Assignment 2 (Fall 2020)

(SOLUTION)

Circuit Theory (Phy301)

Marks: 30

Q: 1:
Use nodal analysis to find node voltage and IO in the network given below. Identify and
label each node otherwise you will lose your marks. Write each step of the calculation
and mention the unit of each derived value.

.
Sol:
Identifying and labeling the nodes

KCL equation for Node V1:

𝑉1 𝑉1 − 𝑉2
−5+ =0
2+3 4

𝑉1 𝑉1 − 𝑉2
+ =5
5 4
4𝑉1 + 5𝑉1 − 5𝑉2 = 100
9𝑉1 − 5𝑉2 = 100 − − − − − − − (𝐴)
KCL equation at Node V2:
𝑉2 − 𝑉1 𝑉2 𝑉2 − 12
+ + =0
4 3 6
V2 −V1 V2 V2 −12
12( 4 ) + 12( 3 ) + 12( 6 ) = 0

3𝑉2 − 3𝑉1 + 4𝑉2 +2𝑉2

= 24
−3𝑉1 + 9𝑉2 = 24 − − − − − − − −(𝐵)
Multiply eq no. (B) by 3
−9𝑉1 + 27𝑉2 = 72 − − − − − − − −(𝐶)
Adding equation, A and C
9𝑉1 − 5𝑉2 = 100
−9𝑉1 +27𝑉2 = 72

22𝑉2 = 172
172
𝑉2 =
22
𝑽𝟐 = 𝟕. 𝟖𝑽
𝑉2
𝐼𝑂 =
3
𝑰𝑶 = 𝟐. 𝟔𝒎𝑨
Put value of V2 in equation B
9𝑉1 − 5(7.8) = 100 − − − − − (𝐵)
9𝑉1 = 100 + 39
𝟗𝑽𝟏 = 𝟏𝟑𝟗
𝑽𝟏 = 𝟏𝟓. 𝟒𝑽
Q: 2:
Find Vo in the network using Source Transformation. Draw and label the circuit diagram
of each step, otherwise you will lose your marks. Write each step of calculation to get
maximum marks.

Sol.
-8 +I(4k+3k+3k)+9=0
I=-0.1mA
V0 = (-0.1mA)(3k)
= -0.3V
Q: 3:
Find VO in the network given below using Thévenin’s theorem. Show each step of calculation
otherwise you will lose your marks. Draw and label the circuit diagram of each step, also
mention the units of each derived value.

Solution:

First Step: Removing RL (Load Resistance)

Here RL is 8kΩ resister at which we want to calculate the voltage V0.

Second Step: Calculating Vth (Thevenin’s Voltage)

There are two Meshes or Loops and current for Mesh1 will be I1 , current for Mesh 2 will be I2 .
Now equations
KVL equation for
foreach
MeshMesh
1 in this circuit.
Because in the Mesh 1 the current source is given.
So, for Mesh 1 current I1  2mA
KVL equation for Mesh 2
6k  I 2  I1   6kI 2  8V  0
6kI 2  6kI1  6kI 2  8V  0
12kI 2  6kI1  8
Now putting the value of I1 i.e; I1  2mA
12kI 2  6kI1  8
12kI 2  6k  2mA   8
12kI 2  12  8
12kI 2  8  12
12kI 2  20
20
I2 
12k
I 2  1.66mA
Our required voltage Vth is across 2k and 6k, So we first calculate voltages
across these resistances by using Ohm's Law.

Now voltage across 2k resistance is

V2 k   I1 R
V2 k    2mA  2k  
V2 k   4 volts
Now voltage across 6k resistance is
V6 k   I1 R
 20 
V6 k    mA   6k  
 12 
V6 k   10 volts

Now we calculate our required voltage Vth .

Vth  V2 k   V6 k 
Vth  4volts  10 volts
Vth  14 volts
Third Step: Calculating Rth (Thevenin’s Resistance)

6 6
Req  6k  6k  
 6 and 6kΩ resistances are in parallel, so their combined effect will be.
Here in this circuit66kΩ
36
Req 
12
Req  3k 

The circuit will be redrawn as

Req 2kΩ
Now 2k and
 3k3kΩ
 resistances are in series, so their combined effect will be.
Req  5k 
Rth  5k 
Fourth Step: Calculating unknown quantity (V0)
After calculating Vth and Rth, re-inserting the load resistance RL in the circuit in series with Rth
and considering the Vth as a battery in series with these resistances.

Now byR using Voltage Divider Rule, we can calculate the voltage (V0) across 12kΩ
V0   VT
Resistance.
RT
8k 
V0  14V
13k 
V0  8.6volts

Assignment 1(Fall 2020)

(Solution)
Circuit Theory (Phy301)
Marks: 25
Q 1:
Find the Equivalent resistance across the 10V voltage source, Draw the circuit
diagram of each step, otherwise, you will lose your marks.

