CABSMJ1001 [2024-25]

Data Types
In
C
 CABSMJ1001 [2024-25]

Data Types in C
 A data type defines:
 a set of values and
 the operations that can be performed on these values.

 Every constant, variable etc. in a C program has a data type

associated with it, e.g. int m1 = 60; (here, data type of m1 is int).
 C also has a special data type called void, which denotes no
data type.
 There are three categories of data types in C: Predefined in
1. Primary (or fundamental) data types C language

2. Derived data types (arrays, pointers and functions)

3. User-defined data types (structure, union, enum, typedef)
 CABSMJ1001 [2024-25]

Primary (or Fundamental or Built-in) data types

 There are FOUR basic data types in C:

1. Integer types

2. Character types

3. Floating point types

4. void type
 CABSMJ1001 [2024-25]

Primary (or Fundamental or Built-in) data types

1. Integer types
 used to store whole numbers (integer values).
 C supports short, int and long data types (which can have
signed or unsigned form).
 Their memory size and range of values that can be stored are:

Data type Memory size Range

short (+ve or –ve values) 2 bytes -32768 to +32767
unsigned short 2 bytes 0 to 65535
int (+ve or –ve values) 2 bytes -32768 to +32767
or 4 bytes -2147,483648 to +2147,483647
unsigned int 2 bytes 0 to 65535
or 4 bytes 0 to 4294,967295
long (+ve or –ve values) 4 bytes -2147,483648 to +2147,483647
unsigned long 4 bytes 0 to 4294,967295
 CABSMJ1001 [2024-25]

2. Character types
 char data type - used to store a single character.
 In C, every character is represented in memory by its ASCII
(American Standard Code for Information Interchange) value.

 For example:
 'A' is represented by 65, 'B' by 66, 'C' by 67
 'a' by 97, 'b' by 98, 'c' by 99.

 Memory size and range:

Data type Memory size Range
char (it means signed char) 1 byte -128 to +127
unsigned char 1 byte 0 to 255
 CABSMJ1001 [2024-25]

Example: Printing ASCII Value of a Character

/* charexample.c */
#include<stdio.h>
main()
{ char c1='A', c2='a';
printf("ASCII value of %c is %d\n",c1,c1);
printf("ASCII value of %c is %d\n",c2,c2);
}
Output
ASCII value of A is 65
ASCII value of a is 97
 CABSMJ1001 [2024-25]

C Characters and Their ASCII Values (in Decimal)

 CABSMJ1001 [2024-25]

C Characters and Their ASCII Values

'
 CABSMJ1001 [2024-25]

C Characters and Their ASCII Values

Back

DEL is also a
control character
 CABSMJ1001 [2024-25]

3. Floating point types

 Used to store numbers with decimal point, e.g. 149.56, 2.3E+3

 C supports float, double and long double data types.

 Their memory size, range and precision are:

Data type Memory size Range Precision
float 4 bytes 3.4E-38 to 3.4E+38 6 decimal digits
double 8 bytes 1.7E-308 to 1.7E+308 15 "
long double 10 bytes 3.4E-4932 to 1.1E+4932 19 "
or 16 bytes 3.4E-49321 to 1.2E+49321
 CABSMJ1001 [2024-25]

4. void type
 It denotes no data type.
 It can be used:
 to specify return type of a function (if a function’s return
type is void, it means it does not return any value).
 to specify that a functions’s argument list is empty, e.g.

void f1(void)
{ ……
……
}
 A pointer may also be of type void. Such a pointer may
contain the address of an object, but not its type.
Memory size of void type: Since void type means nothing,
hence it doesn’t have any memory size.
 CABSMJ1001 [2024-25]

How to Get the Exact Size of Basic data types on your machine?
 To get the exact size of basic data types on a particular
machine, you can use the expression sizeof(data type) that
yields the memory size of the specified data type in bytes.
/* memorysize.c */
#include<stdio.h>
main()
{ printf("Memory size of char = %d\n",sizeof(char));
printf("Memory size of short = %d\n",sizeof(short));
printf("Memory size of int = %d\n",sizeof(int));
printf("Memory size of long = %d\n",sizeof(long));
printf("Memory size of float = %d\n",sizeof(float));
printf("Memory size of double= %d\n",sizeof(double));
printf("Memory size of long double= %d\n",sizeof(long double));
}
 CABSMJ1001 [2024-25]

Memory size of different primary C data types

on DELL LATITUDE E5530 laptop
under Windows 10 OS and DEV C++ IDE
 CABSMJ1001 [2024-25]

How to Declare Primary Type Variables in a C Program?

