MATH 2250 Calculus 1 Workbook

to accompany flipped video lecture series

by Dr. Maury LeBlanc

 c 2024
Dr. Maurice Joseph LeBlanc, III
All Rights Reserved
Limits

1
Limits & Limit Laws

1. Suppose the following limits are known:

1
lim f (x) = 2 lim g(x) = −3 lim h(x) =
x→0 x→0 x→0 2
lim f (x) = 0 lim g(x) = 1 lim h(x) = 0
x→1 x→1 x→1

Compute the following limits (use DNE if the limit Does Not Exist)

(a) lim f (x)g(x) + h(x) = g(x)

x→0 (d) lim =
x→1 3f (x) + h(x)

(b) lim f (x) − 2g(x) = f (x)

x→1 (e) lim =
x→0 h(x)

f (x) − 4h(x) f (x)

(c) lim = (f) lim =
x→0 g(x) x→1 h(x)

2. Let f (x) be given by the graph below:

Find the following limits (use DNE if the limit Does Not Exist)

(a) lim f (x) = (c) lim f (x) =

x→0 x→2

(b) lim f (x) = (d) lim f (x) =

x→1 x→3

2
3. Compute the following limits (use DNE if the limit Does Not Exist)

(a) lim (5 − 2x)37 =

x→3

2x2 − 7x − 4
(b) lim =
x→4 x2 + x − 20

y3 + y2 + y
(c) lim =
y→−2 y 2 + y − 20

√
x+9−2
(d) lim =
x→−5 x+5

1
− 13
x
(e) lim =
x→3 x − 3

(7 + h)2 − 49
(f) lim =
h→0 h

3
One-Sided Limits & Trig Limits

2x + 4

 for x < −1
|x + 2|










2
 x +1 for − 1 ≤ x ≤ 1



1. Let g(x) =

x3 − 2 for 1 < x < 2










 3x


for x > 2

3−x

(a) Which values of x are NOT in the domain of g(x) ?

Determine the following limits.

If a limit DNE, explain why (i.e. Show why lim− g(x) 6= lim+ g(x))
x→a x→a
It might help to draw a rough sketch of the function.

(b) lim g(x) =

x→−2

(c) lim g(x) =

x→−1

(d) lim g(x) =

x→0

(e) lim g(x) =

x→1

(f) lim g(x) =

x→2

(g) lim g(x) =

x→3

? The test problem will not have so many parts; I rolled all issues into one problem for practice.

4
2. Consider the graph of y = f (x) below.

Determine the following limits (using DNE when appropriate)

(a) lim f (x) = (b) lim f (x) = (c) lim f (x) =

x→−1− x→−1+ x→−1

(d) lim− f (x) = (e) lim+ f (x) = (f) lim f (x) =

x→0 x→0 x→0

(g) lim− f (x) = (h) lim+ f (x) = (i) lim f (x) =

x→1 x→1 x→1

(j) lim− f (x) = (k) lim+ f (x) = (l) lim f (x) =

x→2 x→2 x→2

(m) lim− f (x) = (n) lim+ f (x) = (o) lim f (x) =

x→3 x→3 x→3

3. Determine the following limits (using DNE when appropriate)

sin(x) 5 sin(2x)
(a) lim = (d) lim =
x→0 x x→0 sin(5x)

sin(2x) tan(7x)
(b) lim = (e) lim =
x→π 2x x→0 2x

6θ 8x csc(2x)
(c) lim = (f) lim =
θ→0 sin(4θ) x→0 cos(5x)

5
Infinite Limits & Asymptotes

1. Determine the value of the following limits.

If a limit Does Not Exist, mark it DNE and explain WHY the limit does not exist.
You should use the mathematical shorthand lim f (x) = ∞ (or −∞) if the limit does not exist
x→c
due to the function increasing (or decreasing) without bound.
10x2 − 6
(a) lim =
x→∞ 5x2 + 4

3x − 17
(b) lim =
x→−∞ 4x2 + 3

x3 − 256
(c) lim =
x→∞ x2 + 42x + 5

5x3 − 7x + 9
(d) lim =
x→±∞ 6 + 3x2 − 2x3

(e) lim sin(x) =

x→−∞

(f) lim e−x =

x→∞

1 1 1 1
Recall: lim =0 lim =0 lim+ = +∞ lim− = −∞
x→∞ x x→−∞ x x→0 x x→0 x

6
 9 sin(2x)
(g) lim =
x→∞ x

ex − e−x
(h) lim x =
x→∞ e + e−x

4x
(i) lim − =
x→−4 x2 − 16

x2 − 4
(j) lim+ =
x→1 x2 − 3x + 2

x2 − 9
(k) lim =
x→5 2x2 − 7x − 15

√ √
(l) lim x2 + 2x − x2 − x = (?)
x→∞

7
2. Find ALL asymptotes of the following functions.
x+2
(a) f (x) =
x2 − 9

x2 − 4
(b) g(x) =
2x − x2

3x3 + x
(c) h(x) =
x2 − 4x + 3

(d) t(x) = arctan(x)

8x4 − x
(e) F (x) =
x4 + x2

8
Continuity

1. What equation must hold for a function f (x) to be continuous at an x-value c?

This equation is really three criteria:

(1) (2) (3)

2. Consider the graph of f (x) below.

Determine on which intervals f (x) is continuous.

A discontinuity at x = c is removable if lim f (x) exists but does not equal f (c).
x→c
For what x-values does f (x) have a removable discontinuity?

Removable discontinuities can be “repaired” by re-defining f (c) to be lim f (x).

x→c
The resulting function is called a continuous extension of f (x)

9
3. Consider the graph of g(x) below.

Determine on which intervals g(x) is continuous.

A discontinuity is a jump discontinuity if both lim− g(x) & lim+ g(x) exist, but aren’t equal.
x→c x→c
For what x-values does g(x) have a jump discontinuity?

4. Consider the graph of h(x) below.

Determine on which intervals h(x) is continuous.

A discontinuity at x = c is an infinite discontinuity if either lim− h(x) or lim+ h(x)

x→c x→c
does not exist due to the function increasing or decreasing without bound (i.e. limit= ±∞).
For what x-values does h(x) have an infinite discontinuity?

FYI but not test material: The discontinuity at x = 0 is an oscillation discontinuity. (?)

10
5. Determine the value of a that will make the following functions continuous for all x
( 2 (
ax + 3 for x ≤ 4 3x + 8 for x < a
(a) F (x) = (b) G(x) =
15 − 5x for x > 4 x3 + 3x for x ≥ a

6. Determine on which intervals the following function is continuous.

Then classify each discontinuity as removable/hole. jump, or infinite.
 2

 √3
for x ≤ 0



 x + 1





 x2

for 0 < x ≤ 2
F (x) =



x2 − x − 6


for x > 2


x−3







7. Determine on which intervals the following functions are continuous.

x √ √
3
(a) f (x) = − 3x (b) g(x) = 4x2 − 9 2x + 1
x−2 (c) k(x) =
|x| + 1

11
Continuity - IVT

1. State the Intermediate Value Theorem.

2. Use the Intermediate Value Theorem (if applicable) to justify why the following equations must
have at least one solution on the given interval. If IVT does not apply, explain why not.

(a) cos(x) = x on [0, π] (Hint: re-write as a function)

√ √
(b) x + 1 + x = 4 on [0, 4]

(c) sec(x) = 0 on [0, π]

(d) x2x = 7 on [1, 2]

12
3. By IVT, a continuous function can only switch from positive-value to negative-value if it passes
x3 − 3x2
through y = 0. Use this to determine on which intervals f (x) = has positive values.
x+2
Hint: begin by drawing a number line marking places where f (x) = 0 or is not continuous.

4. In this exercise, we will use the IVT on increasing smaller intervals to estimate
a root of the function g(x) = sin(x) − x + 1 on the interval [0, π]. (?)
Justify the use IVT on this interval, then decide in which half of the interval the root must lie.
Hint: Since g(π) < 0 < g(0) there is a root on [0, π]. It must be on 0, π2 or π2 , π
 

Repeat this process until you have found an interval of length less that 1 on which the root lies.