1 1
Rt    
Sol:  8 8 
Starting 8from
x8 right side, we see that 8kΩ and 8kΩ are in parallel, so
Rt   
88
 64 
Rt   
 16 
R t  4k

Adding series resistant on right side

4k  10k  4k  18k
Now adding series resistances on left side
5kΩ and 4kΩ=9kΩ
So
 1 1 
Rt    
 9 18 
Solving parallel
9 x18  resistances 9k Ω &18KΩ
Rt   
 9  18 
 162 
Rt   
 27 
R t  6k

Circuit becomes as

Now 6kΩ and 6kΩ are in series, so

6k  6k  12k
Hence Total R t  12k
Q 2:
Determine the current I1, I2, I3 and voltage VX, in the given below circuit.

Sol:
Resistance 2Ω and 3Ω are in series so same current passes through them. First, we will find the
value of I1 through 2Ω which has 12V voltage across it, using ohm’s law V=IR

I1=V/R
12
I1= 2
I1=6A
As 3Ω is in series of 2Ω so same 6A current flow through it, so V1 will be
V1=IR(2+3)
V1=6(2+3)
V1=30V
Now same 30V voltage drop across terminal a, b as they are parallel to 5 ohms (2+3)
Vab=V2=30v
We find Vab by Ohm’s law
I2=Vab/10
I2=30/10
I2=3mA
I 3  I 2  I1  0
I1 node
At I 2  Ia3
6  3  I3
I3  9 A

V5  I 3 R5
I3=9A
V5  9  5
V5  V 3  45V

Now
Vx=V2+V3
Vx=30+45
Vx=75V
Q 3:
Answer the following questions.

I. A 6mA current source is connected in parallel of a resistor R, consumes

power 10 Watts. Calculate the Voltage (V) and value of Resistor R.
Sol:
Here current I= 6mA
Power P=10W
we want to determine
Voltage V =?
Resistance R =?
Using formula ofPpower, we can determine Voltage V, so

VP=VI
I
10
V
6
V  1.66 KV

Since resistance R is in parallel of this voltage source, so same voltage drops across resistance R.
Now we can determine R using Ohm’s law
V=IR
R=V/I
R=1.66/6
R=276KΩ

II. What causes positive and negative charge?

Ans:
When an atom loses electron(s) it becomes positive charge and when an atom gains electron(s).
In other words, deficiency of electrons in an atom causes positive (+) charge while access of
electrons is called negative (-) charge.
 Assignment 1(Fall 2021)
(Solution)
Circuit Theory (Phy301)
Marks: 25
Q: 1:
Find the equivalent resistance RAB of the network given below. Draw the circuit diagram of each
step otherwise you will lose your marks.

Sol:
Starting from right side to solve, we see 5Ω and 7Ω are in series, so
Requ=R5+R7

Here 12Ω and 4Ω are parallel, so its

equivalent is
Again, here 3Ω and 3Ω are parallel, so

Now 1.5Ω and 12Ω are in series, so

As 13.5Ω and 4Ω are parallel, so

As 3.08Ω and 6Ω are in parallel, so

Requ=2.03Ω

2.03Ω and 4Ω are in series, so

REqu=2.03+4
REqu=2.03+4
REqu=6.03Ω
Q: 2:
For the given below parallel network
1) Determine source current Is.
2) Calculate I1 and I2 and demonstrate that Is=I1 + I2.
3) Calculate the power dissipated to each resistance.
4) Determine the power delivered by the source, and compare it to the total power
dissipated by the resistive elements.

Sol:
1) Determine source current Is.
Since 6kΩ and 3kΩ are in parallel, same voltage drops across each resistance
𝑉𝑇 12
𝐼1 = = = 4𝑚𝐴
𝑅1 3𝑘Ω
𝑉𝑇 12
𝐼2 = = = 2𝑚𝐴
𝑅2 6𝑘Ω
𝐼𝑆 = 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 = 4 + 2 = 6𝑚𝐴
2) Calculate I1 and I2 and demonstrate that Is=I1 + I2.
𝑅1 × 𝑅2 3 × 6 18
𝑅𝑇 = = = = 2𝛺
𝑅1 + 𝑅2 3 + 6 9
𝑉𝑇 12
𝐼𝑆 = = = 6𝑚𝐴
𝑅𝑇 2
𝑎𝑠 𝑤𝑒 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤 𝐼1 = 4𝑚𝐴 𝐴𝑛𝑑 𝐼2 = 2𝑚𝐴
∴ 𝐼𝑆 = 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 = 4 + 2 = 6𝑚𝐴
3) Determine the power to each resistive load.
𝑃1 = 𝑉𝑇 × 𝐼1 = 12 × 4 = 48𝑚𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡
𝑃2 = 𝑉𝑇 × 𝐼2 = 12 × 2 = 24𝑚𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡
4) Determine the power delivered by the source, and compare it to the total power dissipated by
the resistive elements.
𝑃1 = 𝑉𝑇 × 𝐼1 = 12 × 4 = 48 𝑚𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡
𝑃2 = 𝑉𝑇 × 𝐼2 = 12 × 2 = 24 𝑚𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡
∴ 𝑃 = 𝑉 × 𝐼 𝑎𝑠 𝑤𝑒 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤 𝑉 = 𝐼𝑅 𝑠𝑜 𝑃 = 𝐼𝑅 × 𝐼 = 𝐼 2 𝑅
𝑃𝑇 = 𝐼𝑇 2 𝑅𝑇
𝐼𝑇 = 6𝑚𝐴
𝑅𝑇 = 2𝛺
𝑃𝑇 = 𝐼𝑇 2 𝑅𝑇 = (6)2 × 2 = 36 × 2 = 72 𝑚𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡
∴ 𝑃𝑇 = 𝑃1 + 𝑃2 = 48 + 24 = 72 𝑚𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡
Q: 3:

Given below is a simple circuit containing a bulb (lamp), battery and two switches.

Describe the current flow in the circuit and Bulb (glow or not) for each given condition
1. When switch 1 is connected and switch 2 is not connected.
2. When switch 1 and switch 2 both are not connected.
3. When both switches are connected.

Sol:

Ans: 1:
The circuit is closed when there is a complete path for the electrical
current to follow from one side of the battery to the other. In our circuit
the electrical current flows from one terminal of the battery through the
closed switch to the light bulb. The current flowing through the bulb
causes it to glow. Then the current continues from the bulb back to the
other terminal on the battery. e

Ans: 2
As we see in diagram, switches are open; it means no current flow through circuit and in bulb as
well, so bulb will not glow.
ical current flows from one terminal of the battery through the closed
Ans: 3:
In this case the when both switches are connected the circuit is short
as the current follow the easy path so the whole current will flow
through the both switches and will got short and the bulb will not
glow.

…………………………………………………
 Assignment 2 (Fall 2021)
(Solution)

Circuit Theory (Phy301)

Marks: 20
Due Date: Feb 10, 2022
Q: 1:
Use Mesh analysis to find IO in the network given below. Identify and label each mesh
otherwise you will lose your marks. Write each step of the calculation to get maximum marks
and also mention the units of each derived value.

Sol:
We assign meshes to circuit.

Here we see that an independent source current of 2A is flowing through the first loop.
Hence we can write,
I1=2A
⸪ Io = I2
Writing KVL for mesh 2
3I 2  2( I 2  I 3 )  5( I 2  I1 )  0
3I 2  2 I 2  2 I3  5I 2  5I1  0
10 I 2  2 I 3  5I1  0
Putting the value of I1 ,
10I2 -2I3=10
OR
-I3+5I2 =5…………..(1)
Writing KVL for mesh 3
1I3 + 6V + 2( I3 – I2) = 0
1I3 + 2( I3 – I2) = -6V
1I3 + 2I3 – 2I2 = -6V
+3I3 – 2I2 = - 6V …………(2)
To simplify Multiply equation (1) by 3 and Add with eq (2)
-3I3 + 15I2 = 15V
3I3 – 2I2 = - 6V
-----------------------------
0 + 13I2 = 9 V
-----------------------------
I2=Io=9/13A
So
So Io=0.69A

Q: 2:
Using the Source transformation method, find Vo in the network given below. Label and draw
each step where it required. Write each step of the calculation to get maximum marks and also
mention the units of each derived value.

Solution:
We want to calculate the voltage Vo using source transformation method. We proceed as
1k is in series with 2k , so their combined effect is equal to 3k .
3k is in series with 12 volts battery, it can be converted into a current source of value 12v/3k
 (by ohm’s law), which is equal to 4mA.

Now voltage source has transformed in the current source and the modified circuit 4mA current
source and resistor 3k  will be in parallel. So modified circuit will be as,

Now we will combine current sources as 4m – 1m = 3mA, so our modified circuit will be as,

3mA source is parallel with 3k  resistor. So it can be converted into a voltage source. By using
ohm’s law we have the value of voltage source = 9 volts which is in series with a resistor of 3k
 , so our modified circuit will be,

Positive terminal of the 9 volts battery is connected with the negative terminal of
6 volts battery so they will be summed up as shown in the circuit below,
Now 3k resistor is in parallel with 6k resistor so
3k  || 6k  = (3k  x 6k  ) / 3k  +6k 
= 2k 
So voltage drop across 2kΩ will be the same voltage as of parallel 3k and 6k ohm.

Now applying voltage division rule,

R1
VR1  * V1
R1  R2
2
VO  *15
3 2
2
VO  *15
5
VO  6 volts