ELECTRICITY

➢ Electric Current: The rate of flow of charge through a conductor is termed the
electric current and is measured in Ampere.

➢ The potential difference between two points in an electric field is defined as

the amount of work done in moving a unit positive charge from one point to
another point. So,

➢ The SI unit of electric potential difference is volt (V)

The potential difference between two points is said to be one Volt if 1

Joule of work is done in moving 1 Coulomb of electric charge from one
point to another.

➢ The potential difference is measured by means of an instrument called the

voltmeter.

➢ The voltmeter is always connected in parallel across the points between which
the potential difference is to be measured.

➢ Electric current is expressed by the amount of charge flowing through a

particular area in unit time.
In other words, it is the rate of flow of electric charges (electrons) in a conductor
(for example copper or metallic wire).

➢ If a net charge Q, flows across any cross-section of a conductor in time t, then

the current I, through the cross-section is

I = Q/t

➢ The S.I. unit of electric current is Ampere (A)

➢ Current is measured by an instrument called ammeter. It is always connected

in series in a circuit through which the current is to be measured.

➢ A continuous and closed path of an electric current is called an electric

circuit.

➢ For example figure given below shows a typical electric circuit comprising a cell,
an electric bulb, an ammeter A and a plug key K.
 Note that the electric current flows in the circuit from the positive terminal of
the cell to the negative terminal of the cell through the bulb and ammeter

➢ The conventional direction of electric current is from positive terminal of the cell
to the negative terminal through the outer circuit.

➢ Or we can say that conventional direction of electric current is in the direction

of the flow of positive charged carriers.

➢ Circuit Diagrams

.
“When 1 Coulomb of charge flows
A diagram which indicates how different components in a circuit
havtconnected through
by using symbols for different
a cross electrica
section of circuit dia
conductor in 1 second then
current flowing through the
conductor is said to be 1 Ampere.”
 • Fig2

Ohm's Law
➢ Ohm's law is the relation between the potential difference applied to the ends
of the conductor and current flowing through the conductor. This law was
expressed by George Simon Ohm in 1826.

• Statement of Ohm's Law

V∝I
or
V=IR
where constant of proportionality R is called the electric resistance or simply
resistance of the conductor.
 George Simon Ohm (1787-1854), German
physicist. Ohm published his most important work in 1827, after many
years researching the relationship between electrical current and potential
difference. The unit of electrical resistance is named the ohm in his honour

➢ Value of resistance depends upon the nature, length and area of the
conductor.

➢ The resistance of a conductor depends on

1. Its length
2. Its area of cross section
3. Its nature

Resistance of a uniform metallic conductor is directly proportional to its length (l)

and inversely proportional to the area of cross-section (A). That is,

R= ρ l/A

➢ Where ρ is the constant of proportionality and is called the electrical

resistivity of the material of the conductor.
➢ The SI unit of resistivity is Ω m. It is a characteristic property of the
material.
➢ The metals and alloys have very low resistivity in the range of
10-8 Ω m to 10-6 Ω m. They are good conductors of electricity.
➢ Insulators like rubber and glass have resistivity of the order of 1012 to 1017 Ω
m.
➢ Both the resistance and resistivity of a material vary with temperature.

➢ The resistances can be combined in two ways

1. In series
2. In parallel
To increase the resistance individual resistances are connected in series
combination and to decrease the resistance individual resistances are connected in
parallel combination.

Resistors in Series

➢ When two or more resistances are connected end to end then they are said
to be connected in series combination.
➢ Figure below shows a circuit diagram where two resistors are connected in
series combination.

➢ Now value of current in the ammeter is the same irrespective of its position
in the circuit. So we conclude that

“For a series combination of resistors the current is same in every

part of the circuit or same current flows through each resistor”

The total potential difference across a combination of resistors in series is equal to

the
sum of potential differences across the individual resistors.

