In the name of Almighty Allah…

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 Computer Networks

Muhammad Bilal, Ph.D.

Ph.D. Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, China
MS Computer Science, NTU Faisalabad Pakistan
B.Sc (Hons) Computer Science, UET Lahore Pakistan
Email:- [email protected]
National University of Modern Language
 ‫‪Motivation‬‬

‫کچھ لوگوں نے عرض کیا یا رسول ہللا! بہت سے لوگ ہمارے‬

‫یہاں گوشت التے ہیں۔ ہمیں یہ معلوم نہیں کہ ہللا کا نام انہوں‬
‫نے ذبح کے وقت لیا تھا یا نہیں؟ اس پر رسول ہللا صلی ہللا‬
‫علیہ وسلم نے فرمایا کہ تم بسم ہللا پڑھ کے اسے کھا لیا‬
‫کرو۔‬

‫‪Sahih Bukhari#2057‬‬
‫صحیح ‪Status:‬‬
 Better IP Management
For better Management:- There are three ways to
preserved IPV4 address. Private IP, IPv6, Subnetting.

➢Classification of IP address

➢ Subnetworking

➢ Supernetworking

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 Subnetting Vs Supernetting
Comparison Subnetting Supernetting
By Definition Subnetting is a technique of dividing Supernetting is the procedure to combine
a network into two or more sub- the small networks into larger space.
networks.
Implementation Subnetting is implemented via Supernetting is implemented via classless
Variable-length subnet masking
inter-domain routing (CIDR).
(VLSM).
Effect In subnetting, Network addresses' bits In supernetting, Host addresses' bits are
are increased. Host decreases increased. Network decreases
Mask Bits
In subnetting, The mask bits are While In supernetting, The mask bits are
moved towards the right. moved towards left.
Importance Subnetting helps to reduce the Supernetting helps to simplify and fasten
address depletion. the routing process.

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 IP Subnetting

“ Network ID divided into further Sub Networks ID’s is called

subnetting”
OR
A network within the network
OR
Logically Division of IP addresses.
➢There are two method.
Network requirement
Host requirement

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 IP Subnetting
Example 1:- 192.168.1.0 and required 2 subnetwork ID’s
Step 1:-
Purchase Network ID are 192.168.1.0 /24
Step 2:-
Given Network ID converted in to Binary Form
11000000.10101000.00000001.00000000 OR
192.168.1.00000000
N=2
Step3: 2n ≥ N , 21 ≥ 2 → (Where n=1)

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 IP Subnetting
Step 4:-
192.168.1.00000000 (n=1 ; network bits 1)
192.168.1.10000000
192.168.1.128 (Last Subnet ID)
255.255.255.128 (Subnet Mask)
Step 5:-
11000000.10101000.00000001.00000000
11000000.10101000.00000001.10000000
1st subnet ID→192.168.1.0 /25
2nd subnet ID→ 192.168.1.128 /25
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 IP Subnetting
Example 2:- 192.168.1.0 and required 4 subnetwork ID’s
Step 1:-
Purchase Network ID are 192.168.1.0 / 24
Step 2:-
Given Network ID converted in to Binary Form
11000000.10101000.00000001.00000000
192.168.1.00000000
Step3: 2n ≥ N , 22 ≥ 4 (Where n=2)

Right to left
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 IP Subnetting
Step 4:-
192.168.1.00000000 (n=2 ; network bits 1)
192.168.1.11000000
192.168.1.192 (Last Subnet ID)
255.255.255.192 (Subnet Mask)
Step 5:-
1st subnet ID → 192.168.1.0/26
Step 6:- Right to Left see first 1’s and see value
192.168.1. 01000000 → 192.168.1.64/26 (2nd subnet ID)
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 IP Subnetting
Continue
Step 6:-
n=2
11000000.10101000.00000001.10000000 → 3rd subnet ID
11000000.10101000.00000001.11000000 → 4th subnet ID

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 IP Subnetting

Step 6 Continue overall in decimal form new required

subnet ID’S are:-

192.168.1.0 / 26
192.168.1.64 / 26
192.168.1.128 / 26
192.168.1.192 / 26

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 IP Subnetting
1st represent Network ID’s & Last represent Broadcast ID
Network IT Network CS Network SE
192.168.1.64 192.168.1.128 192.168.1.192

192.168.1.127 192.168.1.191 192.168.1.255

IP Range 192.168.1.65 to 192.168.1.126 (Network IT)
IP Range 192.168.1.129 to 192.168.1.190 (Network CS)
IP Range 192.168.1.193 to 192.168.1.254 (Network IT)
Note:- After performing subnet mask is 255.255.255.192
155.108.0.0/16 subnet 30.
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 IP Subnetting
Example 2:- Purchasable IP 155.108.0.0 address required 30 subnets.
Step 1:-
Purchase Network IDs are 155.108.0.0 1st →155.108.0.0/16

Step 2:-
Given Network ID converted into Binary Form only (Host Part only
enough)
155.108.00000000.00000000

Step3: 2n ≥ N , 25 ≥ 30 →32 ≥ 30 (Where n=5)

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 IP Subnetting
Step 4:-
155.108.00000000.00000000 (n=5 ; network bits 1)
155.108.11111000.00000000
155.108.248.0 (Last Subnet ID)
255.255.248.0 (Subnet Mask)
Step 5:-
1st subnet ID → 155.108.0.0/21
Right to Left see first 1’s and see value
155.108.00001000.00000000 → 157.108.8.0/21 (2nd subnet ID)
157.108.7.255(broadcast ID)
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 IP Subnetting
3rd Subnet ID 157.108.16.0/21 ( Step 6 continue)
4th Subnet ID 157.108.24.0/21
5th Subnet ID 157.108.32.0/21
6th Subnet ID 157.108.40.0/21
7th Subnet ID 157.108.48.0/21
8th Subnet ID 157.108.56.0/21
9th Subnet ID 157.108.64.0/21
10th Subnet ID 157.108.72.0/21
11th Subnet ID 157.108.80.0/21
12th Subnet ID 157.108.88.0/21
13th Subnet ID 157.108.96.0/21
14th Subnet ID 157.108.104.0/21
15th Subnet ID 157.108.112.0/21
16th Subnet ID 157.108.120.0/21
17th Subnet ID 157.108.128.0/21
18th Subnet ID 157.108.136.0/21 16
 IP Subnetting
19th Subnet ID 157.108.144.0/21
20th Subnet ID 157.108.152.0/21
21th Subnet ID 157.108.160.0/21
22th Subnet ID 157.108.168.0/21
23th Subnet ID 157.108.176.0/21
24th Subnet ID 157.108.184.0/21
25th Subnet ID 157.108.192.0/21
26th Subnet ID 157.108.200.0/21
27th Subnet ID 157.108.208.0/21
28th Subnet ID 157.108.216.0/21
29th Subnet ID 157.108.224.0/21
30th Subnet ID 157.108.232.0/21
31th Subnet ID 157.108.240.0/21
32th Subnet ID 157.108.248.0/21
No. of Host per subnet

211- 2= 2048 -2 =2046 hosts 17

 Reference
[1] http://www.cisco.com
[2]James A. Senn, (2000). Information Technology in Business!
New Jersery: Prentice Hall.
[3]http://cisco.num.edu.mn/CCNA_R&S1/course/module3/3.3.2.
1/3.3.2.1.html
[4]Computer Networks - A Tanenbaum - 5th edition
[5]Computer Network By James Rose
[6] https://vivadifferences.com/5-difference-between-
subnetting-and-supernetting/
[7] https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/difference-between-private-
and-public-ip-addresses/
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