Note: Since 3 < π, 36 = 12 < π6 < 43 < π4 < 1 < π3 < 32 < π2 < 2 < 2π
3
< 49 < 3π
4
< 5
2
< 5π
6
<3<π
There is a unit circle projected on the board to help you find values of sin(x).

13
5. The IVT has some fun & trivial results. My favorite is that there are always two places on the
equator on opposite sides of the world that are the exact same temperature! (?)

To show this, we label the points on the equator using θ = −π and θ = π

(think longitude with the international date line as both 180◦ E = −180◦ = −π & 180◦ W =
180◦ = π)
Now consider the function f (θ) = T (θ) − T (θ + π) where T (θ) is the temperature at that point
on the equator. Since temperature is continuous (in the real world), then f (θ) is continuous.

Using IVT on [−π, π], verify that there is a place where f (θ) = 0.
Why does this give us the desired result?
Hint: Consider three cases: f (0) = 0, f (0) < 0, and f (0) > 0 and find sign of f (π) for each

14
The Derivative

15
Limit Definition of the Derivative

1. State the limit definition of the derivative at the point x = a

f 0(a) = .

2. Using the limit definition, find the value of the following derivatives at the indicated values.
I know that many of you already know how to use the Power Rule, but you should complete
this process the long way as there will be a question requiring you to do so on the first test &
probably on the final exam.

(a) f (x) = 4x − 2 a=7

(b) What is the equation of the line tangent to the curve y = f (x) at a = 7?
Why is the answer unsurprising?

√
(c) g(x) = 3x + 1 a=8

(d) Find the equation for the line tangent to the graph of g(x) at a = 8

16
 x
(e) F (x) = a=6
x−3



 for x < 0








(f) G(x) = |2x| = for x = 0









for x > 0


G0 (3) = This is the slope of G(x) for any positive x.

G0 (−5) = This is the slope of G(x) for any negative x.

Use the two one-sided limits to find G0 (0) =

17
Derivative as a Function

1. Using the limit definition, find the value of the following derivatives.
I know that many of you already know how to use the Power Rule, but you should complete
this process the long way as there will be a question requiring you to do so on the first test &
probably on the final exam.
9
(a) f (x) =
x2

f 0 (−1) = f 0 (3) = f 0 (0) =

√
(b) g(x) = 4 − 7x

g 0 (0) = g 0 (−3) = g0 4


7
=

18
 (c) k(x) = x2 − 2x

(d) For what value(s) of x does the graph of y = k(x) have a horizontal tangent line?

2. By considering the graph, determine where the following function is NOT differentiable.
 √
 2 3 x + 3 for x < −2






x2 for − 2 ≤ x ≤ 2






F (x) =
 3x − 10
for 2 < x < 4


x−3










x−2 for x ≥ 4

19
Derivative Rules - Power & Exponential Rules

1. Use the Constant Rule, the Power Rule, the Constant Multiple Rule, the Addition Rule, &
the Derivative of ex to compute the following derivatives.

(a) Let f (x) = 10x3 − 5x2 + 3x − 2

f 0 (x) = f 00 (x) =

f 000 (x) = f 0000 (x) =

1 √
(b) Let g(x) = 4ex − 2
+ x
x

g 0 (x) = g 00 (x) =

g 000 (x) = g 0000 (x) =

2. Consider the values of f (x), f 0 (x), g(x), and g 0 (x) given in the table below.

x f (x) f 0(x) f 00(x) g(x) g 0(x) g 00(x)

0 5 -1 -3 1 2 4
1 -3 3 -2 -1 2 0
2 -4 -1 1 2 1 4
Compute the values of the derivatives of following functions, making sure to show your reasoning.
 0
(a) 3f (x) − 2g(x) when x = 2

 00
(b) 4f (x) + 3g(x) when x = 0

20
3. Find the equations of each horizontal tangent line to the curve y = x4 + 2x3 − 2x2 + 5

4. The Power Rule, the Constant Multiple Rule, & the Addition Rule are all straightforward.
Products and quotients are not as simple. (?)

(a) The derivative of a product is NOT the product of the derivatives.

Determine P 0 (x) if P (x) = (2x3 − 1)(5x − 2x4 ) by multiplying before differentiating.

(b) Compare your answer to [2x3 − 1]0 · [5x − 4x2 ]0 (product of the derivatives)

(c) Similarly, the derivative of a quotient

√ is NOT the quotient of the derivatives.
2
6x − 3
x + 2
Determine Q0 (x) if Q(x) = by simplifying before differentiating.
x

√
[6x2 − 3 x + 2]0
(d) Compare your answer to (quotient of the derivatives)
[x]0

21
Derivative Rules - Product & Quotient Rules

1. Compute the derivatives of the following functions.

You may use derivative rules and do not need to use the limit definition of the derivative.

(a) y = 2x6 ex

dy d2 y
y0 = dx
= y 00 = dx2
=

2x − 5
(b) f (x) =
9x + 4

f 0 (x) =
(c) g(t) = (5t2 − 4)(2et + 1)t2

g 0 (t) =

(x2 − 4)ex
(d) h(x) =
x3 + 2x + 1

h0 (−1) = h0 (2) =

22
2. Consider the values of f (x), f 0 (x), g(x), and g 0 (x) given in the table below.

x f (x) f 0 (x) f 00 (x) g(x) g 0 (x) g 00 (x)

0 5 -1 -3 1 2 4
1 -3 3 -2 -1 2 0
2 -4 -1 1 2 1 4

Compute the values of the derivatives of following functions, making sure to show your reasoning.
 0
(a) 3f (x)g(x) when x = 2

 00
(b) f (x) · g(x) when x = 0

" #0
f (x)
(c) when x = 1
g(x)

3. The curve y = ax2 +bx+c passes through the point (1, 2) & has tangent line y = 3x at the origin.
Find the values of a, b, and c (?)

4. In the first differentiation rules video, Dr LeBlanc used the limit definition of the derivative to
claim that “multiplicative constants just come along for the ride” when differentiating.
We can also show this is true using the Product Rule. (?)

(a) f (x) = 4x5/2 can be re-written as f (x) = g(x)h(x) where g(x) = 4 and h(x) = x5/2 .
Compute f 0 (x) the simple way & compare to using the Product Rule with g(x) & h(x).

(b) Now consider F (x) = cG(x) where c is any constant and G(x) is any differentiable function.
Compute F 0 (x) the simple way & compare to using the Product Rule with c & G(x).

23
Derivative of Trigonometric Functions

1. Complete the following chart of Trigonometric Derivatives

[sin(x)]0 = [cos(x)]0 =
[tan(x)]0 = [cot(x)]0 =
[sec(x)]0 = [csc(x)]0 =

2. Compute the derivatives of the following functions.

You may use derivative rules and do not need to use the limit definition of the derivative.
sec(x)
(a) f (x) = √ + 3 cot(x)
x

f 0 (x) =

(b) g(x) = x2 cos(x) − 2x sin(x) − 2 cos(x)

g 0 (x) =
(Simplify as much as possible)

(c) h(t) = t2 et tan(t)

h0 (t) =

24
 (d) k(x) = (sec(x) + tan(x))(sec(x) − tan(x)) (Hint: Simplify before Calculus)

k 0 (x) =
sin(θ)
(e) r =
1 − cos(θ)

dr
=dθ
(Simplify as much as possible)

(f) y = csc(x + 3)

y0 = y 00 =

d537 y
3. Find the 537th derivative of sin(x) – denoted as f (537) (x) or 537
dx
Obviously I do not want you to take the derivative 537 times.
Take a few derivatives and look for a pattern.

25
The Chain Rule - Day 1

1. Write each function as the composition of functions and use the chain rule to find the derivative.
This first problem is to walk you through the Chain Rule.
You will not be required to ever do it this way on a quiz or test.

