many references
listed in this bibliography. (VIII.)
Love, A. G., and Davenport, C. B. “Immunity of City-Bred
Recruits,” Arch. Med. Intern., XXIV (1919), 129–53.
Macpherson, J. “Urban Selection and Mental Health,” Rev. of
Neurol. and Psychiatry, I (1903), 65–73. (VII, 2, 5; IX, 2, 3, 4;
X, 3.)
Meinshausen: “Die Zunahme der Körpergrösse des deutschen
Volkes vor dem Kriege; ihre Ursachen und Bedeutung für die
Wiederherstellung der deutschen Volkskraft,” Archiv für
Hygiene und Demographie, XIV (1921), 28–72.
Points out degeneration of urban youth. (VII, 3; X, 3.)
 Pieper, E. “Über die Verbreitung der Geschlechtskrankheiten nach
Stadt und Land mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der
Verhältnisse der Stadt Rostock und des Staates Mecklenburg,”
Arch. für Soz. Hygiene und Demographie, XIV (1923), 148–87.
(X, 2.)
Sarker, S. L. “The Comparative Mortality of the Towns of the Nadia
District,” Indian Med. Gaz., LII (Calcutta, 1917), 58–60.
Walford, C. “On the Number of Violent Deaths from Accident,
Negligence, Violence, and Misadventure in the United
Kingdom and Some Other Countries,” Jour. Royal Stat. Soc.,
XLIV (1881), 444–521.
Number of violent deaths in cities greater than rural region. (X, 2.)
Weber, L. W. “Grossstadt und Nerven,” Deutsche Rundschau,
CLXXVII (December, 1918), 391–407. (IX, 2, 4.)
Weiberg, W. “Zur Frage nach der Häufigkeit der Syphilis in der
Grossstadt,” Arch. Rass. und Gesellsch. Biol., Vol. XI, 1914; 3
articles.
Whipple, G. C. Vital Statistics: An Introduction to Demography
(New York, 1923). (VII, 1; VIII, 2, 3; IX, 2.)
2. The relative differences in the age and sex groups, in the city
as over against the country, and in the various areas in the city are
indicative of fundamental processes tending to produce typical
results.
Baker, J. E. “City Life and Male Mortality,” Publ. Amer. Statist.
Assoc., XI (1908), 133–49. (VIII, 1.)
Böckh, R. “Sterbetafeln C (für Grossstädte); Die fünfzig Berliner
Sterbetafeln,” Bericht über 14ten Intern. Kongr. Hygiene, III
(Berlin, 1908), 1078–87. (V, 1, 2, 3, 4; VIII, 1.)
Heron, David. On the Relation of Fertility in Man to Social Status
and on the Changes in This Relation That Have Taken Place
during the Last Fifty Years (London, 1906). (VII, 1, 5; VIII, 1.)
Röse, C. “Die Grossstadt als Grab der Bevölkerung,” Aerztliche
Rundschau, XV (München, 1905), 257–61. (VII, 3; VIII, 1.)
3. Whether the conditions of city life have an influence on the
fecundity of women and the size of the family is an aspect of city life
inviting accurate study, attempts at which have already been made.
Haurbeck, L. “Der Wille zur Mutterschaft in Stadt und Land,”
Deutsche Landwirtsch. Presse., XI (1915), 12. (VIII, 1, 2; X, 2.)
Kühner, F. “Stadt und Bevölkerungspolitik,” Städte-Zeit, XIV
(1917), 306.
Lewis, C. F., and J. N. Natality and Fecundity: A Contribution to
National Demography (Edinburgh, 1906).
Based on statistics in the Scottish birth register of 1855. (VIII, 1, 2.)
Manschke, R. “Innere Einflüsse der Bevölkerungswanderungen auf
die Geburtenzahl,” Zeitschr. für Sozialwiss., neue Folge, VII
(1916), 100–115, 161–74. (VII, 3; VIII, 1, 2; X, 2.)
Morgan, J. E. The Danger of Deterioration of Race from the Too
Rapid Increase of Great Cities (London, 1866). (VII, 1, 3; VIII,
1.)
Prinzing, F. “Eheliche und uneheliche Fruchtbarkeit und
Aufwuchsziffer in Stadt und Land in Preussen,” Deutsche Med.