 Syntax for declaring a variable:

datatype var1, var2, ….., varn;
 Examples: If no value is assigned to a variable,
it contains some garbage value

int number1, number2; /* can be used to store int type values. */

int count = 0, sum = 0; /* variable declaration and assigning */
float price = 25.99; /* initial values. */
long x;
char c1, c2 = '*';
double d;
 CABSMJ1001 [2024-25]
int a = 10;
a = a + 111;
Default Data Type of Integer Constants in C
 By default, integer constants are treated as int type data.
 We can override this default by appending to the number:
 u or U for unsigned int and
 l or L for long int as below:

Constant (Literal) Type Value

111 or +111 int 111
-222 int -222
45678U unsigned int 45678
-56789L long -56789
987654UL unsigned long 987654
 CABSMJ1001 [2024-25]

Default Data Type of Floating Point Constants in C

 By default, floating point constants are treated as double
type data.
 We can override this default by appending to the number
 f or F for float and
 l or L for long double as below:

Literal Type Value

0. or .0 double 0.0
-12.0 double -12.0
1.234 double 1.234
12.0F float 12.0
1.23456789L long double 1.23456789
 CABSMJ1001 [2024-25]

Managing
Input and Output
Operations
 CABSMJ1001 [2024-25]

Inputting Data in a C Program from Keyboard and

Outputting Result on the Screen

 Inputting/reading means feeding some data into the program.

 Outputting means displaying/writing the result(s) on the
screen or in a file.
 C provides a set of built-in functions to perform I/O operations
(in a C program) - that can be used as per our requirements.
 Following standard library functions can be used to read input
from the keyboard and output results on the screen:
1. getchar(), getch(), getche() and putchar() functions
2. scanf() and printf() functions
3. gets() and puts() functions (discussed in Unit-III).
 CABSMJ1001 [2024-25]

Streams in C Programming
 In C, all input and output is
handled with streams -
regardless of where input is
coming from, or where output
is going to.
 A stream is a sequence of characters (bytes of data) flowing
into a program or flowing out of a program.
 C has three predefined streams, known as (i) standard input
stream, (ii) standard output stream and (iii) standard error
stream.
 These streams are:
 automatically opened when a C program’s execution starts
 automatically closed when the program terminates.
 CABSMJ1001 [2024-25]

Streams in C Programming
 The standard streams and the
devices they are connected
with:
Name Stream Device
stdin Standard Input Keyboard
stdout Standard Output Screen
stderr Standard Error Screen

 Whenever a program uses functions like scanf(), getchar(), gets()

etc. to read keyboard input, then stdin stream is used.
 Whenever a program uses functions like printf(), putchar(), puts()
etc. to display text on the screen, then stdout stream is used.
 Whenever a program statement faces an error at run-time, then
to print error message on the screen, stderr stream is used.
 CABSMJ1001 [2024-25]

getchar() Function (Reading a character from the Keyboard)

 reads the next available character from the standard input

stream (stdin) i.e. keyboard and returns it as an integer.
 Reads the character when <ENTER> key is pressed and the
entered character is displayed on the screen.
 reads only a single character at a time.
Example:
char var1;
var1 = getchar(); /* it will read the next available char */
/* from stdin and return it */

 To read more than one character, we can use getchar() in a

loop.
 CABSMJ1001 [2024-25]

getchar() Function - Example

#include<stdio.h>
main()
{ char var1;
printf("Enter a single character: ");
var1 = getchar();
printf("%c",var1);
}

 After entering the character, press <ENTER> key.

 CABSMJ1001 [2024-25]

getch() Function (Reading a character from the Keyboard)

 It also reads a single character from the stdin i.e. keyboard.

 It reads the entered character immediately (without waiting
for the <ENTER> key to be pressed) and returns it.
 Entered character is not displayed on the screen.

Example:
char var1;
var1 = getch(); /* it will read the entered character */
/* from stdin and return it */
 CABSMJ1001 [2024-25]

getch() Function - Example

#include<stdio.h>
main()
{ char var1;
printf("Enter a single character: ");
var1 = getch();
printf("\n"); Entered character
printf("%c",var1); is not displayed
}

 The character is read as soon as it is entered. No need to

press <ENTER> key.
 CABSMJ1001 [2024-25]

getche() Function (Reading a character from the Keyboard)

 It also reads a single character from the stdin i.e. keyboard.

 It reads the entered character immediately (without waiting
for the <ENTER> key to be pressed) and returns it.
 Entered character is echoed on the screen.

Example:
char var1;
var1 = getche(); /* it will read the entered character */
/* from stdin and return it */
 CABSMJ1001 [2024-25]

getche() Function - Example

#include<stdio.h>
main()
{ char var1;
printf("Enter a single character: ");
var1 = getche();
printf("\n"); Entered character
printf("%c",var1); is echoed
}

 The character is read as soon as it is entered. No need to

press <ENTER> key.
 CABSMJ1001 [2024-25]

putchar() Function (Writing/displaying a character on the Screen)

 It writes (puts) the passed character on the standard output
stream (stdout) i.e. screen and returns the same character.
 It writes only a single character at a time.

