Abstract:-

This paper aims to explore the lesser popular and

affordable Electric Vehicle (EV) models that are less
likely to be bought by people because of the
negative stigma regarding them. This study is
based on Ford Focus and Nissan Leaf EV. By
merging both mechanical and electrical models in
the study, an analytical model for an EV
powertrain has been built in this paper to show
vehicular dynamics. The powertrain includes a
motor, a dc/dc converter, a dc/ac inverter, a
battery pack, a Battery Management System
(BMS), and a control system in the electrical
system. Power transmissions, vehicle wheels, and
an axial shaft make up the mechanical system.
Furthermore, real-world driving testing and
simulation tests in MATLAB/Simulink are used to
investigate the Ford Focus and Nissan Leaf's
driving performance. Finally, the comparison
studies of these models, that is State of Charge
(SOC), speed, motor torque, axle torque against
the time and range of the vehicle, are examined.

1.INTRODUCTION
In the globe, today's market, Electric Vehicles
(EV) are one of the trending research technologies.
Likely, tesla is the leading manufacturer of electric
automobiles. Tesla has sold 250,000 S model cars
globally since 2013. The UK (United Kingdom) is
the world leader in electric vehicles with
212,000, followed by France with 204,000. With
only six thousand electric vehicles registered,
India is substantially lagging. The number of
electric cars in the US (United States), EU
(European Union), and Australia have increased
significantly throughout the previous decade.
However, no similar adjustment has been
witnessed in the Indian EV market, given the
urgently needed requirement for pollution control.
Awareness of EV’s costs and advantages is one of
the key contributors to this impact.
 It is a symbol of all-electric automobiles since
the emergence of Tesla motors. As a result,
consumers are less aware of alternative cars on the
market such, like Ford Focus, Nissan Leaf, and
Toyota Prius. As Tesla automobiles such as model S
and model X employ state-of-the-art technology has
been designed primarily for western market
applications, thepublic in India misconceives the
value and the range of electric automobiles.
The effect of parameters such as battery
voltage and energy capacity, motor power, and a
gear ratio of the transmission on vehicle
performance and energy consumption has been
examined [1]. In [2], the impact of various
gearboxes on energy usage has been studied.
The fixed gear system, manual gearbox, and
Continuously Variable Transmission (CVT) gearbox
used in the powertrains explored. The author in [3]
has presented a design of a fully electric vehicle
that requires the development and optimization
of a complete electric powertrain, including
battery, power electronics. In [4], attempts have
been made to discover the best electric motor in
electric cars. Electric motors are evaluated based on
their efficiency, cost, safety, and weight. The
optimum motor type, according to the study, is
the permanent magnet synchronous motor.
In [5], the comparative study over Audi e-Tron and
Tesla Model S Induction Motors has been
presented. According to studies, the Tesla motor
may possess better efficiency within a smaller
volume than the Audi. Nelder–Mead-based
optimization method has been used in [6] to
analyse Tesla S Model and Mini Cooper SE
powertrain considering its performance indexes.
In [7], a detailed study on Nissan leaf EV has been
to be carried out, depending on generated
electricity and duty cycles; it can reduce CO2
emissions by 70% for a particular motorcycle.
In the literature, EV powertrains are generally
modelled by mechanical systems while electrical
systems are overlooked [8-10]. In this paper, an
extensive model of EV powertrain system (FORD
FOCUS and NISSAN LEAF) has been built,
considering mathematical model and
Matlab/Simulink to representing both mechanical
and electrical subsystems, respectively. This paper
induces a total of five sections; the details of the
powertrain dynamic and technical specifications are
given in section Ⅱ. The strategy behind the
simulation of EV models and their mathematical
blocks are explained in Ⅲ. The comparative study is
carried out from the estimated results in section Ⅳ
and concluded in section Ⅴ.
II. EV POWERTRAIN AND TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS

The conventional powertrain EV considered in this

study are shown Fig.1, electrical and mechanical
models are the sub-system. The electrical system
includes a motor, battery pack, BMU (Battery
Management Unit) power converter (DC-DC
converter), DC-AC inverter and its control models.
An axle shaft, wheels and transmission system are
the mechanical parts. This powertrain configuration
and controller module are based on Ford Focus and
Nissan Leaf, their technical specifications are listed
in TABLE Ⅰ.
TABLE Ⅰ. TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION OF NISSAN LEAF AND FORD
MODEL
Technical Specification Ford Focus Nissan Leaf Vehicle
Vehicle

