9/8/2024

Digital System Design

CS-431

Embedded Systems Design: A Unified Hardware/Software Introduction, (c)

2000 Vahid/Givargis

Why Digital System Design??

Embedded Systems Design: A Unified Hardware/Software Introduction, (c)

2000 Vahid/Givargis

1
 9/8/2024

New Technology Trends??

Embedded Systems Design: A Unified Hardware/Software Introduction, (c)

2000 Vahid/Givargis

Embedded Systems Design: A Unified Hardware/Software Introduction, (c)

2000 Vahid/Givargis

2
 9/8/2024

Why Digital System Design

AI and Automation

Embedded Systems Design: A Unified Hardware/Software Introduction, (c)

2000 Vahid/Givargis

Why Digital System Design

Biometrics

Embedded Systems Design: A Unified Hardware/Software Introduction, (c)

2000 Vahid/Givargis

3
 9/8/2024

Why Digital System Design

Edge Computing

Embedded Systems Design: A Unified Hardware/Software Introduction, (c)

2000 Vahid/Givargis

Why Digital System Design

Robotics

Embedded Systems Design: A Unified Hardware/Software Introduction, (c)

2000 Vahid/Givargis

4
 9/8/2024

Why Digital System Design

Metaverse

Embedded Systems Design: A Unified Hardware/Software Introduction, (c)

2000 Vahid/Givargis

Why Digital System Design

Quantum Computing

Embedded Systems Design: A Unified Hardware/Software Introduction, (c)

2000 Vahid/Givargis

5
 9/8/2024

Why Digital System Design

Embedded Systems Design: A Unified Hardware/Software Introduction, (c)

2000 Vahid/Givargis

Why Digital System Design

To meet the growing

demand for Digital Systems

Scientists and

Embedded Systems Design: A Unified Hardware/Software Introduction, (c)

2000 Vahid/Givargis

6
 9/8/2024

Digital System Design Pathway

VLSI
Digital
Designer
FPGA
Embedded
Digital
Software
Engineer

Career
Pathways

System Verification
Engineer Engineer

DSP
Engineer

Embedded Systems Design: A Unified Hardware/Software Introduction, (c)

2000 Vahid/Givargis

Digital System Designers

• Digital systems design couples the hardware

and software focus of computing with the
physical realities of very large-scale integrated
(VLSI) chips enabling new forms of
systems, from robots, control systems, and
mobile devices to network routers, neural
computation chips, and other devices.

• Professionals continue to be sought after by large companies

such as Intel, Qualcomm, Apple, IBM, AMD, and Micron.

Embedded Systems Design: A Unified Hardware/Software Introduction, (c)

2000 Vahid/Givargis

7
 9/8/2024

Course Objectives

• Part 1: Digital Systems

– Transistor technology, Scale of integration
– Basics of digital system design (DSD)
– IC styles and its impact on DSD
• Part 2: Electronic Design automation (EDA) tools for DSD
– Representation, Modelling, and Design flow of DSD
– Hardware Description Languages (HDL) – Verilog HDL
– Design Synthesis and Simulation
• Part 3: Target Platforms for DSD
– Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs)
– System on a Chip (SoC) Architecture
• Part 4: DSD Testing
– Design for Testability Techniques
– Faults and Errors in DSD

Embedded Systems Design: A Unified Hardware/Software Introduction, (c)

2000 Vahid/Givargis

Course Plan (Before Midterm)

No Topic Periods
1 Part 1: Digital Systems 02
Introduction to DSD, OBE requirements, Course Overview
Transistor technology, LSI, MSI, VLSI, ULSI (Moore’s law)
2 Digital Systems Examples 02
Review of Combinational and Sequential Logic design
3 Types of ICs, 02
IC styles, Its impact on DSD
4 Design Metrics 02
Design Flow
5 Part 3: Target Platform for DSD 02
Design Flow (for ASICs),
Design Flow (for FPGAs)
6 Xilinx FPGA families (Spartan, Virtex, Artix, Kintex, UltraScale, SoC, ACAP (Versal)) 02
7 FPGA Internal Architecture (Programmable Resources: CLB, Slices, LUT, carry chain logic, PI) 02
Embedded Systems Design: A Unified Hardware/Software Introduction, (c)
2000 Vahid/Givargis

8
 9/8/2024

Course Plan (After Midterm)

No Topic Periods
9 FPGA internal architecture (Embedded Resources: BRAM, URAM, DSP Slices) 02
10 FPGA internal architecture (Embedded Resources: CMT, DPUs) 02
11 Xilinx System on a Chip (SoC) Architecture 02
Programmable Logic, Processing System, AXI Interface
12 Xilinx (ACAP) Architecture 02
Network on a Chip (NoC) Architecture
13 Part 4: DSD Testing 02
Design Verification
Design for Testability
14 TAP, Boundary Scan 02
15 Fault Tolerant Designs 02

Embedded Systems Design: A Unified Hardware/Software Introduction, (c)

2000 Vahid/Givargis

Sessional Criteria

Assessment Type Marks Schedule (Week No.)