Example: char var1 = 'A'; Output

putchar(var1); A
putchar('\n'); |
 Second line will display the character 'A' on the screen.
 Third line will cause the cursor on the screen to move to the
beginning of the next line.
 To display more than one character on the screen, we can use
putchar() in a loop.
 CABSMJ1001 [2024-25]

C program to illustrate the use of getchar() and putchar()

functions
/* getcharex.c */
#include<stdio.h>
main()
{ char c1;
printf("Enter any character: ");
c1 = getchar();
printf("You entered: ");
putchar(c1);
putchar('\a'); /* it will produce a beep sound */
}
 CABSMJ1001 [2024-25]

Character Library Functions

 C provides a set of standard library functions that work on
characters (char type data).
 These functions are defined in ctype.h header file:
Returns true (nonzero int value), if c is an
isalnum(c)
alphanumeric character.
isalpha(c) Returns true, if c is an alphabetic character.

isdigit(c) Returns true, if c is a digit.

islower(c) Returns true, if c is a lowercase letter.

isupper(c) Returns true, if c is an uppercase letter.

 CABSMJ1001 [2024-25]

Character Library Functions

Returns true, if c is a punctuation mark like ( ) { }

ispunct(c)
[],;:*=#

Returns true, if c is a whitespace character

isspace(c)
like ' ', '\t', '\v', '\n', '\f' , '\r' characters.
Returns true, if c is a printable character.
isprint(c) (ASCII value 0 – 31: nonprintable characters) View
(ASCII value 32 – 126 : printable characters)
Converts the character c to its corresponding
tolower(c)
lowercase character and returns it.

Converts the character c to its corresponding

toupper(c)
uppercase character and returns it.
 CABSMJ1001 [2024-25]

Prob

Write a C program that reads a lowercase alphabet and

converts it to uppercase.
 CABSMJ1001 [2024-25]
/* lowertoupper.c */
#include<stdio.h>
#include<ctype.h>
main()
{ char c;
printf("Enter a lowercase alphabet: ");
c = getchar();
printf("Inputted character is: ");
putchar(c);
putchar('\n');
c = toupper(c);
printf("This alphabet in uppercase is: %c",c);
}
Enter a lowercase alphabet: t
Inputted character is: t
This alphabet in uppercase is: T
 CABSMJ1001 [2024-25]

scanf() Function (Reading Data in a C Program from Keyboard)

 used to read formatted input from stdin (standard input

device) i.e. keyboard.

General form:
scanf("format string",&var1,&var2,…..);

 Format string contains format specifiers which specify what

type of data is to be read and assigned to each variable.

 Ampersand symbol ( & ) specifies variable’s memory address.

 It returns the number of items successfully read.

 CABSMJ1001 [2024-25]

scanf() Function (Reading Data in a C Program from Keyboard)

Example-1: int num1, num2;

printf("Enter two integer numbers: ");
scanf("%d %d",&num1,&num2); /* input: 10 20 */
.........

 Format specifier %d specifies that an int value is to be read.

 Once the input values are typed and <Enter> key is pressed,
the values are read in the variables num1, num2 and the
computer proceeds to the next statement.
 CABSMJ1001 [2024-25]

scanf() Function (Reading Data in a C Program from Keyboard)

Whitespace acts as delimiter
for scanf() by default
Example-2: float n1, n2;
printf("Enter two float numbers: ");
scanf("%f %f",&n1,&n2); /* 25.120 43.150 */
/* 25.120 43.150 */
/* 25.120
43.150 */
Whitespace causes scanf() to read input values and ignore all the whitespaces
appearing in the input and search for a non-whitespace character to read next
value.

Input can be entered in any of the three ways as shown above.

 CABSMJ1001 [2024-25]

C Format Specifiers (or Type Conversion Characters)

Format
specifier Explanation Example

char ch;
%c A single character scanf("%c",&ch); /* input: A */
printf("%c",ch); /* output: A */
int x;
A decimal integer
%d scanf("%d",&x); /* input: -32526 */
(signed)
printf("%d",x); /* output: -32526 */
unsigned int x;
A decimal integer
%u scanf("%u",&x); /* input: 40501 */
(unsigned)
printf("%u",x); /* output: 40501 */
long int x;
A long decimal
%ld scanf("%ld",&x); /* input: -4535075 */
integer (signed)
printf("%ld",x); /* output: -4535075 */
 CABSMJ1001 [2024-25]

C Format Specifiers (or Type Conversion Characters)

Format
specifier Explanation Example

unsigned long int x;

A long decimal
%lu scanf("%lu",&x); /* input: 4535075 */
integer (unsigned)
printf("%lu",x); /* output: 4535075 */
%o An octal integer int x;
(unsigned) scanf("%o",&x); /* input: 12 */
printf("%o",x); /* output: 12 */
printf("%#o",x); /* output: 012 */
printf("%d",x); /* output: 10 */
%h short integer (signed) unsigned short x;
%hu Short integer scanf("%hu",&x); /* input: 65535 */
(unsigned) printf("%hu",x); /* output: 65535 */
 CABSMJ1001 [2024-25]