Curb weight 1600 Kgs 1500 Kgs

Transmission Single speed auto Single speed
auto
Motor power (rated) 107 KW 110 KW
Motor torque (rated) 249 Nm 320 Nm
Battery power 23 KWh 33 KWh
Battery voltage(Nominal) 310V 320V
Battery pack configuration 86 series 75 series
5 parallel 6 parallel
Drive type Front Wheel Front Wheel
Horizontal distance from C.G.to 1.4m 1.5m
front axle
Horizontal distance from 1.8m 1.7m
C.G.to rear axle
C.G. above axles 0.35m 0.35m
Wheel radius 0.35m 0.3m
Drag coefficient 0.3 0.3
Air temperature 273 K 273 K
Static friction coefficient 0.7 0.8
Kinetic friction coefficient 0.6 0.7
Number of brake pads 2 2
Differential gear ratio 3.4 4.0

Curb weight 1600 Kgs 1500 Kgs

Transmission Single speed auto Single speed
Auto
Motor power (rated) 107 KW 110 KW
The Nissan Leaf is a popular pure electric vehicle
that is one of Europe's best-selling models. Since
its launch in 2010, more than 300,000 cars have
been sold worldwide, with 68,000 units sold in
Europe [11]. Ford Focus is offered in sedan, 2-
door cabriolet, hatchback, and coupe body styles
in the international market. However, in India, a
sedan body type Ford Focus has been been used
[12]. The procedure involved in simulating these
models are explained in brief in the next section.
III.SIMULATION OF PROPOSED MODELS
The Simulink model's purpose is to create a
model that functions similarly to a real-world BEV
(Battery electric vehicle) and to compare lithium-
ion and lead-acid batteries using data from
battery datasheets. State of Charge (SOC), vehicle
range, motor torque, axle torque, and speed-
battery discharge characteristics are the factors
to be compared [13]. A thorough understanding
of vehicle dynamics is necessary to construct the
Simulink model. The model is made up of
multiple smaller functions, each of which
contributes to the vehicle's engine in its way. The
detailed description of such functional blocks is
disused in the following sub-section.
A. Driver Block
The power essential to drive the vehicle should
be known before describing the power
management from the vehicle dynamic. This
block is responsible to drive the whole model.
The controller is in charge of generating the
motor's driving signals. It stimulates the driver's,
accelerating and braking actions to match the
intended driving cycle. The controller is a PID
(Proportional Integral Derivative) block that
regulates the speed of the output signal. In this,
drive cycle and vehicle speed are the block's
inputs. The drive cycle is the human input that
the controller is attempting to imitate. It takes as
input a lookup table, which is an array of speed
and time. values that match the user's request.
Vehicle speed is the meter feedback that reflects
the current vehicle speed.
 B.Battery Block

Battery block

. Battery block internal structure

The load current (as indicated in Fig. 2) input for

this block represents the current necessary for the
electric motor to give the needed power to the
axle. This value is derived from the motor output
as feedback. The battery sub-block used is the
datasheet battery block. Rather than utilizing ideal
values, this block generates its output using
experimental datasheet values. The manufacturer's
results of real battery performance are used to
derive all of the data in the datasheet. The values
obtained after feeding these data to the program
are the required battery block data. Even though it
is a measurement of the amount of electrical
energy stored in the battery, the SOC of the car
battery is a significant number. The block uses the
following equations to calculate the block output
(i.e. voltage and SOC) and its parameters are
tabulated in TABLE.
TABLE Ⅱ. LIST OF VARIABLES USED IN EQUATION
Symbo Variable Symbol Variable
l

Fxf, Fxr Longitudinal forces on each wheel Fzf, Fzr Normal load forces on each wheel
at the at the
front and rear ground front and rear ground

contact points, contact points,

respectively respectively

Vx Velocity of the vehicle. When Vx> 0, Vw Wind speed. When Vw>0,

the vehicle moves forward. When the wind is head wind.
Vx< 0, the vehicle moves backward. When Vw<0,
the wind is tail wind.

