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QC-W3 Slayt

quantum computation 3

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7 views17 pages

QC-W3 Slayt

quantum computation 3

Uploaded by

mehmetalisabanncelebi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Quantum Computation

ELK336E
LECT #3

ELK 336E Quantum Computation 1


Eigenvalues and eigenvectors

ELK 336E Quantum Computation 2


EXAMPLE-1 What about the corresponding eigenvectors
ȁ𝜓1 ۧ and ȁ𝜓2 ۧ ?

𝐴 − 𝜆1 𝐼 ȁ𝜓1 ۧ = 0
ȁ𝜓1 ۧ
2−4 3 ฐ
𝑎1
=0 2𝑎1 = 3𝑏1
2 1 − (4) 𝑏1

ȁ𝜓1 ۧ = 3 𝐴 − 𝜆2 𝐼 ȁ𝜓2 ۧ = 0
2

ȁ𝜓2 ۧ = 1
−1

ELK 336E Quantum Computation 3


Diagonal representation In connection with the previous example :
3 1 4 0
𝑨 = 𝑺𝑫𝑺−𝟏 (24) 𝑆= 𝐷=
2 −1 0 −1
𝑺 ∶ 𝐼𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥
𝑫: 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 Also remember that
Inverse of a 2 × 2 square matrix is ;
Note: The columns of S are the −1
𝑎 𝑏 1 𝑑 −𝑏
eigenvectors of A and the entries =
𝑐 𝑑 𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐 −𝑐 𝑎
of D are the eigenvalues of A.
1 1 1
𝑆 −1
=
▪ Find the diagonal representation of 5 2 −3
Therefore;
𝐷
3 1 4 0 1/5 1/5
𝐴=
2 −1 0 −1 2/5 −3/5
ELK 336E Quantum Computation 4
EXAMPLE-2
Spectral theorem:

In other words,
𝑀 = ෍ 𝜆𝑖 ȁ𝑖 ۧ‫ 𝑖ۦ‬ȁ
𝑖
where 𝜆𝑖 are the eigenvalues of M
and ȁ𝑖 ۧ is an orthonormal basis for V.

ELK 336E Quantum Computation 5


Change of basis: Note1 :

Nothing is special about the standard basis:


1
ȁ0ۧ = , ȁ1ۧ = 0
0 1 (25)

We can also represent a state in different basis, e.g.


1 1 1 1
ȁ+ ۧ = , ȁ− ۧ =
2 1 2 −1 Note2 :
We can change our basis representation through a
unitary transformation.

ห𝑣𝑖 ۧ = 𝑈ȁ𝑢𝑖 ۧ

ȁ𝑢𝑖 ۧ ∶ 𝑂𝑙𝑑 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑠 ȁ𝑣𝑖 ۧ ∶ 𝑁𝑒𝑤 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑠 (26)

ELK 336E Quantum Computation 6


Here, 𝑈 is called overlap matrix or
change of basis matrix.
In general 𝑈 is in the form,

(27)

EXAMPLE-3

From Eq.(27),

Later, we wil call this matrix as Hadamard


matrix or Hadamard transform matrix.

ELK 336E Quantum Computation 7


However, there is a more
intuitive way to express 𝑈.
For example if
ȁ𝑢𝑖 ۧ = ȁ0ۧ, ȁ𝑣𝑖 ۧ = ȁ+ۧ
Then a unitary operator 𝑂 should
be in the form of 𝑂 = ȁ+ۧ‫ۦ‬0ȁ.
Therefore, 𝑈 = ȁ+ۧ‫ۦ‬0ȁ + ȁ−ۧ‫ۦ‬1ȁ.

ELK 336E Quantum Computation 8


EXAMPLE-4 2 OR, we can calculate the
1 2 3 2 2 expectation value
A quantum system is in the state 𝑋 = =
3 3 1 3 without using the matrix
1 2 3 representation.
ȁ𝜓 ۧ = ȁ0ۧ + ȁ1ۧ.
3 3
Find 𝑋 in this state.

1
0 1 3
𝑋= and ȁ𝜓ۧ =
1 0 2
3

𝑋 = ‫ 𝜓ۦ‬ȁ 𝑋 ȁ 𝜓 ۧ

1
1 2 0 1 3
𝑋 = ,
3 3 1 0 2
3

ELK 336E Quantum Computation 9


You TRY:
Show that the expectation value of an operator
in old basis 𝐴 𝑜𝑙𝑑 equals the expectation value
in the new basis 𝐴′ 𝑛𝑒𝑤 where ห𝑛𝑒𝑤ۧ = 𝑈ȁ𝑜𝑙𝑑 ۧ.
(28)
Note:

Note: If two observables do not commute, we call


them as incompatible observables.

ELK 336E Quantum Computation 10


Remark: Commuting operators share
the same eigenstates.
OR, commuting operators have
simultaneous eigenstates.
Two operators that do not commute
cannot be measured simultaneously.
You TRY: Assume two commuting
operators 𝐴 and 𝐵.
Show that these operators share the
same eigenstates.
(Take 𝐴ห𝜓ۧ = 𝑎ȁ𝜓ۧ and Bȁ𝜓ۧ = ȁ𝜙ۧ.)

Some properties:

ELK 336E Quantum Computation 11


NOTE: Pauli operators satisfy the following
EXAMPLE-5 cyclic relations :
Show that,
𝜎𝑥 , 𝜎𝑦 = 2𝑖𝜎𝑧
𝜎𝑥 , 𝜎𝑦 = 2𝑖𝜎𝑧
𝜎𝑦 , 𝜎𝑧 = 2𝑖𝜎𝑥
0 1 0 −𝑖 𝜎𝑧 , 𝜎𝑥 = 2𝑖𝜎𝑦
𝜎𝑥 = , 𝜎𝑦 =
1 0 𝑖 0

𝜎𝑥 , 𝜎𝑦 = 𝜎𝑥 𝜎𝑦 − 𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑥 NOTE:

0 1 0 −𝑖 0 −𝑖 0 1
= −
1 0 𝑖 0 𝑖 0 1 0
𝑖 0 −𝑖 0 2𝑖 0
= − =
0 −𝑖 0 𝑖 0 −2𝑖
NOTE : All Hermitian operators are normal.
= 2𝑖
1 0 𝜎𝑥 = 𝜎𝑥 † , 𝜎𝑦 = 𝜎𝑦 † , 𝜎𝑧 = 𝜎𝑧 †
0 −1 𝜎𝑥 , 𝜎𝑥 = 𝜎𝑦 , 𝜎𝑦 = 𝜎𝑧 , 𝜎𝑧 = 0
𝜎𝑧

ELK 336E Quantum Computation 12


(29)

(30) (32)

(31)

ELK 336E Quantum Computation 13


(33)

(34)

ELK 336E Quantum Computation 14


(36)

(35)

ELK 336E Quantum Computation 15


EXAMPLE-5

ELK 336E Quantum Computation 16


Here, we suppose that the system is prepared in

ELK 336E Quantum Computation 17

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