C Format Specifiers (or Type Conversion Characters)

Format
Explanation Example
specifier
%x or A hexadecimal int int h;
%X (unsigned) scanf("%X",&h); /* input: A */
printf("%X",h); /*output: A */
printf("%#x",h); /*output: 0xa */
printf("%d",h); /*output: 10 */
%f A floating point float x;
number scanf("%f",&x); /*input: 36.750 */
or printf("%f",x); /*output: 36.750000 */
%e or %E Scientific notation printf("%e",x); /*output: 3.675000e+001 */
or
printf("%g",x); /*output: 36.75 */
%g or %G %g uses %f or %e
whichever is shorter.
%G uses %f or %E %e, %E, %g and %G can be used
whichever is shorter. in printf() only.
 Format CABSMJ1001 [2024-25]
specifier Explanation Example

%lf A double type double x;

number scanf("%lf",&x); /*input: 36.75432150 */
%le or %lE Scientific notation
printf("%lf",x); /*output: 36.754322 */
%lg or %lG %lg uses %lf or %le printf("%11.8lf",x);
whichever is shorter. /*output: 36.75432150 */
%lG uses %lf or %lE printf("%lE",x);
whichever is shorter. /* output: 3.675432E+001 */
%Lf A long double type long double x; /* input: 36.7546543 */
or number __mingw_scanf("%Lf",&x);
%Le,%LE, (they work same as __mingw_printf("%Lf",x);
%Lg,%LG above) /* output: 36.7546543 */
%s A string char city[21];
scanf("%s",city); /*input: Hyderabad */
printf("%s",city); /*output: Hyderabad */
%le, %lE, %lg and %lG can be
used in printf() only.
 CABSMJ1001 [2024-25]

printf() Function (Outputting Results at the Screen)

 used to print formatted output at the standard output device
(stdout) i.e. computer screen.

General form:
printf("format string",var1,var2,…..);

 Format string:
 contains format specifiers which specify what type of data
(stored in the specified variables) is to be printed.
 may also optionally contain string constants that are
printed as they appear in the format string.
 It returns the total number of characters written, if successful.
On failure, a negative number is returned.
 CABSMJ1001 [2024-25]

printf() Function
Following flags can also be included in the format specification:

Flag Description Example

- Used for left-justified printing within the %-6d
specified field width %-30s
(right-justification is the default)
+ Used to print the number preceded with a + %+d
or – sign (by default, only negative numbers
are preceded with a minus sign)
0 Used to print leading blanks as zeros within %06d
the specified field width
# Octal values to be preceded by 0 and %#o
Hex values to be preceded by 0x %#x
 CABSMJ1001 [2024-25]

Outputting Integer Numbers Using printf()

Field width

 In the format specification, field width can also be specified.

 Format specification for inputting/outputting an integer: %wd
Examples: int i = 9876;
printf("%d", i); 9 8 7 6

printf("%6d", i); 9 8 7 6

printf("%2d", i); 9 8 7 6

printf("%-6d", i); 9 8 7 6

printf("%06d", i); 0 0 9 8 7 6

printf("%#X", i); 0 X 2 6 9 4
 CABSMJ1001 [2024-25]

Outputting Float Type Numbers Using printf()

precision

 Format specification for printing in decimal notation: %w.pf

 Format specification for printing in sc. notation: %w.pe
Examples: float y=98.7654;
printf("%7.4f",y); 9 8 . 7 6 5 4

printf("%7.2f",y) ; 9 8 . 7 7

printf("%-7.2f",y); 9 8 . 7 7

printf("%f",y); 9 8 . 7 6 5 4 0 0

printf("%11.3E",y); 9 . 8 7 7 E + 0 0 1

printf("%g",y); 9 8 . 7 6 5 4
 CABSMJ1001 [2024-25]

Outputting Double Type Numbers Using printf()

precision

 Format specification for printing in decimal notation: %w.plf

 Format specification for printing in sc. notation: %w.ple
Examples: double z=98.7654;
printf("%lf",z) 9 8 . 7 6 5 4 0 0

printf("%7.2lf",z) 9 8 . 7 7

printf("%le",z) 9 . 8 7 6 5 4 0 e + 0 0 1

printf("%lE",z) 9 . 8 7 6 5 4 0 E + 0 0 1

printf("%lg",z) 9 8 . 7 6 5 4

printf("%lG",z) 9 8 . 7 6 5 4
 CABSMJ1001 [2024-25]

Prob

Write a C program that reads two integers and prints their sum
and average.
 CABSMJ1001 [2024-25]