Fd Aerodynamic drag force Γ Angle of road grade, in degrees

Nf, Nr Number of wheels on front and rear a,b Distance of front and rear axles,
axle, respectively respectively, from then or mal
projection point of
vehicle CG on to the common axle
plane
 M Vehicle body mass ωd Drive shaft angular
speed

Nf, Nr Number of wheels on front and η Differential efficiency

rear axle, respectively

Γ Angle of road grade, in degrees J1 Axle 1 rotational inertia

M Vehicle body mass g Gravitational

acceleration

H Height of vehicle CG above the Iin Combined current from the

axle plane battery network

SOC State-of-charge Em Battery open-circuit voltage

Ibatt Per module battery current Rint Battery internal

resistance

Ns Number of cells in series Np Number of cells in parallel

Capbatt Battery capacity N Carrier-to-driveshaft

gear ratio

Jd Rotational inertia of the crown bd Crown gear linear viscous

gear damping
assembly

ωd Drive shaft angular speed η Differential efficiency

J1 Axle 1 rotational J2 Axle 2 rotational

inertia inertia

b2 Axle 2 linear viscous damping b1 Axle 1 linear viscous damping

ω1 Axle 1 speed ω2 Axle 2 angular speed

T1 Axle 1 torque T2 Axle 2 torque
Ti1 Axle 1 internal Ti2 Axle 2 internal
resistance torque resistance torque

Ti Driveshaft internal Td Drive shaft torque

resistance torque
C. Motor Block
This specific block is dedicated to the BEV's
electrical motor, in charge of generating the
required power to move the vehicle's wheels.
Battery voltage, vehicle speed, and
percentage of acceleration pedal pushed are the
block's inputs. A mapped motor block is utilized
instead of an Induction Motor / Permanent
Magnet Synchronous Motor(PMSM) / Brushless
DC (BLDC) motor model. The torque- speed
characteristics of a mapped motor can be used to
represent any of the previously listed motors.
The lookup table holding the speed-torque
numbers is referred to by the block as the input is
read by the block. As an output, it delivers the
matching motor torque. This block's outputs are
battery current and motor torque. Fig. 3
describes the motor block with desired
parameters.
D. Differential Block
When a car travels on a circular road or is part of
a circle if two wheels are coupled on the same axle,
the outer wheel slips to maintain the axle's slower
speed. A differential is used to avoid this problem.
The driveshaft is attached to the differential, which
is attached to two wheels that rotate separately. A
combination of gears is used to accomplish this.
The power provided to the wheels is no longer
straight from the electric motor since the gears
(Refer to Fig. 4) were installed. After taking into
consideration the gear ratio, this block determines
the mechanical torque provided to the wheels, as
given in Fig. 5.
 Fig. 4. Typical EV gear arrangement.

Fig. 4. Typical EV gear arrangement.

Differential block

fig. 5. Internal structure of the differential block.

The differential block includes open differential

block and torsional compliance block. The Open
Differential block implements these differential
equations to represent the mechanical dynamic
response for the crown gear, left axle, and right
axle. The differential equations over respective
mechanical dynamics are given below in TABLE
Ⅲ, and their variables are tabulated in TABLE Ⅱ.
TABLE Ⅲ. DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
EQUIVALENT TO MECHANICAL DYNAMIC

Mechanical Dynamic Differential Equation

Crown Gear ωd Jd = η Td − ωd bd − Ti
 Left Axle ω1 J1= η T1− ω1 b1 − Ti1

Right Axle ω2 J2= η T2− ω2 b2 − Ti2

The Torsional Compliance block implements a

parallel spring-damper to couple two rotating
drive shafts. The block uses the driveshaft angular
velocities, torsional stiffness, and torsional
damping to determine the torques. The
necessary equation behind the analysis are as
follows and their variables are in Table 2.
TR = −(ωR − ωC) b − 𝚹k
T R = ( ωR − ωC ) b + 𝚹k
(5)
𝚹 = (ωR − ωC)
(6)
(7)

E. Wheels and Vehicle Block

The Wheels Block (as illustrated in Fig. 6)
calculates the forces acting on the body as it
accelerates or brakes. The force applied on the
front and rear wheels is its output. When
determining the output, it considers the friction
between the tires and the ground, tire pressure,
magic formula coefficients, and the number of
brake pads. The proportion of the brake pedal
that is pushed and the driving torque are the
inputs to this block. While the driving torque is
distributed to both the front and rear wheels
based on the proportion of the brake pedal
pushed multiplied by a braking gain, the driving
torque is only distributed to the front wheels
since the BEV in this configuration is front-wheel
drive.

Fext,z
Fext,x Fd,z Mext,y
FzF Md,y
FxF
Fd,x
X

Z h FzR
FxR
a
X
Inertial earth-fixed frame
mg
Z γ

Fig. 6. Vehicle free-body diagram.

 Fig. 7. Internal structure of brake sand wheels block.