(a) F (x) = f (g(x)) = (7x2 − 8x + 3)8

f (u) = u8 u = g(x) = 7x2 − 8x + 3

f 0 (u) = u0 = g 0 (x) =

F 0 (x) = [f (g(x))]0 =

p
(b) G(x) = f (g(h(x))) = 3
e5x cos(5x)

f (v) = v 1/3 v = g(u) = eu cos(u) u = h(x) =

5x

f 0 (v) = v 0 = g 0 (u) =
u = h0 (x) =
0

G0 (x) = [f (g(h(x)))]0 =

2. Find the derivative of each of the following functions.

(a) f (x) = sin(7x + 3)

(b) g(θ) = ecsc(3θ)

26
  
2
(c) h(t) = cot e−t

(d) k(z) = z 2 sec(4z 2 + 2z + 1)

√
(e) y = 7x3 + xe2x

te−t
(f) F (t) =
1 + e−6t

(g) G(θ) = tan2 (π 3 θ4 )

27
The Chain Rule - Day 2

1. Find the derivative of each of the following functions.

p
(a) f (x) = 1 + cos(x2 )

θ
(b) g(θ) = (1 + tan3 ( 24 ))5

3 −t cot(5t)
(c) F (t) = t2 · et

 
z
(d) G(z) = csc √
z+9

37x2 + 4x − 5
(e) y =
x · sin4 (3x) + 1

28
2. Consider the values of f (x), f 0 (x), g(x), and g 0 (x) given in the table below.

x f (x) f 0(x) g(x) g 0(x) h(x) h0(x)

-2 1 -4 0 -3 -1 1
-1 -3 -2 -2 1 1 0
0 1 -1 0 2 -1 -2
1 2 1 -1 -3 1 3
2 -1 3 1 -1 2 -1
Compute the values of each of the following derivatives, making sure to show your reasoning.
 0
(a) f (g(x)) when x = 2

  0
(b) f g(x) + h(x) when x = 0

  0
(c) f g(x) · h(x) when x = 0

 0
(d) f (g(x)) · (h(x))3 when x = −2

"   #0
(e) f g(h(x)) when x = 1

"   #0
(f) h g(f (x)) when x = 1

" #0
p
(g) (f (x))2 + (g(x))2 when x = −1

29
Implicit Differentiation

dy
1. Use implicit differentiation to find y 0 aka dx

(a) x2 y + xy 2 = 5

(b) e2x = sin(x + 3y)

(c) x2 (x − y)2 = x2 − y 2

(d) ex+y = cos(xy)

30
2. The Cissoid of Diocles is given by y 2 (3 − x) = x3

√
(a) Determine the slope of the cissoid at the point (x, y) = (2, 8)
Notice that you can plug-in the x & y values immediately after differentiating then solve
dy
for dx

(b) Where is the slope of the curve undefined?

(c) Any y-value can work, but there is a limited range of permissible x-values. (?)
Find the range of permissible x-values.

31
 2
d y
3. The second derivative y 00 or dx 2 for implicit functions can be found by implicitly differentiating

the expression for the first derivative.

Like the first derivative, the expression for the second derivative will contain both x’s and y’s.
dy
Any occurrence of dx in the second derivative should be re-written in terms of x and y.
d2 y
Use implicit differentiation (twice) to find y 00 aka dx 2

(a) x3 + y 3 = 1

(b) x2 + y 2 = 16

1
(c) sin(xy) = 2

32
4. The Devil’s Curve † is given by y 4 − 2y 2 = x4 − 9x2

(a) At what points (x, y) does the curve have a horizontal tangent?

(b) At what points (x, y) does the curve have a vertical tangent? (?)

√
(c) Find the equation of the line tangent to the Devil’s Curve at (x, y) = (−3, 2)

† The name comes from the shape its central lemniscate takes when graphed. The shape is
named after the juggling game diabolo, which involves two sticks, a string, and a spinning prop
in the likeness of the lemniscate. The confusion is the result of the Italian word diavolo meaning
”devil”

33
Derivatives of Inverse Trigonometric Functions

1. Recall the domains and ranges of the inverse trigonometric functions:

arcsin : [−1, 1] → − π2 , π2 arctan : (−∞, ∞) → − π2 , π2 π

∪ 0, π2
 
 

arcsec:(−∞, −1] ∪ [1, ∞) → 2,π

Find the values of the following inverse trigonometric functions.

arctan(1) = arcsin(sin(π)) = arcsec(1) =

√  
−2
arccos(2) = arccot( 3) = arccsc √ 3
=

2. Use right triangles to simplify the following expressions. No need to find the derivative.

(a) tan(arctan(2x)) (b) cos(sin−1 (x))

(d) sec(tan−1 x


(c) cot(arcsin(x2 )) 9
)

In general, this technique is useful when you encounter a Trig (Inverse Trig)

34
3. Compute the derivative of each of the following functions.
(a) arcsin(4x) (b) cos−1 (e3x )

(c) arctan(x2 ) (d) sin−1 (cos(x))

(Simplify your answer)

√
(e) 1 − x2 − x arccos(x) √
(f) 4x arctan( 2x − 1)
(Simplify your answer)

sin−1 ( x2 )
−1
(g) tan (x) + tan −1 1

(h)
x x
(Simplify your answer) (Simplify your answer)

√
4. Compute the derivative of y = cos(tan−1 ( 9x2 − 1)) two ways and compare:
Directly (using chain rule) and Simplifying using a triangle (like # 2) then differentiating

35
Derivatives of Logarithmic Functions

1. Recall the domains and ranges of exponential and logarithmic functoins:

ex : (−∞, ∞) → (0, ∞) ln(x) : (0, ∞) → (−∞, ∞)

Simplify the following expressions using the properties of exponentials and logarithms.
2 +1
(a) e2 ln(x) (b) ln(x · e3x )

√ !
x2 + 1
(d) ln
(c) ln(sin2 (4x3 )) e2x

2. Compute the derivative of each of the following functions.

(a) y = ln(x) (b) z = ln(173x)

(c) f (x) = ln(x3 ) (d) g(t) = ln(5t7 )

(e) h(z) = z 2 (ln(3z))4 (f) k(y) = ln(ln(2y))

36
Compute the derivative of each of the following functions.

(g) r = 2θ (Re-write as estuff )

ln(b)
(h) x = log3 (5x2 − 4) (Recall loga (b) = )
ln(a)

(i) F (x) = ln(sin−1 (4x))

(j) G(x) = sin−1 (ln(4x))

(k) A(x) = arctan(2x)

(l) B(x) = ln(1 + 4x2 )

Compare your answers to parts (i) & (j) and notice order matters

Compare your answers to parts (k) & (l). How are they the same? How are they different?

37
Logarithmic Differentiation

1. Compute the derivative of each of the following functions.

g(x)
It may be useful to recall that [f (x)] = eg(x)·ln(f (x)) and ln(a · b) = ln(a) + ln(b)

(a) f (x) = ln(8xe4x )

(b) g(θ) = esec(θ)+ln(θ)

√
t
(c) h(t) = 5

(d) y = [sin(x)]2x+1

(e) z = (2x + 1)sin(x)

ln(cos(x))
(f) F (x) = √ (?)
x ln(x x2 + 1)

38
 dy
2. Use logarithmic differentiation (i.e. begin by taking ln of both sides) to find y 0 = dx
Your answer should be in terms of x only.

(a) y = x2 (3x − 4)5 ln(6x)

√
10x x2 + 4
(b) y =
(6x + 3)2/5

3. Find the equation of the line tangent to the curves at the indicated points. (Hint: Implicit)

(a) xy = y x at (x, y) = (2, 4) (Start by taking ln of both sides)

1


(b) ln(xy) + e5/2 = ex+y at (x, y) = 2
,2

39
Applications of the Derivative

40
Linearization and Differentials

1
1. Let f (x) = x +
x2
(a) Find the linearization L(x) of f (x) at a = 1

(b) Use the linearization to approximate the value of f (0.9)

Use the second derivative to determine if this is an over-estimate or under-estimate.

2. Use linearization to estimate the value of sin(3)

Hint: What function are we estimating?
For what a-value near x = 3 do we know the value of the function & its derivative?

3. Use linearization to estimate the value of ln(1.1)

Hint: What function are we estimating?
For what a-value near x = 1.1 do we know the value of the function & its derivative?
Use the second derivative to determine if this is an over-estimate or under-estimate.