/* C program to read two integers and print their sum and average */
/*add2int.c */
#include<stdio.h>
main()
{ int num1, num2, sum;
float avg;
printf("Enter two integer numbers\n");
scanf("%d %d",&num1,&num2);
What will be the value of avg
sum = num1+num2;
if we write 2 instead of 2.0?
avg = sum/2.0;
printf("Sum= %d, Average= %f",sum,avg);
}
 CABSMJ1001 [2024-25]

Prob

Write a C program that reads two numbers in variables a and b

and interchanges (swaps) their values.
 CABSMJ1001 [2024-25]

/* swap.c */
#include<stdio.h>
main()
{ int a, b, temp;
printf("Enter two integer numbers: ");
scanf("%d %d",&a,&b);
temp = a;
a = b;
b = temp;
printf("Values of a and b after swapping\n");
printf("a = %d and b = %d",a,b);
}
 CABSMJ1001 [2024-25]

Prob

Write a C program that reads two numbers in variables a and b

and interchanges (swaps) their values without using third
variable.
 CABSMJ1001 [2024-25]

/* swap2.c */
#include<stdio.h>
main()
{ int a, b;
printf("Enter two integer numbers: ");
scanf("%d %d",&a,&b);
a = a + b;
b = a - b;
a = a - b;
printf("Values of a and b after swapping\n");
printf("a = %d and b = %d",a,b);
}
 CABSMJ1001 [2024-25]

Prob

Write a C program that reads temperature in fahrenheit and

converts it into celsius.

C = ( F – 32 ) / 1.8
 CABSMJ1001 [2024-25]

/* ftocelsius.c */
#include<stdio.h>
main()
{ float fahrenheit, celsius;
printf("Enter temperature in fahreheit\n");
scanf("%f",&fahrenheit);
celsius = (fahrenheit-32)/1.8;
printf("Temp. in Celsius = %6.2f",celsius);
}
 CABSMJ1001 [2024-25]

Skipping An Input Field While Reading Using scanf()

 While reading, we can skip an input field.
 For this, a * is included in the corresponding field specification.

Example: skip
Input data: 123 456 789 int type variables
Input stat1: scanf("%d %*d %d",&num1,&num2);
or Input stat2: scanf("%3d %*3d %3d",&num1,&num2);

will assign
123 to num1
456 skipped (because of *)
789 to num2
 CABSMJ1001 [2024-25]

Reading Integer Input Using scanf()

Note 1: While reading integers, field width can also be
specified.

Example: num1 num2

Input data: 31426518

scanf() statement to read above two int values:

int num1, num2;
scanf("%5d%3d",&num1,&num2);

will assign:
31426 to num1
518 to num2.
 CABSMJ1001 [2024-25]

Reading Floating Point Input Using scanf()

Note 2: While reading float/double/long double type
numbers, field width is not to be specified.
scanf() reads them using the simple %f, %lf and %Lf format
specification for both the notations (decimal & exponential notation).
Example: Input data: 475.8943 4.3215E+2 678
scanf() statement to read above 3 values:
float x, y, z;
scanf("%f %f %f",&x, &y, &z);
will assign Field width can’t be specified
475.8943 to x
432.15 to y
678.0 to z
 CABSMJ1001 [2024-25]

Reading Input Using scanf()

Note 3: Non-whitespace character:
 can be used between field specifications
 but a matching character must be there in the input data.
Examples:
Input data: 123-456-318 int type variables
scanf("%d-%d-%d",&num1,&num2,&num3);
or
scanf("%3d-%3d-%3d",&num1,&num2,&num3);

Input data: 150.5,160.5,170.5 float type variables

scanf("%f,%f,%f",&n1,&n2,&n3);
 CABSMJ1001 [2024-25]

Note 4: When reading in numbers of any type and strings:

 scanf() treats white spaces (blanks, tabs, newlines,
carriage returns, form feeds and newlines) appearing in
the input as delimiters and
 skips them.
Examples:
scanf() statements Input (valid for both Contents of
the statements) variables
int i, j, k; i=10
scanf("%d %d %d",&i,&j,&k); 10 20 30 j=20
or or k=30
scanf("%d%d%d",&i,&j,&k); 10 20 30
or
10
20
30
 CABSMJ1001 [2024-25]

Note 5: When reading in characters using scanf():

(i). white space(s) in the input are not skipped, if a space
character is not included in the format specification at that
position.
(ii). white space(s) in the input are skipped, if a space character
is included in the format specification at that position.
scanf() statement Input Contents of variables
char a,b,c,d; ARIF  a='A', b='R', c='I', d='F'
scanf("%c%c%c%c",&a,&b,&c,&d); or
A R I F  a='A', b=' ', c='R', d=' '
or
A  a='A',b='\n' ,c='R',d='\n'
R
I
F
 CABSMJ1001 [2024-25]

Note 5: When reading in characters using scanf():

(i). white space(s) in the input are not skipped, if a space
character is not included in the format specification at that
position.
(ii). white space(s) in the input are skipped, if a space character
is included in the format specification at that position.
scanf() statement Input Contents of
variables
char a,b,c,d; ARIF  a= 'A'
scanf("%c %c %c %c",&a,&b,&c,&d); or b= 'R'
ARI F  c= 'I'
or d= 'F'
A 
R
I
F
 CABSMJ1001 [2024-25]

Scope of
Variables
 CABSMJ1001 [2024-25]

Scope of C Variables
 The scope of a C variable means:
 the section/region of the program where it has its
existence
 i.e. it cannot be used/accessed beyond that region.

