Food Hygiene

• Food hygiene is the practice of handling, preparing,

and storing food in a way that prevents contamination,
reduces the risk of foodborne illnesses, and ensures
the food is safe to consume.

• Proper food hygiene is essential to protect the health

of consumers and maintain the quality and safety of
the food supply chain

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 FOOD HYGIENE

• It may be defined as the science that aims at

producing food which is safe for the consumer and of
good keeping quality.
• It is the practice of ensuring that anything eatable
whether solid or liquid is wholesome.
• The care and handling of food starts from production,
transportation, preparation, storage and preservation
and serving and consumption.
 Food and waterborne diseases
• Food and waterborne diseases are illnesses caused by the
consumption of contaminated food or water.

• These diseases are typically caused by pathogens, including

bacteria, viruses, parasites, and sometimes chemical contaminants.

• The symptoms of these diseases can range from mild

gastrointestinal discomfort to severe, life-threatening conditions.

• Proper food and water safety measures are essential to prevent

these diseases.

• Salmonella Infection, E. coli Infection, Cholera etc

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 Environmental hygiene
• Environmental hygiene, also known as
environmental health, refers to the practices
and measures taken to maintain a clean and
safe environment to promote human health and
well-being.
• It involves managing and controlling factors in
our surroundings that can impact our health.

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 ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE
• Is an aspect of human health which includes quality of
life, that are determined by physical, biological, social
and psychological factors in the environment.

• It also refers to the theory and practice of assessing,

correcting, controlling and preventing those factors in
the environment that can potentially affect adversely
the health of present and future generations.
 COMPONENTS OF
ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE
• Housing
• Air and Ventilation/Control of Air Pollution
• Lighting
• Waste Management/Excreta Disposal
• Water
• Drainage System
• Pest Control
 Interaction between man and his
environment?
• Man’s exploratory activities have increasingly destroyed or modified
much of the natural environment and created artificial or manmade
environment, which poses many health risks. Notable among them
are slums and deserts.

• Slums pose health risk due to poor housing, poor ventilation, poor
drainage and poor availability of water and sanitation.

• Deserts could lead to global warming because of residual of CO2 in

the atmosphere to the absence of trees.
 Relationship between man and his
environment
• The environment houses most disease causing organisms together with
vectors. It is therefore important to keep the environment as clean as possible
to reduce the spread of diseases.

• Open drainages containing water as well as stagnant water are breeding sites
for malaria causing anopheles mosquitoes

• Bushy weedy environments are hiding places for malaria causing anopheles
mosquitoes

• Indiscriminate burning of materials generates fumes which cause acute

respiratory infection

• Improper disposal of sewage into the environment can lead to the spread of
cholera and typhoid.
 HOUSING
• Housing refers to a physical structure where unit of society the family lives.
Housing is the provision of adequate shelter for individuals or community.

• A house refers to a physical structure where unit of society the family lives. It is
the dwelling place of individuals and families. A home gives comfort, joy, peace,
security and protection to the family. When building houses the following needs
should be considered.

• Physical needs; air, temperature, lighting, rest and recreation

• Physiological needs; privacy and family life

• Health needs; water, sanitary latrine, adequate

diet, protection from insects and animals

• Protective needs; accidents, fire, electricity, etc

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 TYPES OF HOUSES
• Temporary houses; are cheap and easy to build and also easy to be
destroyed by fire. They are usually built on farms, etc.

• Semi-permanent houses; local materials are used to build such

houses. They are also cheap. They are usually made with mud with
thatch or iron roofing.

• Permanent houses; this needs planning. This is done with help from
the town and country planning which ensure that structures are
standard.
FACTORS TO CONSIDER WHEN
BUILDING A NEW HOUSE
• The site of the house

• The type of house to be constructed

• The infrastructure needed for the house

• The legal requirements for putting up a

new house
 HEALTHFUL HOUSING

• It gives physical protection and shelter

• It prevents spread of infections and
communicable diseases
• Protects from noise
• Adequate provision for cooking, eating,
washing and excretory functions
EFFECTS OF POOR HOUSING

• Overcrowding
• Food poisoning due to poor storage
• Increased accidents
• Lack of play grounds
• Lack of privacy
 POLLUTION

• Pollution is the introduction of contaminants

into the natural environment that cause adverse
change. Pollution can take the form of chemical
substances or energy, such as noise, heat, or
light.