41
4. In this problem we will find the linearization L(x) of g(x) = (1 + x)k for any power k at a = 0
Your answer will depend on k, so k should be part of your answer.
You can do these problems as above; this is simply a shortcut for estimating powers near a = 0
Find the linearization L(x) for g(x) for a = 0 and any power k

(1 + x)k ≈ L(x) = g(0) + g 0 (0) · (x − 0) =

(a) Use L(x) to estimate (0.95)8 = (1 − 0.05)8

√
(b) Use L(x) to estimate 1.06 = (1 + 0.06)1/2

6 6
(c) Use L(x) to estimate =
0.81 (1 − 0.1)2

√
(d) Use L(x) to estimate 3
8.24 = (8 + 0.24)1/3 (Factor an 8 out of the radical)

42
 Differentials can be used to estimate the change in the value of a function
resulting from a small change in input values or an error in measurement.
f (a + dx) ≈ L(a + dx) = f (a) + f 0 (a) · ((a + dx) − a) = f (a) + f 0 (a) · dx

Exact Change in f = f (a + dx) − f (a) = ∆f ≈ df = f 0 (a) · dx = Approx Change in f

5. Use differential to approximate how much the volume of a cube changes if its side length
increases from 10 cm. to 10.1 cm?

6. Use differential to approximate how much must the radius of a cylinder change if its volume is
decreased from 8π f t3 . to 7.75π f t3 while its height remains fixed at h = 12 ft? Vcyl = πr2 h

7. A spherical golf ball is measured to have a radius of 5 mm.

(a) What is the volume of the golf ball if the measurement is exact? Vsphere = 43 πr3

(b) If there is a possible error in measurement of up to 0.1 mm, what is the possible error in
the computed volume?

8. Most of Earth’s atmosphere lies in the troposphere, within 12 miles of the surface.
Use differentials to estimate the volume of the troposphere (i.e the change in volume of the
Earth if we include the troposphere), assuming that the radius of the Earth is 4000 miles.
4π 3
FYI: Vsphere = r
3

43
Derivative as Rate of Change & Kinematics

1. If an arrow is shot upward on the moon with velocity 41.5 m/s, its height after t seconds is:

h(t) = 3 + 41.5t − 0.83t2 meters

(a) Find the velocity of the arrow after 5 seconds.

(b) What is the average velocity of the arrow during the first five seconds?

(c) What is the arrow’s maximum height?

(d) What is velocity of the arrow when it hits the moon?

(e) What is the acceleration due to gravity on the moon?

(f) Since Force = mass × acceleration, your weight on the moon is different than on earth.
If a person in a space suit weighs 882 Newtons (about 198 lbs.) on earth, how much does
the person in a space suit weigh on the moon?
(Recall gravitational acceleration on Earth is 9.8 m/s2 ) (?)

44
2. The equation of motion for a particle is s(t) = t3 − 12t2 + 36t + 5 meters with t in seconds.

(a) Where is the particle when it changes directions?

(stops moving forward and moves backwards, or vice versa)

(b) What is the acceleration when it changes directions?

3. Explorers on a small airless planet used a spring gun to launch a ball bearing vertically upward
from the surface at a velocity of 15 m/s. Because the acceleration due to gravity at the surface
is gs m/s2 , the explorers expected the ball bearing to reach a height of h(t) = 15t − 12 gs t2 after
t seconds. The ball bearing landed 40 seconds after being launched (20 sec. up & 20 sec. down).
What is the acceleration due to gravity on the small planet?
What is the ball bearing’s velocity when it hits the planet?

4. The graph below shows the velocity of a body in meters per second moving along a straight
line.

(a) When does the body reverse direction?

(b) When is the body moving at a constant speed?
(c) Graph the acceleration of the body.
(d) Suppose the position after one second (p(1)) is 1.5 meters from the starting point.
Use the equation of the line tangent to p(t) at t = 1
to estimate the position after t = 1.2 seconds. (p(t) ≈ p(1) + p0 (1) · (t − 1) for t near t = 1)

45
 Related Rates - PreClass Exercise

Before attacking the calculus of Related Rates Problems, it is helpful to build up some intuition.
Since we are building intuition, you should spend only about 5 minutes completing this.
In each of the following scenarios, determine if the indicated quantity is expected to increase,
decrease, remain constant, or if there is not enough information to decide.

(a) A right triangle has base b and height h.

i) If its base and height are increasing, what happens to the area of the triangle?
area increases area decreases area is constant need more information
How confident are you in your answer?
very confident somewhat confident not confident / just a guess

ii) If the base is increasing, but the area is decreasing, what happens to the height?
height increases height decreases height is constant need more information
How confident are you in your answer?
very confident somewhat confident not confident / just a guess

iii) If the height and area are increasing, what happens to the base?
base increases base decreases base is constant need more information
How confident are you in your answer?
very confident somewhat confident not confident / just a guess

46
(b) A thirteen-foot ladder is leaning against a wall forming a right triangle with the ground.
As the top of the ladder slides down the wall, what happens to the distance from the wall to
the foot of the ladder?

base increases base decreases base is constant need more information

How confident are you in your answer?

very confident somewhat confident not confident / just a guess

(c) A can of Play-Doh has a fixed volume (V = πr2 h) of Play-Doh.

Assuming it retains its cylindrical shape when we roll it out, as the height/length increases,
what happens to the radius of the cylinder?

radius increases radius decreases radius is constant need more information

How confident are you in your answer?

very confident somewhat confident not confident / just a guess

(d) Continuing with the Play-Doh and increasing height/length, what happens to the Surface Area
(SA = 2πr2 + 2πrh)?

SA increases SA decreases SA is constant need more information

How confident are you in your answer?

very confident somewhat confident not confident / just a guess

47
Related Rates - Day 1

4 dy
1. If x2 y 3 = 27
and dt
= 21 , then what is dx
dt
when x = 2?

p dx dy dL
2. If L = x2 + y 2 , dt
= −1, and dt
= 3, find dt
when x = 5 and y = 12

3. The voltage V in volts, the current I in amperes, and resistance R in ohms of an electric circuit
are related by the equation V = IR

Suppose V is increasing at a rate of 1 volt per second while I is decreas-

ing at a rate of 15 amperes per second. Determine the rate of change of
R when V = 1 volt and I = 2 amperes.

4. A rock is thrown into a still pond & causes a circular ripple.

If the radius of the ripple is increasing at a rate of 2 feet per second, how fast is the circumference
changing when the radius is 14 feet?

5. The length of a rectangle is increasing at a rate of 5 cm/s

while its width is decreasing at a rate of 3 cm/s.

(a) How fast is the area of the rectangle changing when the length is 20 cm & width is 10 cm?

(b) How fast is the perimeter changing at this time?

(c) How fast are the length of the diagonals changing at this time?

48
6. A rocket is launched vertically from a point 8 miles west of an observer on the ground. What
is the speed of the rocket when the angle of elevation from the horizontal of the observer’s line
of sight is 30◦ and increasing at 2◦ per second?
(You must convert to radians using 180◦ = π radians.)

7. Gravel is being dumped from a conveyor belt at a rate of 30 f t3 /min.

The coarseness of the gravel is such that it forms a pile in the shape of a cone whose base
diameter and height are always equal. How fast is the height of the pile changing when the pile
is 10 feet high? The volume of a cone is given by V = 31 πr2 h

8. A 13 foot ladder is leaning against a house when its base begins to slide away from the house.
By the time the base is 5 feet away from the house, the base is moving at a rate of 4 f t/s.

(a) At what speed is the top of the ladder sliding down the wall?

(b) How fast is the area of the triangle formed by the ladder, house, & ground changing?

(c) At what rate is the angle between the ladder and the ground changing?

49
Related Rates - Day 2

1. A collapsible ladder has its base fixed 7 feet from a vertical wall. As the ladder shortens the
top of the ladder slides down the wall at 3f t/s. How fast is the ladder collapsing when the top
of the ladder is 24 feet from the bottom of the wall?

2. A street light is mounted at the top of a 15 foot-tall pole.

A six-foot-tall man walks away from the pole at 3 feet per second along a straight path.
How fast is his shadow growing when he is 40 feet from the pole? (Similar triangles)

How fast is the tip of his shadow moving away from the pole at this time?

3. One car, traveling due South at 40 mph, passes through an intersection at the 1PM. Another
car, traveling due West at 25 mph, passes through the same intersection at 2PM.
At what rate is the distance between the cars increasing at 4PM?