 In C, variables can be declared at three places in a program:

Place in the program Type

1. Inside a function or inside a Local variables
block
2. Out of all functions Global variables
3. In the function parameters Formal parameters
 Function CABSMJ1001 [2024-25]
body
1. Local Variables
 Variables declared inside a function
or block are called local variables. Block

 A function or block is a sequence of statements enclosed

within curly braces.

Local variables have local scope or block scope:

 Local variables can be used only by the statements that are
inside that function/block of code.
 So, variables declared within a block can be accessed:
 within that specific block and all other internal blocks of
that block
 but cannot be accessed outside the block.
 CABSMJ1001 [2024-25]

Local Scope or Block Scope - Example

/* localvar.c */
#include<stdio.h>
main()
{ /* local variable declaration */
int a=10;
{ int b=20; Output:
{ int c=30; a=10, b=20 c=30 and d=60
int d = a + b + c;
printf ("a=%d, b=%d c=%d and d=%d\n",a,b,c,d);
}
/* c and d deleted from memory, not accessible here */
}
/* b deleted from memory, not accessible here */
}
 CABSMJ1001 [2024-25]

2. Global Variables
 Variables declared outside of all functions (usually on top of
the program) and accessed inside the functions are called
global variables.

Global variables have global scope:

 A global variable is available for use till the end of program
from the point of its declaration.
 Any function can access global variables.
 Note: A program can have same name for local and global
variables but the value of local variable inside a function will
take preference.
 CABSMJ1001 [2024-25]
Output:
Global Scope - Example Output of sum() function = 30
/* globalvar.c */ Output of subtract() function = -10
#include<stdio.h> a=10
int a=10; /* global variable - accessible till end of program */
int sum()
{ int b=20; /* local variable – accessible in function only */
return a+b;
}
int subtract() int a=30; /* what will be the output of a-b */
{ int b=20; /* local variable – accessible in function only */
return a-b;
}
main()
{ printf("Output of sum() function = %d\n",sum());
printf("Output of subtract() function = %d\n",subtract());
printf("a=%d",a);
}
 CABSMJ1001 [2024-25]

Default Initial Values of Local Variables

 If a local variable is not assigned an initial value at the time of

its declaration, it takes the garbage value by default.
 For example:
Data type of Local variable Default Initial Value
int a; long l; Garbage value
char c; Garbage value
float f; double d; long double ld; Garbage value
int *p; /* p is a pointer variable */ Garbage value
 CABSMJ1001 [2024-25]

Default Initial Values of Global Variables

 If a global variable is not initialized at the time of its
declaration:
 the compiler automatically initializes it
 based on its data type as below:

Data type of Global variable Default Initial Value

int a; long l; 0
char c; '\0' (null character is a built-in
constant that has a value of 0)
float f; double d; long double ld; 0.0
int *p; /* p is a pointer variable */ NULL (built-in pointer value that
does not point to any valid
data object)
 Formal parameters
CABSMJ1001 [2024-25]

3. Formal Parameters int sum(int a,int b)

{ int sum = a+b;
return sum;
}

 They are treated as local variables within the function.

 Like local variables, they take precedence over global

variables within the function.
 CABSMJ1001 [2024-25]

Formal Parameters - Example

/* formalparam.c */
#include<stdio.h>
int a = 50; /* global variable */
int sum(int a,int b) /* Formal parameters treated as local variables */
{ printf("value of a in sum() = %d\n",a); /* local a gets precedence */
return a+b;
}
main()
{ int a = 10; /* local a gets precedence over global a */
int b = 20;
int c = 0;
Output:
printf("value of a in main() = %d\n",a);
value of a in main() = 10
c = sum(a,b);
value of a in sum() = 10
printf("value of c in main() = %d\n",c);
value of c in main() = 30
}
 CABSMJ1001 [2024-25]

#define
and
const keyword
 CABSMJ1001 [2024-25]

#define Preprocessor Directive

 #define is used to define a symbolic constant (or macro
substitution).
 Macro substitution is a process where each occurrence of the
symbolic constant in the source program is replaced by the
string defined in the macro definition by the preprocessor.

General form: Symbolic constant

#define IDENTIFIER string

 If above statement (known as a macro definition or simply a macro):

 is included in a C program at the beginning,
 then the preprocessor replaces every occurrence of the
IDENTIFIER in the source code by the string.
 CABSMJ1001 [2024-25]

#define Preprocessor Directive

 Examples: Symbolic constant

#define MAX 10 /*all occurrences of MAX will be replaced by 10 */

#define PI 3.1415926
#define CAPITAL "New Delhi"
 It is a convention to write macros in capitals to identify them
as symbolic constants.