The function of Vehicle Block is to calculate the

vehicle's resultant force after accounting for air
resistance, friction, and longitudinal driving forces
on all four wheels. Fig. 7 depicts the vehicle-free
body diagram. This outputs the vehicle's final
speed, later compared to the user input drive
cycle, and

IV. RESULTS
The simulation is first performed for
Ford Focus EV drive scenarios. Later, the
parameters have been changed for the
Nissan Leaf, and the same drive scenarios
have been considered to compare the
results. Hence we obtained the SOC
versus time, speed versus time, motor
torque versus time, axle torque versus
time plots, and range of the vehicle. The
comparison is to be done between the
two different battery electric vehicles,
and the effects on the range of the BEV
vehicle will be compared. Different drive
scenario is considered for self-generated
signal, to test the working of the vehicle
and its various parts

A. Simulations Result for FORD FOCUS

 Fig. 8. Speed vs time plot

Fig. 9. Battery power vs time plot.

Fig. 10. Motor torque & speed, mechanical power vs time plot.
 Fig. 11. SOC vs time.

The estimated Ford Focus models speed, battery

power, motor torque, motor speed, mechanical
power, and SOC against the time is plotted in
Fig.8 to Fig.11, respectively. From the self-
generated signal, it has been observed that the
estimated vehicle speed remains the same as the
signal generated, ensuring working operation. If
the vehicle is accelerated, the motor can reach up
to top speed
i.e. 50km/h, 140 rad/sec motor speed, and torque
up to 240
N.m. Here, the mechanical power generated is 30
KW. If the vehicle maintains a constant speed,
there is a sudden drop in motor torque and
mechanical power later; it becomes stable.
A. Simulations Result for NISSAN LEAF

Fig. 12. Speed vs time plot.

Fig. 13. Battery power vs time plot.

Fig. 14. Motor Torque & Speed, Mechanical Power vs time plot.
 Fig. 14. SOC vs time

The estimated NISSAN LEAF models speed,

battery power, motor torque, motor speed,
mechanical power, and SOC against the time is
plotted in Fig.11 to Fig.14, respectively. Due to
the Self-Generated signal, the vehicle is
accelerated and reaches up to top speed i.e
50km/h. Here, the motor speed reaches up to
180 rad/sec, motor torque up to 190 N.m, and
the generated mechanical power is 30KW. It is
observed that there is a change in motor speed of
this vehicle compared to the previous vehicle due
differ in the driver ratio and the radius of the
wheels. This vehicle is able to produce high speed
with low torque with better capacity. In addition,
the power generated is much more than the
previous vehicle.
 The range of the vehicle can be calculated by
running the vehicle until the battery drains from
charged state to minimum remaining charge. It
varies from city to highway drive cycle source. For
the city, cycle simulation the range is around 160
kms, and for the cycle driving on a highway, the
range may go up to 210 km. Accounting, it is
possible to calculate the time taken by the
vehicle
to reach up to a certain speed for both vehicles.
III TYPES OF ELECTRIC MOTORS USED
IN ELECTRIC VEHICLES
The power required for the traction is delivered by
the electricmotor in an electric vehicle
which is of different types. Therefore, selecting an
appropriate motor is also important.
Various types of electric motors used in electric
vehicles are:
DC series motor: A DC motor is one in which the
field winding is connected in series to the
armature winding. Therefore it is a self-excited DC
motor. It has brushes and has mechanical
commutation. The advantage of DC series motor is
that it produces highstarting torque. During this
condition the motor draws less current and power.
DC series motor is widely used in traction

proportional to the square of the current (T ∝ I2).

because the torque produced is directly

The
disadvantage is that the speed regulation is poor
and the motor should be loaded before starting.
It has a periodic commutation. The lifetime is short.
The electric noise is high. The speed-torque
characteristic is moderately flat.

Three Phase Induction Motor:

Induction motor is based on the principle of

electromagnetic induction in which the conductors
in the changing magnetic field induce an emf across
the conductor. Due to the interaction of
stator and rotor flux, the motor rotates. The
advantages of induction motor are simple in
construction and are cheaper and maintenance-
less. And they can be operated in dirty
environments like dust, presence of water and
explosive areas due to the absence of brushes
which will produce sparks. They are self-starting
motors. The disadvantage is that the speed
control is difficult. The motor operates under
lagging power factor hence some power factor
correcting devices are required. They have higher
copper loss.