50
4. A spherical balloon is inflated with helium at a rate of 100π f t3 /min.
Volume of a Sphere V = 34 πr3 Surface Area of a Sphere SA = 4πr2

(a) How fast is the balloon’s radius increasing when the volume is 36π f t3 ?

(b) How fast is the balloon’s surface area increasing when the volume is 36π f t3 ?

5. A conical water tank with vertex down has a radius of 8 feet and height of 24 feet.
If water depth of the water is increasing at 2 ft/sec when it is 6 feet deep,
what is the rate of flow of water into the tank? Recall Vcone = 13 πr2 h

6. A girl flies a kite at a constant height of 300 feet.

The wind carries the kite horizontally away from her at a rate of 15 f t/s.
How fast must she let out the string when the kite is 500 feet away from her?

51
7. A circle is inscribed in a rectangle (i.e. a circle inside a rectangle) so that the circle always
touches three sides of the rectangle. Suppose we want the area between the circle and the
rectangle to remain constant while each increases in size. Use the usual convention that width
is less than length (w < l). How fast must the length change if the radius is increasing at 2
in/s when the radius is 4 inches and the length is 10 inches? Begin by sketching a diagram
and finding a formula for the area inside the rectangle but outside the circle in terms of r and l
(Hint: w is related to r in a very simple way.)

8. A small boat is pulled toward a dock by a rope from the bow through a ring on the dock 6 feet
above the bow. The rope is hauled in at a rate of 2 f t/s
(a) How fast is the boat approaching the dock when 10
feet of rope are out?

(b) At what rate is the angle θ changing at this instant?

52
Use this page if you need extra space on Related Rates Problems

53
 L’Hôpital’s Rule - Day 1

Compute the limits using L’Hôpital’s Rule where appropriate and algebraic techniques otherwise.
If you use L’Hôpital’s Rule be sure to state the indeterminate form & indicate application using “LH”
If a limit Does Not Exist, mark it DNE and briefly explain WHY the limit does not exist.
You may use the mathematical shorthand lim f (x) = ∞ (or −∞)
x→c

x2 + 3x + 2
(a) lim =
x→−1 x2 − x − 2

5x2 − 3x + 1
(b) lim =
x→∞ 7x2 + 1

1 − cos(x)
(c) lim =
x→0 x2

x2 − 3
(d) lim =
x→2 3x + 1

2x2 − 7x − 4
(e) lim 2 =
x→4 x + x − 20

√
x2 + 5
(f) lim =
x→∞ 3x

54
 √
x 5

(g) lim =
x→∞ (ln(x))2

7x2
(h) lim =
x→0 ln(sec(x))

1 − sin(x)
(i) limπ =
x→ 2 1 + cos(2x)

√
4
x−3
(j) lim =
x→81 x − 81

sec(x) − 1
(k) lim =
x→0 x4

e4x + 2x − 1
(l) lim =
x→0 sin(5x)

55
 L’Hôpital’s Rule - Day 2

Compute the limits using L’Hôpital’s Rule where appropriate and algebraic techniques otherwise.
If you use L’Hôpital’s Rule be sure to state the indeterminate form & indicate application using “LH”
If a limit Does Not Exist, mark it DNE and briefly explain WHY the limit does not exist.
You may use the mathematical shorthand lim f (x) = ∞ (or −∞)
x→c

1 x
(a) lim − =
x→1 ln(x) ln(x)

(b) lim x2 ex =
x→−∞

(c) lim x2/x =

x→∞

(d) lim e1/x =

x→0

(e) lim x3/ ln(x) =

x→∞

√
(f) lim+ 3
x[ln(x)]2 = (?)
x→0

56
 1 1
(g) lim − =
x→0 sin(3x) 3x

(h) lim+ xx =
x→0

(i) lim 3x csc(4x) =

x→0

 1/x2
(j) lim cos(x) =
x→0

 bx
a
(k) lim 1 + = (a & b are constants)
x→∞ x

57
 Extreme Value Theorem

For each of the following functions, determine all of the critical points and find the maximum and
minimum values on the given interval. If the function does not attain its maximum or minimum on
the given interval, explain why this does not violate the Extreme Value Theorem.
(i.e. What part of the theorem was not satisfied forfeiting the guarantee of having a max & a min?)
√
(a) f (x) = x3 on [−1, 1] (f) l(x) = 4 − x2 on [−1, 2]

(b) g(x) = xe−2x on [−1, 1]

(g) m(x) = cos(2x) on [0, π]

9
(c) h(x) = − on [1, 9] (h) m(x) = cos(2x) on (−∞, ∞)
x2

√
9 (i) n(x) = 2x 9 − x on [−1, 9]
(d) h(x) = − 2 on [−3, 1]
x

on − π3 , π4
 
(j) r = tan(θ)
(e) k(x) = |2 − x| on [−1, 3]

58
 1
1  √
(k) x = t
+ ln(t) on 2
, 4 (n) F (x) = 3 + 2x − x2 on its domain

(l) y = 32 x4 + 2x3 − 6x2 on (−3, 2) (o) G(x) = ex + 4e−x + 3 on (−∞, ∞)

(m) z = 1 + 8x − 2x2 on (−∞, ∞) (p) H(x) = x2 ln(x) on its domain

59
First Derivative Test

4ex (x − 5)2 ln(x2 )

1. Suppose the derivative of F (x) is given by F 0 (x) =
(x − 3)3
Assume F (x) has domain all real numbers. Determine on which intervals F (x) is decreasing.
Find the critical values of F (x) and classify each as a local maximum, local minimum, or neither.

2. Determine on which intervals each function is increasing and on which it is decreasing.

Find the critical values of each function and classify each as a local max, a local min, or neither.
√
(a) f (x) = x4 − 4x2 + 8 (c) h(x) = 5x − 2

(b) g(x) = 15x3 − x5 (d) F (x) = x1/5 (x − 6)

60
3. For each of the following functions, determine all local & global maximum and minimum values.
√
(a) x(t) = t 8 − t2

x6
(b) y = x5 − − x4
6

4. Consider the graph of the derivative f 0 (x):

Suppose f (x) is continuous on its domain [A, ∞)

Determine on which intervals the original function f (x) is increasing.
Find the critical values of f (x) and classify each as a local max, a local min, or neither.
Your answers should be chosen from: A, B, C, D, E, F, & G

61
5. Determine on which intervals each function is increasing and on which it is decreasing.
Find the critical values of each function and classify each as a local max, a local min, or neither.
√
(e) G(x) = x4 + 8x3 + 18x2 + 4 (g) g(x) = x2 2 − x

x2
(f) r(θ) = θ ln(θ) (h) h(x) =
x−1

6. For each of the following functions, determine all local & global maximum and minimum values.
3x
(c) z =
x2+4

(d) r = sin2 (θ) − cos(θ) on [0, 2π]

on (−∞, ∞)

62
7. For each part, sketch a continuous function and its derivative with the given property.