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 Air Pollution

• Air is said to be polluted when a substance

human and animal activity is raised that
can cause ill health. This is mainly caused
by by-products of metal particles and dust.
• Air can get polluted by motor vehicle which
emits hydrocarbons, CO, lead, nitrogen
oxide and particulate matter. Industry
emits smoke and domestic combustion of
coal, wood etc.
CONTROL OF AIR POLLUTION
• Smoke control laws should be enforced
• Bush fires should be prevented.
• Waste materials should not be burnt
indiscriminately
• Industries should be established far from
residential homes
• • Acts and amendments to enforce clear air
• • Containment of harmful substances
• • Vegetation and development of green belt
• • Discarding and replacing old technology with
new safe process
EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION

• Headaches
• Eye irritation
• Rise in temperature and upper respiratory
infection e.g common cold
 NOISE POLLUTION

• Modern life is associated with noise

pollution. Noise is defined as unwanted
sound. i.e. wrong sound in wrong place at
wrong time. Major source comes from
automobile, factory, industry, airway,
roadway television and sound system
 Measures that can be used to
control noise pollution
• • Buildings should have noise proof
materials.
• • There should be legal regulations
• • Public should be made aware of noise
pollution
 INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION

• Industrial pollution is the pollution which can

be directly linked with industry. This form of
pollution is one of the leading causes of
pollution worldwide.

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 INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION
CONT’
• Industrial pollution is the contamination of the
environment by businesses, particularly plants
and factories that dump waste products into the
air and water. Industrial pollution is the
release of wastes in the environment including
water, air, land generated by industrial
activities, and it leads to environment
degradation.

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 CAUSES OF INDUSTRIAL
POLLUTION
• Lack of governmental policies that control
pollution: since environmental policies
became a government matter, they are
constantly changing, and their impact
affects lives for the considerable future.

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• Unplanned industrial growth: there has been a raising
rate of waste from cities to small towns that has affected
the quality of life in these places.

• Outdated technologies: the use of these high waste-

producing technologies that have not been updated and
continue to function in most parts of the world.

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• Inefficient waste disposal: long term
exposure to contaminated air and water
leads to serious health issues, therefore
an efficient and environmentally friendly
waste disposal system from the part of the
industry is needed.

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 VENTILATION

• It is the process of supplying fresh air in

an environment. It is also the process of
controlling air quality in terms of
temperature, humidity and purity.
Ventilation can either be natural or
artificial.
 IMPORTANCE OF
VENTILATION
• • It helps us to prevent stagnation of air
• • It helps to prevent suffocation
• • It prevents us from inhalation of harmful
substances
• • It prevents cross infection.
 EFFECTS OF POOR
VENTILATION
• • Cross infection of diseases
• • Fainting and suffocation
• • Low resistance to other communicable
disease
 LIGHTING
• It is an essential part for good vision, efficiency,
physiological functions and vitamin D synthesis. It
may be described as the agent by which things
are made visible to the eyes. Light can be natural
or artificial.

• Natural lighting system comes from the sun, moon

and stars. It is a good source of light because it
has ultraviolet rays which destroy bacteria.
• Artificial lighting system comes from electricity,
coal gas, candles and other forms of fire.
 EFFECTS OF GOOD LIGHT

• • It helps in reducing industrial accidents

• • It makes working conditions happier for
workers
• • It adds to the efficiency of the
performance of work
 EFFECTS OF POOR LIGHT

• • It increases the strain on eyes which

also increase fatigue
• • It encourages accidents
• • It encourages dirt which results in
rodent infestation
 WATER
• It consists of a chemical composition of the two
gases, oxygen and hydrogen in the proportion of
two volumes of hydrogen to one of oxygen. Water
is a colourless, odourless liquid. Water is a
necessity for survival.

• Water is said to be hard when it does not readily

form lather with soap. Water pollution is indicated
by suspended solids, nitrogen and dissolved
oxygen. The impurities derived from atmosphere,
catchment area and soil pollutes a given source of
water
 SAFE WATER SUPPLY

• Safe drinking water is a basic need of

primary health care which is the key to
attain health for all. For water to be safe
and wholesome; it should be potable. It
should be free from harmful chemical
substances and it should be free from
pathogens.
 MAIN SOURCES OF WATER
SUPPLY
• • Rain water
• • Lakes
• • Rivers
• • Wells
• • Springs
 PURIFICATION OF WATER

• • Boiling; it is the safest method if it is

carried out properly. The water must go
through storage and filtration before
boiling.
• Filtration
• Chemical disinfecting
 USES OF WATER

• Maintenance of life
• Maintenance of personal hygiene
• Maintenance of home sanitation
• Used in agricultural sector
• Used in industries
 EFFECTS OF DRINKING
CONTAMINATED WATER
• • Lead poisoning
• • Water borne diseases such as cholera
and dysentery
• • Parasitic diseases such as bilharzias
and hookworm