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Linkers

English grammar, linkers are essential in English writing!

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Brian
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19 views13 pages

Linkers

English grammar, linkers are essential in English writing!

Uploaded by

Brian
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Linkers

BY BRIAN THANYAVONG
Linkers
Linkers are words or phrases that we use to
link (connect or join) ideas.
•Result
•Reason
•Purpose
•Contrast
Result
AS A RESULT, THEREFORE,
SO
CONSEQUENTLY.

So is the most common way of These linkers are more formal than so,
introducing a result or a logical and they are used at the beginning of
connection. a sentence or clause.
Result
'I have a job interview next week, so I've bought myself
a suit!'

'It had snowed hard all night. As a result, the airport was
closed until 11:00am.'

'We regret that you do not have the necessary


qualifications and therefore / consequently we are
unable to offer you the job.'
Reason
BECAUSE, AS, SINCE. BECAUSE OF, DUE TO, OWING TO.

These linkers are synonyms and are These linkers express the reason for
used to introduce clauses giving a something. They are usually followed by a
reason. noun, a gerund or the fact that + clause.
As, since = often used at the
beginning.
Because = to answer a Why?
Question.
Reason
'I have stopped writing to her, because / as / since she never
answer me.'

'Why did your boss resign? Because his wife was ill.'

'The plane was late because of the fog.'

'Flight 341 has been delayed due to / owing to adverse


weather conditions.'
Purpose
To / in order to / so as to: To introduce a clause or purpose,
these linkers are followed by an infinitive (to is the most
informal).
So as not to / in order not to: For negative purpose.
So (that): to express purpose, you can leave that out in
informal English.
In case: When we do something in order to be ready for
future situations/problems or to avoid them.
Purpose
'I did a language course to / in order to / so as to improve my
English.'

'She closed the door quietly so as not to / in order not to wake


the baby.'

They moved to London so (that) they could see their


grandchildren more often.'

'I'm not going to tell her in case she tells everyone else.'
Contrast
But: The most common and informal way of introducing contrast and
is normally used to link two contrasting points within a sentence.
Yet: This linker is more formal and literary.
However / nevertheless: These are normally used at the beginning of
a sentence to connect it to the previous one and are usually followed
by a comma.
Although / even though / though: Used the same way as however, but
more emphatic.
In spite / despite: After these linkers we use a gerund, a noun or the
fact that + clause.
Contrast
'We enjoyed the concert, but the journey home was a nightmare.'
'She was attracted to the stranger, yet something in her head was telling
her not to get close to him.'
'It's a really good idea. However, it may be too expensive.'
'The moon shone brightly. Nevertheless, it was hard to find our way.'
'We enjoyed the film although/even though/though it was long.'
'In spite of being 85, she still travels all over the world.'
(Despite her age...)
(Despite the fact that she's 85...)
Practice
Join the sentences using the bold word(s), making any necessary changes.
E.g.
'We only use energy-efficient light bulbs. We don’t want to waste electricity.' SO AS
We only use energy-efficient light bulbs so as not to waste electricity.
Practice
'Our seats were a long way from the stage. We enjoyed the play.' IN SPITE
We ____________________________________________________________
'It took us ages to get there. The traffic was heavy.' BECAUSE OF
It _______________________________________________________________
'I took the price off the bag. I didn't want her to know how much it had cost.' SO
I ______________________________________________________________
Practice
'Keep the receipt for the sweater. Your dad might not like it.' IN CASE
Keep ________________________________________________________________
'She's an only child. She isn’t at all spoiled.' EVEN THOUGH
She _________________________________________________________________

'Prices have risen because productions costs have increased.' DUE TO

Prices _______________________________________________________________

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