(a) A function f (x) that has a local maximum at x = 2

y = f (x) y = f 0 (x)
(b) A function g(x) that has a critical value at x = −1 but not a local extremum there

y = g(x) y = g 0 (x)
(c) A function h(x) that has a local minimum at x = 3 but f 0 (3) does not exist

y = h(x) y = h0 (x)
(d) A function k(x) that has a vertical tangent at x = 1

y = k(x) y = k 0 (x)

63
Curve Sketching - Day 1

1. Let f (x) = x3 − 12x2 + 36x

Domain: Inflection Values:

Roots/Zeros: Intervals of Increase:
Critical Values: Intervals of Concave Up:
Max, Min, Neither? End behavior:

√
2. Let g(x) = x 4 − x2

Domain: Inflection Values:

Roots/Zeros: Intervals of Increase:
Critical Values: Intervals of Concave Up:
Max, Min, Neither? End behavior:

4x2 + 18x + 14 8 − 2x 4x − 28
3. Let h(x) = It follows that h0 (x) = and h00
(x) =
(x + 2)2 (x + 2)3 (x + 2)4

Domain: Inflection Values:

Roots/Zeros: Intervals of Decrease:
Critical Values: Intervals Concave Down:
Max, Min, Neither? End behavior:

64
4. Suppose that the following is known about a mystery function M (x)

• Domain: (−4, ∞) • M 0 (−1) = 0 • M 0 (x) < 0

on (−4, −1) & (0, 2)
• Roots: x = −2,
• M 0 (0) DNE • M 0 (x) > 0
x = 0, & x = 3
on (−1, 0) & (2, ∞)
• lim M (x) = ∞ • M 0 (2) = 0 • M 00 (x) > 0
x→−4+
on (−4, 0) & (0, 6)
• lim M (x) = 5 • M 00 (6) = 0 • M 00 (x) < 0 on (6, ∞)
x→∞

Sketch a possible graph for M (x)

65
 3x2
5. Let F (x) =
x2 + 9

Domain: Inflection Values:

Roots/Zeros: Intervals of Decrease:
Critical Values: Intervals of Concave Up:
Max, Min, Neither? End behavior:

6. Let G(x) = 5x − x5

Domain: Inflection Values:

Roots/Zeros: Intervals of Increase:
Critical Values: Intervals Concave Down:
Max, Min, Neither? End behavior:

7. Use the graph of H(x) below to determine if each value is:

zero positive negative or undefined

x H 0(x) H 00(x)
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3

66
Curve Sketching - Day 2

1. Let f (x) = x(x − 4)3

Domain: Inflection Values:

Roots/Zeros: Intervals of Increase:
Critical Values: Intervals of Concave Up:
Max, Min, Neither? End behavior:

x2 + 4
2. Let g(x) = (Consider simplifying before doing calculus)
2x

Domain: Inflection Values:

Roots/Zeros: Intervals of Increase:
Critical Values: Intervals of Concave Up:
Max, Min, Neither? End behavior:

√
3. Let h(x) = x − 3 3 x

Domain: Inflection Values:

Roots/Zeros: Intervals of Increase:
Critical Values: Intervals of Concave Up:
Max, Min, Neither? End behavior:

67
4. Match the graphs of the functions below to their derivative’s graphs (choices on next page).

1 4

The derivative of (1) is The derivative of (4) is

2 5

The derivative of (2) is The derivative of (5) is

3 6

The derivative of (3) is The derivative of (6) is

68
(A) (D)

(B) (E)

(C) (F)

69
 x − x2
5. Let F (x) =
2 − 3x + x2

Domain: Inflection Values:

Roots/Zeros: Intervals of Increase:
Critical Values: Intervals of Concave Up:
Max, Min, Neither? End behavior:

6. Let G(x) = xe1/x

Domain: Inflection Values:

Roots/Zeros: Intervals of Increase:
Critical Values: Intervals of Concave Up:
Max, Min, Neither? (?) End behavior:

7. Suppose that the graph below is y = g 0 (x)

Sketch a possible graph for g(x) given that g(1) = 0

70
Applied Optimization - Day 1

1. What is the largest possible product of two numbers that sum to 12?
i.e. Maximize P = xy where x + y = 12

2. Show that among all rectangles with a 16 in.2 area, the one with the smallest perimeter
is a square.
We want to minimize: subject to constraint

3. Find the minimum distance from the line 2x − 4y = 8 to the point (3, −3)
Hint: It is easier to minimize the square of the distance
p
D = (x1 − x2 )2 + (y1 − y2 )2 instead of d= (x1 − x2 )2 + (y1 − y2 )2

4. A farmer wishes to build a 216 m2 rectangular corral.

The corral needs an outer fence and another piece of fence parallel to one of the sides
to divide the pasture into two equal parts (one half for sheep & one half for pigs).
What is the smallest amount of fencing required?

5. A rectangle has its base along the x-axis and its upper two vertices on the parabola y = 12 − x2 .
What is the largest area this rectangle can have?

71
6. A right triangle whose hypotenuse is x = 6 cm long is revolved about one of its legs to generate
a right circular cone. Find the radius & height of the largest cone generated this way.
Vcone = 13 πr2 h

7. A fence is to be built to enclose a rectangular area of 720 square meters. The fence along three
sides is to be made of material costing $5 per meter, while the material for the fourth side costs
$13 per meter. Find the dimensions of the enclosure which is most economical to construct.

8. An 18” wire is to be cut into two pieces; one of which will be bent into a circle (with radius r),
the other into a square (with side length s). (?)

(a) Express s in terms of r

(b) Express the total area of the circle & square in terms of r
(c) What is the maximal area & minimal area that can be enclosed in this manner?

72
Use this page if you need extra space on Applied Optimization Problems

73
Applied Optimization - Day 2

1. The US Postal Service will accept a (rectangular) box for domestic shipping only if the sum of
its length and girth (distance around) does not exceed 108 inches.
What dimensions will give a box with square end the largest possible volume?

2. A rectangular poster is to contain 50 in2 of printing with a 4 in margin at the top and bottom
and a 2 in border on the sides. What overall dimensions will minimize the amount of paper
used?

3. An open-top rectangular box with a square base is to have a volume of 48 f t3 . If the material
for the bottom costs $6 per square foot and material for the sides costs $4 per square foot, what
dimensions will result in the least expensive box?

4. A lumber mill wants to cut the largest possible rectangular beam from a cylindrical tree trunk
of diameter four feet and length 20 feet. Determine the largest possible volume of such a beam.
You must use calculus to verify you found the largest possible volume.

74
5. Jane is 2 miles offshore in a boat & wishes to reach a coastal village 6 miles down a straight
shoreline from the point on the shore nearest her boat. She can row 3 mph & walk 5 mph.
How far from the village should she land to reach the village in the least amount of time?
distancerow distancerun miles
Note: Ttotal = Trow + Trun = + = = hours
raterow raterun mph
Attempt this problem two different ways:

1) labelling the distance from landing point to village as 6 − x & using the Pythagorean Theorem
2) labelling the angle formed by the shore and her approach in the boat as θ & using trigonometry

A video discussing a dog “doing” this calculus problem can be seen at:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BhkHR-PUZrU

6. A metal rain gutter is to have 10 centimeter sides and a 10 centimeter horizontal bottom with
the sides making equal angles at the bottom.
How wide should the opening across the top be to maximize the carrying capacity of the gutter?
Begin by drawing 3 pictures: one with acute angles, one with right angles, & one with obtuse angles.

7. A mathematics major has decided to earn some extra money by starting an energy drink com-
pany. Hoping to market to fellow math nerds, she wants each can to hold 128π mL.
What is the least amount of metal necessary to build such a can? (1mL = 1cm3 )

75
Use this page if you need extra space on Applied Optimization Problems

76
 Applied Optimization - Extra Practice

(1) Constraint (2) Optimizing (3) Write as function of 1

variable

(4) Differentiate (5) Find Critical Values (6) Is it a max or a min?

1. A rectangular plot of farmland will be bounded on one side by a river and on the other sides by
a fence. What is the largest area you can enclose using 800 meters of fence?

√
2. Find the point on curve y = x nearest to the point (4, 0).

3. A rectangle is inscribed in an isosceles right triangle who hypotenuse is 2 units long.

What is the largest area the rectangle can have? What are its dimensions?
Begin by expressing the y coordinate of the point P in terms of x
using the line connecting the points (1, 0) and (0, 1)

77
4. A rectangle has its base along the x-axis and
√ its right edge along the line x = 32.
Its upper left vertex lies on the curve y = 3 x.
What are the dimensions of the largest such rectangle?

5. A silo (base not included) is to be constructed in the form a cylinder topped with a hemisphere
and must hold 2000π f t3 of grain. The cost of construction for the hemisphere is $5 per square
foot and the cost of construction for the cylindrical sides is $3 per square foot.
Find the dimension of the silo that will minimize the cost of materials.
Vsph. = 34 πr3 SAsph. = 4πr2 Vcyl. = πr2 h SAcyl. = 2πrh

6. An open top box is to be made by cutting small congruent squares from the corners
of an 8 inch by 15 inch piece of cardboard and folding up the sides.
What are the dimensions of the box of largest volume?