Permanent Magnet Motors:

Permanent magnet motor is a synchronous motor

in which the rotor rotates at the same speed
as the stator. It differs from conventional motor in
construction where the field winding of the
rotor is replaced by permanent magnet. The
permanent magnet synchronous motor is also
called
as PMAC (Permanent Magnet AC motor), when the
emf induced is of sinusoidal shape. They
have high efficiency and higher torque density. The
permanent magnet DC motor or Brushless
DC motor is powered by DC supply and it has
electronic commutation instead of mechanical
commutation. They are used in toy industries,
computer drives, automobiles. The advantages
are they are smaller in size. They have no field
windings hence the losses are less and efficiency
is high. The only disadvantage is that it is costlier
than DC series and AC induction motors.
Any motor from above mentioned types can be
selected for traction purpose. The best choice
is Brushless DC motor, as it has better
characteristics required for traction when compared
to
DC series and AC Induction motor.
V. CONCLUSION
The powertrain design methodologies are
presented in this paper. It is understood the
functioning of the EV in a real-world scenario
through designing a model in MATLAB Simulink.
The analysis has been divided into two parts. For
the first part, the powertrain model of an EV is
built, and relations between SOC, Speed, motor
torque, axle torque against time are examined
respectively within the range of the vehicle. The
second part is extended to another vehicle later,
tried to compare the functioning of these two
vehicles, and analyzed the performance of these
vehicles.
The study approaches the topic from a practical
standpoint, meaning that the data utilized in
various sections of the simulation is acquired from
real-world instances and experiments rather than
an ideal model of approach. The examined
solution can be precisely used in any powertrain
train redesign, while e.g., the MATLAB powertrain
toolbox can be used for preliminary modeling.
 REFERENCES
[1] S. Hitesh and C. Sunanda, “Modeling and
Performance Analysis of an Electric Vehicle with
MATLAB/Simulink”, inInternational Research Journal of
Engineering and Technology (IRJET), vol. 07, pp. 1098-
1104, June 2020.
[2] T. Hofman and C. H. Dai, "Energy efficiency analysis
and comparison of transmission technologies for an
electric vehicle," IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion
Conference, p. 1, 2010.
[3] Noëlle Janiaud, François Xavier Vallet and Marc
Petit, “Electric Vehicle Powertrain Simulation to
Optimize Battery and Vehicle Performances“ Techno
centre RENAULT,78288 Guyancourt, France.
[4] D. W. Gao, C. Mi and A. Emadi, "Modeling and
Simulation of Electric and Hybrid Vehicles," in
Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 95, no. 4, pp. 729-745,
April 2007.
[5] R. Thomas, H. Husson, L. Garbuio and L. Gerbaud,
"Comparative study of the Tesla Model S and Audi e-
Tron Induction Motors," 17th Conference on Electrical
Machines, Drives and Power Systems (ELMA), pp. 1-6,
August 2021.
nmbmnINTRODUCTION
In the globe, today's market,
Electric Vehicles (EV) are
one of the trending research
technologies. Likely, tesla is the
leading manufacturer of electric
automobiles. Tesla has sold
250,000 S model cars globally since
2013. The UK (United
Kingdom) is the world leader in
electric vehicles with
212,000, followed by France with
204,000. With only six
thousand electric vehicles
registered, India is substantially
lagging. The number of electric cars in
the US (United States),
EU (European Union), and Australia
have increased
significantly throughout the
previous decade. However, no
similar adjustment has been
witnessed in the Indian EV
market, given the urgently needed
requirement for pollution
control. Awareness of EV’s costs and
advantages is one of the
key contributors to this impact.
It is a symbol of all-electric
automobiles since the
emergence of Tesla motors. As a
result, consumers are less
aware of alternative cars on the
market such, like Ford Focus,
Nissan Leaf, and Toyota Prius. As
Tesla automobiles such as
model S and model X employ state-of-
the-art technology has
been designed primarily for western
market applications, the
INTRODUCTION
In the globe, today's market,
Electric Vehicles (EV) are
one of the trending research
technologies. Likely, tesla is the
leading manufacturer of electric
automobiles. Tesla has sold
250,000 S model cars globally since
2013. The UK (United
Kingdom) is the world leader in
electric vehicles with
212,000, followed by France with
204,000. With only six
thousand electric vehicles
registered, India is substantially
lagging. The number of electric cars in
the US (United States),
EU (European Union), and Australia
have increased
significantly throughout the
previous decade. However, no
similar adjustment has been
witnessed in the Indian EV
market, given the urgently needed
requirement for pollution
control. Awareness of EV’s costs and
advantages is one of the