Source code statements After preprocessing

total = MAX * value; total = 10 * value;
printf("MAX = %d\n",MAX); printf("MAX = %d\n",10);
String left unchanged
 CABSMJ1001 [2024-25]

Example: C Program that reads radius of a circle and

finds its area & perimeter (using #define).
/* areaofcircle.c */
#include<stdio.h>
#define PI 3.14159
main()
{ float r, area, peri;
printf("Enter radius of circle\n");
scanf("%f",&r); PI will be replaced by 3.14159
area = PI * r * r; during preprocessing
peri = 2 * PI * r;
printf("Area= %.2f, Perimeter= %.2f",area,peri);
}
 CABSMJ1001 [2024-25]

const keyword - Declaring a Variable as Constant

 If we want to keep the value of a certain variable constant
during the program execution, then:
 we can use the qualifier const
 at the time of variable’s declaration and initialization, e.g.:

const int max = 10; /* initial value must be assigned at the */

const float pi = 3.14159; /* time of const variable declaration */

 const qualifier tells the compiler that:

 the value of const variable must not be modified by the
program
 after an initial value is assigned in its declaration.
 CABSMJ1001 [2024-25]

Example: to illustrate the use of const keyword.

/* constex.c */
#include<stdio.h>
main()
Value of pi can’t be modified
{ float r, area, peri; later in the program
const float pi = 3.14159;
printf("Enter radius of circle\n");
scanf("%f",&r);
area = pi * r * r;
peri = 2 * pi * r;
printf("Area= %.2f, Perimeter= %.2f",area,peri);
}
 CABSMJ1001 [2024-25]

C
Operators
 CABSMJ1001 [2024-25]

C Operators
 Operators are symbols that perform different operations on
variables and values.
 C supports a rich set of built-in operators that can be divided
into following EIGHT groups:
1. Arithmetic operators
2. Relational operators
3. Logical operators
4. Assignment operators
5. Increment & Decrement operators
6. Ternary (or Conditional) operator
7. Bitwise operators
8. Special operators
 CABSMJ1001 [2024-25]

1. Arithmetic Operators
 used to perform mathematical operations on numeric values.
 They are:

Operator Description Example: int a=10;

int b=20;
+ Addition - Adds left hand operand
with right hand operand a + b will give 30

- Subtraction - Subtracts right hand

operand from left hand operand a - b will give -10

* Multiplication - Multiplies left

hand operand with R.H. operand a * b will give 200

Contd...
 CABSMJ1001 [2024-25]

Operator Description Example: int a=10;

int b=20;

Division - Divides L.H. operand by

/ R.H. operand
b / a will give 2

Modulus - Divides L.H. operand

% by R.H. operand & returns the b % a will give 0
remainder
 CABSMJ1001 [2024-25]

Precedence of Arithmetic Operators

 Arithmetic expressions are evaluated using the following rules of
precedence of arithmetic operators:
Operator Associativity
1st priority () Left-to-right
2nd priority */% Left-to-right
3rd priority +- Left-to-right

Order of operations can be

changed using parentheses:
Example: x = 9 – 12 / 3 + 3 * 2 – 1 Example: x = 9–12/(3+3)*(2–1)
x=9–4 +6 –1 x = 9–12/6 *1
x = 10 x = 9–2
x =7
 CABSMJ1001 [2024-25]

Example: Illustrates the use of Arithmetic Operators

/* arithopex.c */
#include<stdio.h>
main()
{ int num1 = 15;
int num2 = 18;
printf("The sum is: %d\n",(num1+num2));
printf("The difference is: %d\n",(num1-num2));
printf("The product is: %d\n",(num1*num2));
printf("The average is: %f\n",((num1+num2)/2.0));
} Output
The sum is: 33
The difference is: -3
The product is: 270
The average is: 16.500000
 CABSMJ1001 [2024-25]

Prob
Write a C program that reads two integer values in variables
dividend and divisor and finds the quotient and remainder when
dividend is divided by divisor.