7. Find the volume of the largest cone that can be inscribed in a sphere of radius 6 inches.
Let x be the vertical distance from the center of the sphere to the base of the cone. (V = 13 πr2 h)

78
Use this page if you need extra space on Applied Optimization Problems

79
Mean Value Theorem

1. Determine if the Mean Value Theorem can be used in each of the following cases.
If it can’t be applied, cite which hypothesis fails. If it can be applied, there is no need to find c
x
(a) f (x) = x4/5 + x − 1 on [−1, 32] (c) g(x) = on [−1, 3]
x2 + 2x − 8

x √
(b) g(x) = on [−3, 1] (d) h(x) = x − x2 on [0, 1]
x2 + 2x − 8

2. Suppose f (x) is continuous on [2, 7] and −2 ≤ f 0 (x) ≤ 3 for all x in (2, 7).
Use MVT to find bounds on f (7) − f (2)

≤ f (7) − f (2) ≤

80
3. Label the points on the graph which satisfy the conclusion of the MVT on the interval [−3, 3]

4. Label the points on the graph which satisfy the conclusion of the MVT on the interval [−4, 5]

81
 √ √
5. Use IVT & MVT to prove that F (x) = x + x + 4 − 4 has exactly 1 root on the interval [0, 5].

6. Suppose F 0 (x) ≡ 0 for all x ∈ [a, b] and a < x1 < x2 < b.

• Using the Mean Value Theorem, what can you conclude about the values F (x1 ) and F (x2 )?

• Since this must hold for all x1 & x2 , what can we conclude about F (x) on [a, b]?

• Suppose f 0 (x) ≡ g 0 (x) for all x ∈ [a, b]

Applying the above result to F (x) = f (x) − g(x),
what can we conclude about f (x) and g(x) on [a, b]?

√ x 4
7. Suppose f 0 (x) = 3x2 − 4 3 x + e−x − sin +
5 1 + x2
• Find three different functions f (x) that satisfy this criterion.

• Find the unique function that satisfies the above and f (0) = 6

82
Anti-Derivatives

1. Complete the following chart concerning the basic anti-derivative rules.

Let k be any fixed constant.
Z Z
xn dx = x−1 dx =
Z Z
ex dx = ekx dx =
Z Z
sin(kx) dx = cos(kx) dx =
Z Z
1 1
√ dx = dx =
1−x 2 1 + x2

2. Compute the following general anti-derivatives (i.e. include a +c).

Verify your answers by differentiating.
√
Z Z
3 2
(a) x + 3 + 2 dx (b) 4t5 + 5t3/2 + √
3
dt
x t

Z Z
x 2
(c) 4e − 3 cos(x) + x dx (d) csc(θ) cot(θ) + dθ
5θ

Z
1
Z
4x 4e √
(e) e +x dx (f) dx
4 − 4x2

83
3. Solve the following Initial Value Problems
  1 1
(a) Find f √13 given that f 0 (x) = 2
= and f (0) = π
1 + 9x 1 + (3x)2

d2 y
(b) Find y given that y 00 = = 8e2x
dx2
and the graph of (x, y) contains the points (0, −3) & (1, e2 )

4. A rock is thrown upwards off the edge of a building at 64 f t/s.

It hits the ground at a downward speed of 160 f t/s. How tall is the building?
Recall: The acceleration due to gravity is downward at 32 f t/s2

5. A spring is released from rest at position x = 4.

After t seconds it has acceleration a(t) = sin(t) + cos(t).

(a) How fast is the spring moving 3 seconds after it is released? v(3)

(b) Where is the spring π seconds after it is released? x(π)

84
6. As seen above, anti-differentiation often requires division to compensate for the Chain Rule. (?)
Z
(a) By differentiating 3 (5x − 1) + c, conclude that (5x − 1)2 dx 6= 13 (5x − 1)3 + c
1 3

 0
1
i.e. Show 3 (5x − 1) + c 6= (5x − 1)2
3

Z
2
(b) FOIL out the integrand (5x − 1) and anti-differentiate the result to find (5x − 1)2 dx

“Undoing” the Chain Rule requires u-Substitution, which we will cover soon.

7. Finding the anti-derivative of a product is not just the product of the anti-derivatives. (?)
Z Z ! Z !
1 2 x x 1 2 x
(a) By differentiating 2 x e , conclude that xe dx 6= 2 x · ex = x dx e dx

Z
x x
(b) By differentiating xe − e , conclude that xex dx = xex − ex + c

The result is unsurprising as the Product Rule for derivatives isn’t the product of the derivatives.
“Undoing” the Product Rule requires Integration by Parts (MATH 2260 material)

85
The Integral

86
Introduction to Riemann Sums

1. Use geometry to determine the exact area under the curve y = |2x − 4| on the interval [0, 5]

2. We wish to approximate the area under the curve y = x3 + x for −1 ≤ x ≤ 3

(a) Use two rectangles of equal width and mid-points of each sub-interval to estimate the area.

(b) Use four rectangles of equal width and mid-points of each sub-interval to estimate the area.

Which approximation will give a value closer to the true value? part (a) part (b)

Notice that if f (x) < 0, we find negative area and if f (x) > 0, we find positive area.
This is called Signed Area.

87
3. You realize your odometer (which measures miles driven) is broken and need to measure dis-
tance down an unmarked road. You realize that you can estimate the distance by checking
your speed at regular intervals (d = v · t). You record the speeds every 30 seconds as follows:
Time 1:20.0 1:20.5 1:21.0 1:21.5 1:22.0 1:22.5 1:23.0 1:23.5 1:24.0 1:24.5
Speed (mph) 30 40 45 40 45 40 40 30 30 20
Speed (miles/min) 1/2 2/3 3/4 2/3 3/4 2/3 2/3 1/2 1/2 1/3
Approximate how far have you driven during these 5 minutes?
Hint: Estimate the distance traveled in the first 30 seconds, then in the second 30 seconds . . .

1
4. We wish to approximate the area under the curve y = for 1 ≤ x ≤ 13
x
(a) Use 3 rectangles of equal width and left endpoints of each sub-interval to estimate the area.
Do you expect this to be an over-estimate or under-estimate?

(b) Use 3 rectangles of equal width and right endpoints to estimate the area.
Notice that you can easily adjust your answer from part (a).

88
 (c) Use 6 rectangles of of equal width to under-estimate the area.

(d) Use 6 rectangles of equal width to over-estimate the area.

Notice that you can easily adjust your answer from part (c).

Notice that the range from (a) & (b) is less precise than the one from (c) & (d).

(e) Since more rectangles give more precise bounds, let’s use n rectangles and consider lim An
n→∞

Since we are partitioning [1, 13] into n equal pieces, each piece will be wide.
The left endpoint of the k th interval is (k − 1)-steps from x = 1
12
and has the form xk = 1 + n
(k − 1)
while the right endpoint is k steps from x = 1 and has the form xk =
Now set-up the sum using n rectangles to under-estimate the area.
Your answer will be a sum of terms including k’s and n’s

89
 The Definite Integral
Z b
The definite integral f (x) dx gives the signed area between f (x) & the x-axis from a to b.
a
Hence if y = f (x) is non-negative and integrable, the definite integral gives the area under the curve.

1. Find the values of the definite integrals using known area formulas. It will helpful to sketch the
curves.
Z 2
(a) 5 − |x| dx =
−3

Z 2
(b) |5 − x| dx =
−3

Z 2
(c) |2x − 1| − 3 dx =
−3

Z 4 √
(d) 16 − x2 dx =
−4

Z 4 √
(e) 16 − x2 + 2 dx =
−4

Z 4 √
(f) 16 − x2 − 5 dx =
0

90
2. Suppose that:
Z 8 Z 5 Z 5 Z 8
f (x) dx = 7 f (x) dx = 2 g(x) dx = 4 g(x) dx = −5
1 1 1 5

Find the values of following (showing your justification):

Z 8 Z 3
(a) f (x) dx = (c) f (x) + g(x) dx =
5 3

Z 8 Z 5
(b) f (x) − g(x) dx = (d) 3f (x) − 4g(x) dx =
1 8

(e) The average value of f (x) + g(x) over the interval [1, 8]

Z b 
3. Express the following limits of Riemann Sums as definite integrals f (x)dx .
a
Let ck be any point in the k th sub-interval of [a, b] and ∆xk be the width of the k th sub-interval.
n n
X X 3
(a) lim (c3k + 2ck − 1) ∆xk on [−1, 5] (b) lim ∆xk on [4, 8]
n→∞
k=1
n→∞
k=1
6 − ck

4. Use the definition of the definite integral to find the area under y = x2 + 2x + 3 on [−2, 1]
Z 1 Xn
2
x + 2x + 3 dx = lim f (xk )∆xk = . . .
−2 n→∞
k=1

n n
X n(n + 1) X n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
To be given as needed: k= and k2 =
k=1
2 k=1
6

91
 Definite Integral as the Limit of Riemann Sums

For each of the following functions, use a regular partition of the interval to form a Riemann Sum
n
X
F (xk )∆xk
k=1

b−a
where ∆xk = n
and xk is the right endpoint of each sub-interval.