V =V1 +V2 + V3
= IR1 + IR2 + IR3
IR = I (R1+R2+R3)
R =R1 + R2 R3
 ➢ Resistors in parallel
Fig4

I = I 1 + I2 + I 3
V/Re = V/R1 + V/R2 + V/R3
V/Re = V (1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3)
1/ Re = (1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3)

➢ When two or more resistances are connected between the same two points
they are said to be connected in parallel combination.

➢ When a number of resistors are connected in parallel, then the potential

difference across each resistance is equal to the voltage of the battery
applied.

➢ When a number of resistances are connected in parallel, then the sum of the
currents flowing through all the resistances is equal to total current flowing
in the circuit.

➢ When numbers of resistances are connected in parallel then their combined

resistance is less than the smallest individual resistance. This happens
because the same current gets additional paths to flow resulting decrease in
overall resistance of the circuit

“
“For resistors connected in parallel combination reciprocal of equivalent
resistance is equal to the sum of reciprocal of individual resistances”
 ➢ Joule’s law of heating
➢ According to Joule's Law of heating, Heat produced in a resistor is
(a) Directly proportional to the square of current for a given resistor.
(b) Directly proportional to resistance of a given resistor.
(c) Directly proportional to time for which current flows through the resistor.

➢ It is given by the expression H = I2Rt and is well known as Joule’s Law.

Applications of the heating effect of electric current

➢ Appliances like electric immersion water heater, electric iron box, etc. All of
these have a heating element in it. Heating elements are generally made of
specific alloys like, nichrome, manganin, constantan etc.

➢ The heating effect of electric current is utilized in electric bulbs or electric

lamps for producing light.
➢ An electric fuse is an important application of the heating effect of current.
The working principle of a fuse wire is based on the heating effect of current.
When high current flow through the fuse (current higher than the rated
value) then the heat developed in the wire melts it and breaks the circuit.

➢
➢ Electric Power
" The rate at which electric work is done or the rate at
which electric energy is consumed is called electric power "

➢ Mathematically, P = W/t

➢ SI unit of power is Watt which is denoted by letter W.

➢ The power of 1 Watt is a rate of working of 1 Joule per second.
➢

Electric Power = voltage x current

 ASSIGNMENT – ELECTRICITY

TWO MARK QUESTIONS – 1, 2,4

THREE MARK QUESTIONS – 2, 4, 5
FIVE MARK QUESTIONS – 1

TWO MARK QUESTIONS – 3, 5

THREE MARK QUESTIONS – 1, 3

FIVE MARK QUESTIONS – 2
 ELECTRICITY
1. 3 ohm, 6 Ohm and 9 Ohm resistor are connected as shown in the given circuit. The 1

resultant resistance is
a) 18 Ohms
b) 11 Ohms
c) 9 ohms
d) 6 ohms
2 Which of the following statements does not represent ohm's law? 1
a) current / potential difference = constant
b) potential difference / current = constant
c) potential difference = current x resistance
d)current = resistance x potential difference
3 The resistance across AB is

a) 4 Ohms
b) 2 Ohms
c) 0.5 ohms
d) 1 ohms
4 Two electric bulbs have their resistance in the ratio 1: 2. If they are joined in series and
connected to a voltage, the energy consumed by them will be in the ratio
a) 1: 2
b) 2: 1
c) 4: 1
d) 1: 1
5 Which device is used to measure the potential difference between two points in an electric
circuit?
a) Ammeter
b) Voltmeter
c) Galvanometer
d) Rheostat
6 The unit of resistivity is :
a)ohm
b)ohm/m
c)ohm-m
d)mho
7 A wire of resistance 20 Ω is bent to form a closed square. What is the resistance across a
diagonal of the square?
a)5 ohm
b) 10 ohm
c) 2.5 ohm
d) 20 ohm
8 a) A graph between V and I is given in the figure.