Wochenschrift, XLIV (1918), 351–54. (VIII, 1; X, 4.)
Theilhaber, F. A. Das sterile Berlin (Berlin, 1913). (VIII, 1, 2.)
Thompson, Warren S. “Race Suicide in the United States,” Sci.
Mo., V, 22–35, 154–65, 258–69. (VIII, 1; X, 2.)
“Urban Sterilization,” Jour. Hered., VIII (1917), 268–69. (VIII, 1.)
 IX. HUMAN NATURE AND CITY LIFE
The city is remaking human nature and each city is producing its
own type of personality. These influences of city life are of prime
interest to the sociologist. The materials bearing on this question are
not primarily those collected by the scientist, but by the artist. It
requires insight and imagination to perceive and to describe these
deep-seated changes which are being wrought in the nature of man
himself.
1. The division of labor and the fine specialization of occupations
and professions that is so distinctly characteristic of city life has
brought into existence a new mode of thought and new habits and
attitudes which have transformed man in a few generations. The city
man tends to think less in terms of locality than he does in terms of
occupation. In a sense he has become an adjunct of the machine
which he operates and the tools he uses. His interests are organized
around his occupation, and his status and mode of life is determined
by it.
Bahre, Walter. Meine Klienten. Vol. XLII in “Grossstadt
Dokumente” (Berlin, 1905).
Specialization and professional types and classes as seen from a lawyer’s
office. (IX, 4.)
Benario, Leo. Die Wucherer und ihre Opfer, Vol. XXXVIII in
“Grossstadt Dokumente.” (IX, 3, 4.)
The profession of money-lending in the large city and the behavior
patterns that this professional group exhibits. (IX, 3, 4.)
Burke, Thomas. The London Spy: A Book of Town Travels (New
York, 1922). (II, 3; V, 1, 2, 3; IX.)
Donovan, Frances. The Woman Who Waits (Boston, 1920).
The impressions and occupational experiences of a waitress in Chicago.
(IX, 2, 3.)
Hammond, J. L., and Barbara. The Skilled Labourer, 1760–1832
(London, 1919).
The emergence of occupational types in the course of industrial evolution.
(III, 4; IV, 6.)
Hammond, J. L., and Barbara. The Town Labourer, 1760–1832:
The New Civilization (London, 1917). (II, 3; III, 4; IV, 6; IX, 2,
3; X, 2.)
Hyan, Hans. Schwere Jungen, Vol. XXVIII in “Grossstadt
Dokumente” (Berlin, 1905).
Describes the life of an occupational group—the pugilists—in the large
city (Berlin). (V, 1, 3; VI, 6; IX, 4.)
Mayhew, Henry. London Labour and London Poor: A
Cyclopaedia of the Condition and Earnings of Those That Will
Work, Those That Cannot Work, and Those That Will Not
Work (London, 1861–62), 4 vols.
A description of occupational types created by city specialization. (II, 3;
VII, 5; IX, 4.)
Noack, Victor. Was ein Berliner Musikant erlebte, Vol. XIX in
“Grossstadt Dokumente” (Berlin, 1905).
The experiences of a Berlin musician in his occupational life. Showing the
evolution of an occupational type, with many highly specialized subtypes. (IX;
X, 2.)
Roe, Clifford. Panders and Their White Slaves (New York and
Chicago, 1910). (V, 1; VII, 5.)
Rowntree, B. Seebohm, and Lasker, Bruno. Unemployment: A
Social Study (London, 1911).
Simkhovitch, Mary K. The City Worker’s World in America (New
York, 1917). (V, 1, 2, 3; VI, 10; VII, 2, 5.)
Solenberger, Alice W. One Thousand Homeless Men: A Study of
Original Records (New York, 1914).
What a social agency’s records reveal about occupational careers in the
city. (VI, 4; VII, 4, 5; VIII, 1.)
Veblen, Thorstein. The Instinct of Workmanship, and the State of
the Industrial Arts (New York, 1914).
Showing the development of the specialization of labor and its effect on
human behavior. (IX, 2.)
Werthauer, Johannes. Berliner Schwindel, Vol. XXI in “Grossstadt
Dokumente” (Berlin, 1905).
Showing the extent to which fraud has become a technical profession.
(VII, 5; IX, 2, 4.)