Then evaluate the limit of the Riemann sums as n → ∞.

(a) f (x) = 2x − 1 on [1, 6]

∆xk = Right Endpoints: xk =

(b) g(x) = x2 − 3x on [0, 4]

(c) h(x) = (x − 2)2 on [1, 4]

n n n  2
X n(n + 1) X
2 n(n + 1)(2n + 1) X
3 n(n + 1)
k= k = k =
k=1
2 k=1
6 k=1
2

92
 (d) h(x) = x3 − 3x2 + 2x on [0, 2]

(e) k(x) = x3 on [−1, 5] FYI: (a + b)3 = a3 + 3a2 b + 3ab2 + b3

To be given on a test or quiz:

n n n  2
X n(n + 1) X
2 n(n + 1)(2n + 1) X
3 n(n + 1)
k= k = k =
k=1
2 k=1
6 k=1
2

93
Fundamental Theorem of Calculus - Part 1

1. Compute the derivative of the following functions.

Z x Z 2
(a) f (x) = e9t dt (e) G(x) = cos(t) dt
0 ln(x)

√
Z x √ Z π
(b) g(x) = 1 + t2 dt (f) f (x) = sin(t2 ) dt
0 √
x

Z 2π 2
Z ex
(c) h(x) = sin(5t) dt 1
(g) g(x) = √ dt
π
x4 t

Z x3 Z x3
−t 2
(d) F (x) = e dt (h) h(x) = √
et dt
0 4 x

94
 Z tan(x)
1 π
(i) y = dt for |x| < 2
0 1 + t2
(Simplify your answer)

Z arcsin(x)
(j) z = sec(t) dt for |x| < 1
0
(Simplify your answer)

Z x
2. Let f (t) = 2t + 3 and define A(x) = f (t) dt for x > 0
0

(a) Sketch the region under y = f (t) & express A(x) as a function of x
without using an integral.

Z x 
d 0
(b) Verify that A (x) = f (t) dt = f (x)
dx 0

3. Consider the graph of y = f (t) below.

(a) Use the signed area definition of the definite
integral & geometric formulas to find F (6)

(b) Use the linearization of F (x) at x = 6

to approximate the value of F (5.9)
Z x
Define F (x) = f (t) dt
0

Z b
2 −5x+4
4. What value of b will maximize the value of the definite integral 1 − ex dx?
0

95
Fundamental Theorem of Calculus - Part 2

1. Evaluate the following definite integrals.

Z 9
√
(a) 6x2 − x dx =
1

Z 32
(b) 10x3/5 + e−x dx =
−1

Z 3
(c) x2 + 3 dx =
−3

Notice integrand is an even function

and the interval is symmetric
 Z 3 
2
=2 (x + 3)dx
0

Z 1
(d) x3 − x dx =
−1

Notice integrand is an odd function

and the interval is symmetric

4
x2 − 5x
Z
(e) √ dx =
1 x

Z ln(4)
(f) e3t dt =
0

Z π/3
(g) 4 sec2 (θ) − sec(θ) tan(θ) dθ =
0

96
 Z e4
3
(h) dy =
1 2y

Z π  
θ
(i) sin(3θ) + cos dθ =
0 2

√
Z 1/ 3
6
(j) dx =
1/3 1 + 9x2

x2
√
Z  
t
2. Find the equation of the line tangent to f (x) = sin dt at x = π
0 6
√ √ √
Hint: A tangent line requires a point ( π, f ( π) and a slope f 0 ( π)

3. The tortoise and the hare line up for their big race in Sanford Stadium, from one end zone to
the other, 100 yards (300 feet). The tortoise will walk at a steady pace of 1 foot per second.
The arrogant hare decides to wait until the tortoise is at the far 5-yard line to start running.
He then accelerates (smoothly) from 0 ft/s to his top speed of 40 ft/s over five seconds and then
dashes the rest of the way at 40 ft/s. Who wins the race?

97
u-Substitution (“undoing” the Chain Rule) - Day 1

1. Find the following indefinite integrals: Don’t forget +c

Z
sec2 x1
Z

(a) (2 − 3x)12 dx = (b) dx =
x2

Z
8 Z
8x
(c) dx = (d) dx =
1 + 4x2 1 + 4x2

√
Z
ex
Z
(e) x x + 3 dx =
(f) √ dx =
1 + ex

Hint for (e): Try u = x + 3

98
2. Evaluate the following definite integrals two ways:

1) Finding the related indefinite integral (switch to u & switch back to x at end)
2) Making a substitution including changing the limits of integration
(switch to u & don’t look back)
Z 1
3 +1
(a) x2 ex dx =
0

Z e3
1
(b) dx =
e x ln(x)

Z 2
(c) x(x2 − 1)5 dx =
−2

Z π/3
(d) sin(x) cos3 (x) dx =
0

99
u-Substitution - Day 2

1. Find the following indefinite integrals: Don’t forget +c

4x3
Z
(a) dx =
1 + 2x4

Z
10
(b) √ dx = Factor a 5 from the denominator (?)
25 − x2

Z
(c) tan(x) · sec2 (x) dx =

Z
(d) sec(x) · sec(x) tan(x) dx = Compare to (c)

Z
(e) tan(x) dx =

Z
(f) (1 − ecot(x) ) csc2 (x) dx =

Z
(g) cos(3x) sin4 (3x) dx =

100
2. Find the following definite integrals (Remember to switch back to x OR to switch your limits)
Z 9
3
(a) √ √ dx =
4 x(1 + x)4

√
ln( 3)
ex
Z
(b) dx =
0 1 + e2x

Z e4
ln(x)
(c) dx = (Simplify your answer)
1 x

Z 4 √
(d) x3 x2 + 9 dx = Stuck? See #1(e) from Day 1
0

(
Z 3 sin(πx) + 3 for x < 0
(e) f (x) dx where f (x) = 2
−2 xex for x ≥ 0

101
Area Between Curves

1. Find the total area of the shaded regions:

y = 2x3 + 9x2 & y = 12x − x3 y = x2 − 5x & y = 3x + x2 − 2x3

2. Find the area enclosed by the curves:

√
(a) Find the area bounded by the curves: y = x + 3 and 2y = x + 3

(b) Find the area bounded by the curves: x = y 2 − 4y and x = 2y − y 2

102
 (c) Find the area bounded by the curves: y = x3 + x2 − 2x and y = 4x

(d) y = cos(x) and y = 1 − cos(x) for 0 ≤ x ≤ π

1 x
3. Find the area bounded by the curves: y = 2
, y = x, and y =
x 8

103
4. Find the area of each of the following regions two ways: (?)

Integrate respect to x (Vertical boxes of width dx)

Integrate respect to y (Horizontal boxes of height dy)

104
 SohCahToa

sin2 (x) + cos2 (x) = 1 tan2 (x) + 1 = sec2 (x) cot2 (x) + 1 = csc2 (x)

sin(2x) = 2 sin(x) cos(x) cos(2x) = cos2 (x) − sin2 (x) = 2 cos2 (x) − 1 = 1 − 2 sin2 (x)

√
2 −b ± b2 − 4ac
ax + bx + c = 0 =⇒ x =
2a

Formulas of Interest:
Sphere: V = 43 πr3 SA = 4πr2
Cylinder: V = πr2h SAsides = 2πrh
Cone: V = 13 πr2h
Pyramid: V = 31 l · w · h