Find the resistance of the conductor from the graph.

a) 2 ohm
b) 4 ohm
c) 6 ohm
d) 12 ohm

9 How many 176 ohm resistors (Parallel) are required to carry 5A on a 220 V line
a) 22
b) 5
c) 44
d) 36
10 An electric bulb rated 220 and 100 W.When it s operated on 110 V the power consumed
will be
a) 100W
b) 75W
c) 50W
d) 25 W
11 An electric kettle consumes 1Kw of electric power when operated at 220V .A fuse wire of
what rating is reqd
a) 1A
b) 2A
c) 4A
d) 5A
12 If four identical resistors of resistance 8 ohm are first connected in series so as to give
an effective resistance Rs and the. connected in parallel so as to give an effective
resistance Rp then the ratio Rs/Rp is
(a) 32
(b)2
(c) 0.5
d) 16
13

(a)same in all cases (

b)minimum in case (i)
(c) maximum in case (ii)
(d)maximum in case (iii)
14 Which of these substances is used as electrical heating device
(a)Nichrome due to its high resistivity
. (b)Copper due to its high conductivity.
(c)Nickel due to its high resistivity.
(d)Tungsten due to its high conductivity
15 What are the factors on which resistivity of a wire depends on?
(a)Length and area of cross section.
(b)Length and nature of the material.
(c)Area of cross section and temperature.
(d)Nature of the material and temperature
16

17 State Joule’s law of heating effect?

18 If the current I through a resistor is increased by 100% (assume that temperature remains
unchanged), find the increase in power dissipated
19 Two wires of equal cross sectional area, one of copper and other of manganin have same
resistance. Which one will be longer?
20 A wire of resistivity ρ is stretched to double its length. What is its new resistivity

ASSERTION REASON

1 Assertion: A conductor has 3.2 x 10-19C charge.

Reason: Conductor has gained 2 electrons.

(iii) A is true but R is false

2 Assertion: The resistivity of conductor increases with the increase of temperature.
Reason: the resistivity is the reciprocal of conductivity

(ii) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of the assertion
3 Assertion: Bending of a wire does not affect electrical resistance.
Reason: Resistance of wire is proportional to resistivity of material.

(i)Both A and R are true and R is correct explanation of the assertion

4 Assertion: Two resistance having value R each. Their equivalent resistance is R/2.
Reason: Given resistor is connected in parallel.

i) Both A and R are true and R is correct explanation of the assertion

5 Assertion: In a simple battery circuit the point of lowest potential ispositive terminal of
the battery.
 Reason: The current flows towards the pint of the lower potential as it flows in such a
circuit from the negative to the positive terminal.
(iv) A is false but R is true
6 Assertion: The 200w bulbs glow with more brightness than 100w bulbs.
Reason: A 100w bulb has more resistance than a 200w bulb. A
i) Both A and R are true and R is correct explanation of the assertion

7 Assertion: Voltmeter is always connected in parallel in a circuit.

Reason: Voltmeter measures electric current in circuit.
iii) A is true but R is false.

8 Assertion : Heater wire must have high resistance and high melting point
Reason: If resistance is high, the electric conductivity will be less.
Both A and R are true, and R is correct explanation of the assertion

9 Assertion: Electric current flow from a body at 15 V to 10 V. Reason: Electric

current flow from a body at higher potential to lower potential.
(a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and reason (R) is the
correct explanation of assertion (A).

10 . Assertion: A fuse used in electric circuit has high resistance and low melting
point.
Reason: During the flow of any unduly high electric current the fuse wire
melts and protects the circuits and appliances

. (a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and reason (R) is the
correct explanation of assertion (A)
SHORT ANSWERS

1. Show how would you join three resistors each of resistance 9 ohm so that the equivalent
resistance of the combination is (i) 13.5ohm (ii) 6 ohm
2 Two lamps, one rated 100 W; 220 V, and the other 60 W; 220 V, are connected in parallel
to electric mains supply. Find the current drawn by two bulbs from the line, if the supply
voltage is 220 V.
3 Study the following electric circuit and find (i) the current flowing in the circuit and (ii)
the potential difference across 10 Ω resistor.
4 What is meant by electrical resistivity of a material? Derive its S.I. unit.

5 Define 1 volt. Express it in terms of SI unit of work and charge calculate the amount of
energy consumed in carrying a charge of 1 coulomb through a battery of 3 V.