Quotient = Dividend / Divisor; /* int division */

Remainder = Dividend % Divisor;
 CABSMJ1001 [2024-25]

/* quotientrem1.c */
#include<stdio.h>
main()
{ int dividend, divisor, quotient, rem;
printf("Enter dividend and divisor (integer values): ");
scanf("%d %d", &dividend, &divisor);
quotient = dividend / divisor;
rem = dividend % divisor;
printf("Quotient = %d\n", quotient);
printf("Remainder = %d", rem);
} Output
Enter dividend and divisor (integer values): 25 6
Quotient = 4
Remainder = 1
 CABSMJ1001 [2024-25]

Prob

Write a C program that reads base and height of a triangle and

prints area of the triangle.
 CABSMJ1001 [2024-25]

/* areaoftriangle.c */
#include<stdio.h>
main()
{ float base, height, area;
printf("Enter base and height of the triangle: ");
scanf("%f %f",&base,&height);
area = (base * height) / 2;
printf("Area of the triangle = %f",area);
}
Output
Enter base and height of the triangle: 10 5
Area of the triangle = 25.000000
 CABSMJ1001 [2024-25]

Prob
Write a C program that reads time in seconds and converts it
into hours, minutes and seconds.

secs hrs mins

3740 (input)
secs/3600
i.e. 3740/3600 = 1
secs%3600
i.e. 3740%3600=140
secs/60
i.e. 140/60 = 2
secs%60
i.e. 140%60=20
 CABSMJ1001 [2024-25]
secs hrs mins
/* seconds.c */ 3740
#include<stdio.h> 1
main() 140
{ int secs, hrs, mins; 2
printf("Enter time in seconds: "); 20
scanf("%d",&secs);
hrs = secs/3600; /* time in hours */
secs = secs % 3600; /* remaining secs */
mins = secs/60; /* time in mins */
secs = secs % 60; /* remaining secs */
printf("Time= %d hours %d minutes %d seconds",hrs,mins,secs);
}
Output
Enter time in seconds: 3740
Time= 1 hours 2 minutes 20 seconds
 CABSMJ1001 [2024-25]

Prob
Write a C program to calculate the distance between two points
(x1,y1) and (x2,y2) on a x-y plane using the formula:
 CABSMJ1001 [2024-25]
/* distance.c illustrates the use of sqrt() and pow() library functions */
#include<stdio.h>
#include<math.h>
main()
{ float x1, y1, x2, y2, dist;
printf("Input x1 and y1: ");
scanf("%f %f",&x1,&y1);
printf("Input x2 and y2: ");
scanf("%f %f",&x2,&y2);
/* Calculate the distance between the points */
dist = sqrt(pow((x2-x1),2)+pow((y2-y1),2));
printf("Distance between the points: %.2f",dist);
}
Output
Input x1 and y1: 5 6
Input x2 and y2: 15 16
Distance between the points: 14.14
 CABSMJ1001 [2024-25]

Convert the following Algebraic Expressions into

C Expressions:
Algebraic expression C expression
(a x b) – c ( a * b ) - c or a * b - c
(m+n)(x+y) (m+n)*(x+y)
ab
 (a * b) / c or a*b/c
c
3x2+2x+1 3*x*x+2*x+1
or
3 * pow(x,2) + 2 * x + 1
x
 +c (x/y)+c or x / y + c
y
 CABSMJ1001 [2024-25]
Exercise #1.
Write a C program that reads length and breadth of a rectangle
and prints its area.
Exercise #2.
Write a C program that reads temperature in Centigrade and
converts it to Fahrenheit. Temperature conversion formula is:
F = 1.8 * C + 32
Exercise #3.
Write a C program that reads principle, time and rate (P, T, R)
from user and finds Simple Interest. Simple interest formula is:
P*T*R
SI =    
100
For example, if principle= 1200, time= 2 years, rate= 5.4%
Then Simple Interest = 129.600006
Exercise #4.
Write a C program that reads an integer in the range 32 to 126
and prints the character represented by it.
 CABSMJ1001 [2024-25]

Exercise #5.
Write a C program that reads weight in pounds and converts it
into kilograms. Weight conversion formula is:
kilogram = pound * 0.453592
Exercise #6.
Write a C program to read the following 4 numbers, round them
off to the nearest integers and print them in integer form:
35.7 50.21 -23.73 -46.45
Exercise #7.
Write a C program that reads number of days from the user and
converts it to years, weeks and days. Assume that:
1 year = 365 days (ignoring leap year)
1 week = 7 days
For example, 374 days = 1 year/s, 1 week/s and 2 day/s.
 CABSMJ1001 [2024-25]

Exercise #8.
Write a C program to read the amount value and break it into
the smallest possible indian currency notes. Assume that 500,
200, 100, 50, 20, 10, 5, 2 and 1 rupee notes are in use.
For example, Rs.5888 should be broken as below:
500 note(s) = 11
200 note(s) = 1
100 note(s) = 1
50 note(s) = 1
20 note(s) = 1
10 note(s) = 1
5 note(s) =1
2 note(s) = 1
1 note(s) =1
 CABSMJ1001 [2024-25]

Exercise #9.
Write a C program that reads a floating point number and then
displays the right-most digit of the integral part of the number.
Exercise #10.
Write a C program that reads a 4-digit integer number and
displays the number as follows:
First line : all digits
Second line : all except first digit
Third line : all except first two digits
Fourth line : the last digit.
For example, the 4-digit number 5678 should be displayed as:
5678
678
78
8
 CABSMJ1001 [2024-25]

End of
Unit-I