Midterm 14 08
Assignment 07 12
Test 06 6, 14
Total Sessional Marks 27

Embedded Systems Design: A Unified Hardware/Software Introduction, (c)

2000 Vahid/Givargis

9
 9/8/2024

OBE Requirement for this Course

Program Learning
Course Learning Outcome (CLO) Taxonomy Level
Outcome (PLO)
Cognitive
C3 PLO-2
CLO-1 Explore concepts and techniques used in digital system design
(Application) Problem Analysis

Cognitive PLO-3
Design data path and control of a processor using behavioral
CLO-2 C5 Design / Development
modelling techniques
(Synthesis) of Solutions

Psychomotor
Practice interfacing of FPGA boards and sensors for digital PLO-5
CLO-3 P3
system design (Lab work only) Modern Tool Usage
(Guided Response)

Embedded Systems Design: A Unified Hardware/Software Introduction, (c)

2000 Vahid/Givargis

Recommended Books

S. No. Title Author (s)

Fundamentals of Digital Logic with Verilog

1. Stephen Brown and Zvonko Vranesic
Design
FPGA-based Implementation of Signal Processing Roger Woods, John McAllister, Gaye
2.
Systems Lightbody, Ying Yi
3. FPGA Based System Design Wayne Wolf

Embedded Systems Design: A Unified Hardware/Software Introduction, (c)

2000 Vahid/Givargis

10
 9/8/2024

Learning Outcomes

• By the end of the course, students will know:

– A solid foundation in digital system design

– Ability to assess the impact of transistor technology, IC styles, and scale of integration
on digital system design

– Proficiency in using Verilog HDL

– Structural features and applications of the most common SoC and FPGA

– Knowledge and skills necessary for designing and testing digital systems effectively

Embedded Systems Design: A Unified Hardware/Software Introduction, (c)

2000 Vahid/Givargis

Introduction

Embedded Systems Design: A Unified Hardware/Software Introduction, (c)

2000 Vahid/Givargis

11
 9/8/2024

Introduction to Digital Systems

Embedded Systems Design: A Unified Hardware/Software Introduction, (c)

2000 Vahid/Givargis

Chips: The Brains of Digital Systems

Embedded Systems Design: A Unified Hardware/Software Introduction, (c)

2000 Vahid/Givargis

12
 9/8/2024

Chips: The Brains of Digital Systems

Embedded Systems Design: A Unified Hardware/Software Introduction, (c)

2000 Vahid/Givargis

Chips Growing Demand

Embedded Systems Design: A Unified Hardware/Software Introduction, (c)

2000 Vahid/Givargis

13
 9/8/2024

Chip Design Cycle and Global Chip Shortage

Embedded Systems Design: A Unified Hardware/Software Introduction, (c)

2000 Vahid/Givargis

Global Chip Shortage: Causes and Impact

Embedded Systems Design: A Unified Hardware/Software Introduction, (c)

2000 Vahid/Givargis

14
 9/8/2024

Mindful Chip Design and Manufacturing

System Specifications

Architectural Design

Functional and Logic Design

Circuit Design

Physical Design
Physical Verification and Signoff
Fabrication

Packaging and testing

Chip

Embedded Systems Design: A Unified Hardware/Software Introduction, (c)

2000 Vahid/Givargis

History: Evolution of Transistor technology

• First transistor in Bell labs,1948

• Technology evolution
– Before 1960s, transistors and resistors as individual parts
• Eventually transistor size reduced
– Number of transistors on a single chip increase

• Moore’s law (1965)

– The number of transistors on a chip will double every 1.5 to 2 years.

Embedded Systems Design: A Unified Hardware/Software Introduction, (c)

2000 Vahid/Givargis

15
 9/8/2024

No. of Transistors: How Large is Very Large??

Name Signification Year Number of Number of

Transistors Logic Gates

SSI small-scale integration 1964 1 to 10 1 to 10

MSI medium-scale integration 1968 10 to 500 13 to 99

.

LSI large-scale integration 1971 500 to 20,000 100 to 9,999

VLSI very large-scale 1980 20,000 to 10,000 to

integration 1,000,000 99,999

ULSI ultra-large-scale 1984 1,000,000 and 100,000 and

integration more more

Embedded Systems Design: A Unified Hardware/Software Introduction, (c)

2000 Vahid/Givargis

Transistors count is increasing on a chip: Process Technology

Minimum feature size is the size at which a transistor on the silicon surface can be drawn.

Embedded Systems Design: A Unified Hardware/Software Introduction, (c)

2000 Vahid/Givargis

16
 9/8/2024

Intel’s 10nm Cannon Lake Silicon Design 2019

Embedded Systems Design: A Unified Hardware/Software Introduction, (c)

2000 Vahid/Givargis

Apple's M2 Chip Gives New MacBook Air a Speed Boost 2022

Apple focus on efficiency for its second-generation Mac processor

Embedded Systems Design: A Unified Hardware/Software Introduction, (c)

2000 Vahid/Givargis

17
 9/8/2024

Let’s imagine how small is 14 nanometers

o Tip of a nail = 20 million nm

o A human hair = 90,000nm
o RBC = 8,000nm
o Corona virus = 80-120nm
o Rhinovirus (one of the smallest) = 30nm
o 14 nm transistor = 14nm
o Silicon atom = 1.92 Angstrom

Embedded Systems Design: A Unified Hardware/Software Introduction, (c)

2000 Vahid/Givargis

Facts: Transistor Speed

• A person takes 25,000 years to turn a light switch on and off 1.5
trillion times,

• But…..

• Intel® CoreTM2 Duo processor can switch on and off that many times
each second.

Embedded Systems Design: A Unified Hardware/Software Introduction, (c)

2000 Vahid/Givargis

18
 9/8/2024

Facts: Transistor Speed

https://youtu.be/_VMYPLXnd7E

Embedded Systems Design: A Unified Hardware/Software Introduction, (c)

2000 Vahid/Givargis

19