THREE MARKER QUESTIONS

1 a) Define electric power. Express it in terms of potential difference

V and resistance R.

(b) An electrical fuse is rated at 2 A. What is meant by this

statement?
(c) An electric iron of 1 kW is operated at 220 V. Find which of the
following fuses that respectively rated at 1 A,3 A and 5 A can be
used in it.
2 The figure below shows three cylindrical copper conductors along with their face areas
and lengths. Discuss in which geometrical shape the resistance will be highest.

3 Find the current flowing through the following electric circuit

4 a) Calculate the resistance of 1 km long copper wire of radius 1 mm. Resistivity of the copper is
1.72 x 10-8 Ω m.
(b) Draw a schematic diagram of a circuit consisting of a battery of 4 cells of 2V each connected to a key, an
ammeter and two resistors of 2 Ω and 3 Ω respectively in series and a voltmeter to measure potential difference
across 3 Ohm
5 a) A given length of a wire is doubled on itself and this process is repeated once again. By what factor does
the resistance of the wire change?
b) A 9Ω resistance is cut into three equal parts and connected in parallel. Find the equivalent resistance of the
combination.
FIVE MARKS QUESTIONS

1 Study the circuit shown in which three identical bulbs B1, B2 and B3 are connected in parallel with a battery of
4.5 V.
(i) What will happen to the glow of other two bulbs if the bulb B3 gets fused?
(ii) If the wattage of each bulb is 1.5 W, how much reading will the ammeter A show when all the three bulbs
glow simultaneously?
(iii) Find the total resistance of the circuit.

Study the I-V graph for four conductors A, B, C and D having resistance RA, RB ,Rc and RD respectively, and
answer the following questions:
(i) Which one of these is the best conductor?
(ii) If all the conductors are of same length and same material, which is the thickest?
(iii) If all the conductors are of same thickness and of same material, which is the longest?
(iv) If the dimensions of all the conductors are identical, but their materials are different which one would you use
as (a)resistance wire (b) connecting wire?

Justify the following statements:

(a) Tungsten is used exclusively for filaments of electric lamp
(b)Series arrangement is not used for domestic circuits.
(c) Copper and aluminium wires are usually employed for electricity transmission
CASE STUDY

Read the passage and answer the following questions.

The heating effect of current is obtained by transformation of electrical energy in heat
energy. Just as mechanical energy used to overcome friction is covered into heat, in the
same way, electrical energy is converted into heat energy when an electric current flows
through a resistance wire. The heat produced in a conductor, when a current flows through
it is found to depend directly on (a) strength of current (b) resistance of the conductor (c)
time for which the current flows. The mathematical expression is given by H = I2Rt. The
electrical fuse, electrical heater, electric iron, electric geyser etc. all are based on the
heating effect of current.

a) If the current passing through a conductor is doubled , what will be the change in heat
produced ?

b) Why does the cord of an electric heater not glow while the heating element does ?

c) A current of 0.5 A passes through a conductor for 5 min and the resistance of conductor
is 10 Ω. Calculate the amount of heat produced.
Or
Should the heating element of an electric iron be made of iron, silver or nichrome wire?
why?
2 Several resistors may be combined to form a network. The combination should have two
end points to connect it with a battery or other circuit elements. When the resistances are
connected in series, the current in each resistance is same but the potential difference is
different in each resistor. When the resistances are connected in parallel, the voltage drop
across each resistance is same, but the current is different in each resistor. When we have
two or more resistances joined in parallel to one another, then the same current gets
additional paths to flow and the overall resistance decreases. The equivalent resistance is
given by 1/Rp=1/R1+1/R2+1/R3

a) A series circuit has two identical resistors. A current of 4 A flows from the battery.
What is the value of the current through each resistor?
b) State one difference between a series and parallel circuit.
c) Three resistors of equal resistance R are connected in series and then connected in
parallel. What will be the ratio of equivalent resistance in series and parallel?

Or
Calculate the total amount of current that the battery must supply to this parallel circuit