BIOLOGY
GRADE 10
2.2
Structure & The Functions
of the
Plant Cell
&
Animal Cell
BASIC UNIT OF
LIFE
Using a microscope
made by himself
Discovered structures like
chambers in a beehive and
called them
"cells".
In 1665 Robert Hooke The structural and
WHAT functional unit of life is
Schleiden, Schwann and Radolf Virchow
introduced the cell theory after conclusions ARE THE the cell
reached by observing different live tissues. CONTENS
All organisms are
OF CELL made up of one or
THEORY? more cell(s).
WHAT ARE CELLS?
New cells are
Cells are the smallest structural units within living things. formed from pre-
Organisms composed of single cell Unicellular existing cells
Organisms composed of multiple cells Multicellular
Cells have respective functions
WHAT ARE ORGANELLES?
Organelles are small structures within cells which perform specific functions.
WHAT IS A TYPICAL CELL?
This is a cell prepared by including all the organelles. This cannot be found naturally as no cells have all
organelles within them
WHAT IS CELL GROWTH?
The irreversible increase of the size or dry mass of cell(s)
Eps. 01 Kitchen style
Animal cell Plantcell
VS
ACTIVITIES
Diagram Name Characteristics Constituents Functions
-Outer most covering of the Main - Cellulose 1)Maintaining the shape of the
plant cell (Hemi cellulose, cell
Cell wall 2)Support & protection of the
pectin)
cell.
-Present interior to the cell Enclose the cell, allow entry of
Phospholipids
Plasma wall of plant cells water, ions some molecules
&
Membrane -Boundary of the animal cell and thereby control the entry
proteins
(Cell Membrane) -A semi permeable membrane & exit of materials into and
out of the cell.
-The gelatinous liquid part
1)Maintaining the shape of the
of the cell excluding
cell
Cytoplasm organelles 2)Bear cell organelles
-Presence of Inorganic and 3)Carryout different metabolic
organic substances processes
-Surrounded by a nuclear 1)The storage of genetic
envelope material and transfer
Nucleus
-Main organelle in a cell inherited characters from
generation to generation.
-Membrane bounded sacs -Production of secretory
Golgi Complex stacked on top of the other substances, packaging and
with associated secretory secretion
vesicles
-An oval or rod shaped
1)Energy released is used for the
membrane bounded organelle
metabolic activities of the cell
Mitochondrion -Aerobic respiratory reactions
to release energy
'Power house of the cell'
Rough endoplasmic reticulum 1)Transportation of proteins
Rough ribosomes within the cell
Endoplasmic
Reticulum attached to the membrane
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum 1)Synthesis of Lipids, steroids
A network of tubular sacs and to transport them within
without Ribosomes on the the cell
membrane
-Small organelles without a
-A large subunit 1)Protein synthesis
membrane
Ribosome and a small
found in;- Cytoplasm or attached
subunit
to Endoplasmic Reticulum
-A fluid filled large organelle
found in plant cells 1)Maintenance of water balance
-Membrane that surrounds the -Unicellular
Vacuole 2)Support and provision of
vacuole tonoplast organisms
colour to the cell by the
-The fluid contained in it is pigments within it
cell sap
WHAT IS CELL DIVISION?
The process by which new cells are formed by the division of cellular materials.
A cell may multiply into two, four and eight cells. This multiplication is caused by cell
division
CHROMOSOMES contain and transfer genetic materials, the inherited traits and
characteristics from generation to generation
Ordinary somatic cells of a specifies is constant and specific
Eg:
46 chromosomes in human somatic cells, or 23 chromosomal sets = hereditary information.
Pair of chromosomes which contain same hereditary information is a homologous pair of chromosomes
One from mother.
One from father
23 from each parent thus 46 chromosomes for child
TWO TYPES OF CELL DIVISION?
MITOSIS
This division halves the number of chromosomes.
Takes place during the formation of gametes in higher
organisms.
After the gametes fuse, number of chromosomes of a
species should be maintained constantly. Therefore
chromosomes are halved and become haploid
Significance
For the growth of multicellular organisms
As an asexual reproduction method
Wound healing and cell replacement
MEIOSIS It is the type of division which multiples the number
of cells by maintaining a constant number of
chromosomes in the cells.
First the nucleus divides then the
cytoplasm divides to produce two
identical daughter cells equal to the
mother cell.
Maintenance of the constant
Significance
number of chromosomes from
generation to generation.
Help in evolution due to variations
occur in chromosomes