key contributors to this impact.
It is a symbol of all-electric
automobiles since the
emergence of Tesla motors. As a
result, consumers are less
aware of alternative cars on the
market such, like Ford Focus,
Nissan Leaf, and Toyota Prius. As
Tesla automobiles such as
model S and model X employ state-of-
the-art technology has
been designed primarily for western
market applications, the
INTRODUCTION
In the globe, today's market,
Electric Vehicles (EV) are
one of the trending research
technologies. Likely, tesla is the
leading manufacturer of electric
automobiles. Tesla has sold
250,000 S model cars globally since
2013. The UK (United
Kingdom) is the world leader in
electric vehicles with
212,000, followed by France with
204,000. With only six
thousand electric vehicles
registered, India is substantially
lagging. The number of electric cars in
the US (United States),
EU (European Union), and Australia
have increased
significantly throughout the
previous decade. However, no
similar adjustment has been
witnessed in the Indian EV
market, given the urgently needed
requirement for pollution
control. Awareness of EV’s costs and
advantages is one of the
key contributors to this impact.
It is a symbol of all-electric
automobiles since the
emergence of Tesla motors. As a
result, consumers are less
aware of alternative cars on the
market such, like Ford Focus,
Nissan Leaf, and Toyota Prius. As
Tesla automobiles such as
model S and model X employ state-of-
the-art technology has
been designed primarily for western
market applications, the
INTRODUCTION
In the globe, today's market,
Electric Vehicles (EV) are
one of the trending research
technologies. Likely, tesla is the
leading manufacturer of electric
automobiles. Tesla has sold
250,000 S model cars globally since
2013. The UK (United
Kingdom) is the world leader in
electric vehicles with
212,000, followed by France with
204,000. With only six
thousand electric vehicles
registered, India is substantially
lagging. The number of electric cars in
the US (United States),
EU (European Union), and Australia
have increased
significantly throughout the
previous decade. However, no
similar adjustment has been
witnessed in the Indian EV
market, given the urgently needed
requirement for pollution
control. Awareness of EV’s costs and
advantages is one of the
key contributors to this impact.
It is a symbol of all-electric
automobiles since the
emergence of Tesla motors. As a
result, consumers are less
aware of alternative cars on the
market such, like Ford Focus,
Nissan Leaf, and Toyota Prius. As
Tesla automobiles such as
model S and model X employ state-of-
the-art technology has
been designed primarily for western
market applications, the
INTRODUCTION
In the globe, today's market,
Electric Vehicles (EV) are
one of the trending research
technologies. Likely, tesla is the
leading manufacturer of electric
automobiles. Tesla has sold
250,000 S model cars globally since
2013. The UK (United
Kingdom) is the world leader in
electric vehicles with
212,000, followed by France with
204,000. With only six
thousand electric vehicles
registered, India is substantially
lagging. The number of electric cars in
the US (United States),
EU (European Union), and Australia
have increased
significantly throughout the
previous decade. However, no
similar adjustment has been
witnessed in the Indian EV
market, given the urgently needed
requirement for pollution
control. Awareness of EV’s costs and
advantages is one of the
key contributors to this impact.
It is a symbol of all-electric
automobiles since the
emergence of Tesla motors. As a
result, consumers are less
aware of alternative cars on the
market such, like Ford Focus,
Nissan Leaf, and Toyota Prius. As
Tesla automobiles such as
model S and model X employ state-of-
the-art technology has
been designed primarily for western
market applications, the
INTRODUCTION
In the globe, today's market,
Electric Vehicles (EV) are
one of the trending research
technologies. Likely, tesla is the
leading manufacturer of electric
automobiles. Tesla has sold
250,000 S model cars globally since
2013. The UK (United
Kingdom) is the world leader in
electric vehicles with
212,000, followed by France with
204,000. With only six
thousand electric vehicles
registered, India is substantially
lagging. The number of electric cars in
the US (United States),
EU (European Union), and Australia
have increased
significantly throughout the
previous decade. However, no
similar adjustment has been
witnessed in the Indian EV
market, given the urgently needed
requirement for pollution
control. Awareness of EV’s costs and
advantages is one of the
key contributors to this impact.
It is a symbol of all-electric
automobiles since the
emergence of Tesla motors. As a
result, consumers are less
aware of alternative cars on the
market such, like Ford Focus,
Nissan Leaf, and Toyota Prius. As
Tesla automobiles such as
model S and model X employ state-of-
the-art technology has
been designed primarily for western
market applications, the