9/10/2024

Introduction to Butterworth
Filter Design
@
Sardar Patel Institute of
Technology, Andheri, Mumbai
Dr. Kiran TALELE

Bharatiya Vidya Bhavans’

Sardar Patel Institute of Technology Andheri(w) Mumbai

Analog Butterworth Filter

Kiran.Tulshiram.Vasumati.Talele
 9987030881 [email protected]

Dr. Kiran TALELE

Teacher . Instructor . Guide. Mentor . Coach
@ Bharatiya Vidya Bhavans’ Sardar Patel Institute of
Technology Andheri(w) Mumbai

• Associate Professor, Electronics Engineering Department (1997)

• Dean, Students, Alumni & External Relations (2022)

@ Sardar Patel Technology Business Incubator(SP-TBI),

Funded by Department of Science & Technology(DST),
Govt. of India

• Co-ordinator (2015)

@ IEEE Bombay Section

• Treasurer (2020)
• Executive Committee Member (2015)

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Analog Butterworth filter

1. The magnitude response is
maximally flat in both Pass 1.0
band and Stop band. 0.707
PB SB
2. There are NO ripples in pass
band and stop band.
0 c 
3. The magnitude response of
Butterworth LPF decreases
monotonically as the frequency
increases. 1.0 N=1
0.707
4. As N gets larger, Magnitude N=2
PB
Response approaches an Ideal
Low Pass Frequency
response. 0 c 

Dr. Kiran TALELE 9987030881 [email protected] 4

Stephen Butterworth (1885–1958)

• Stephen Butterworth was born on

11 August 1885 in Rochdale,
Lancashire, England (a town
located about 10 miles north of the
city of Manchester).
• He was a first-rate applied
mathematician.
• He often solved problems that
others had regarded as insoluble.

Dr. Kiran TALELE 9987030881 [email protected] 5

(1) Magnitude Response of LPF

1
H (j)  1.0
2N 0.707
 Ω 
1   PB SB
Ω 
 c

Where N is order of filter. 0 c 

i.e. No of POLEs

At =0, | H(j)| = 1 for all N

At =Ωc, | H(j)| = 0.707 for all N

Dr. Kiran TALELE 9987030881 [email protected] 6

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Example -1 : LPF c = 1 r/s N=1

ZEROS : Analog Butterworth LPF has NO ZEROS
POLES :
 N 1 2 k 
j  
Sk  c e  2N 

 2 2 k 
j   Now,
Sk  e  2 

1
H LP ( s ) 
s  s0 
1
H (s) 
s 1

Dr. Kiran TALELE 9987030881 [email protected] 7

Example -2 : LPF c = 1 r/s N=2

ZEROS : Analog Butterworth LPF has NO ZEROS
POLES :  N 1 2 k 
j  
Sk  c e  2N 
To find H(s)
 3 2 k 
j  
Sk  e  4 
H LP ( s ) 
1
s  s0 s  s1 
 3 
j 
K = 0, S0  e  4 

 3 
 j  1
K = 1, S1  e  4 
Hˆ ( s ) 
S 2  1.414 S  1
 Normalized LPF

Dr. Kiran TALELE 9987030881 [email protected] 8

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Example -3 : LPF c = 1 r/s N=3

ZEROS : Analog Butterworth LPF has NO ZEROS
POLES :
 N 1 2 k 
j  
To find H(s)
Sk  c e  2N 

 4 2 k 
j  
Sk  e  6 

 2 
j 
k  0, S 0  e  3 

k  1, S1  e  j   1  Normalized LPF

 2 
 j 
k  2, S0  e  3 

Dr. Kiran TALELE 9987030881 [email protected] 9

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Example-4 : LPF c = 1 r/s N=4

ZEROS : Analog Butterworth LPF has NO ZEROS
POLES :
 N 1 2 k 
j  
Sk  c e  2N 

To find H(s)

Where
a0 = 1
a1 = 2.613
a2 = 3.414
a3 = 1

Dr. Kiran TALELE 9987030881 [email protected] 10

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Another method to find Normalized H(s) for LPF:

where a0 = aN == 1

  ( k  1)  
 cos  
ak    2N  a
  k   k 1
 sin   
  2N  

Dr. Kiran TALELE 9987030881 [email protected] 11

Analog Butterworth LPF Design Parameters

Specifications:

Design Specifications :

Ap : Attenuation in PB
As : Attenuation in SB
 p : Pass Band Freq.
 s : Stop Band Freq.
pass transition stop
band band band

Dr. Kiran TALELE 9987030881 [email protected] 12

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Analog Butterworth LPF order N

LPF
dB

PB SB

HPF

0 p s 

Dr. Kiran TALELE 9987030881 [email protected] 13

(1) Analog LPF to LPF Transformation

Normalized LPF De-normalized LPF

1.0 1.0

PB SB
PB SB

0 1 0 C

LPF

Dr. Kiran TALELE 9987030881 [email protected] 14

(2) Analog LPF to HPF Transformation

Normalized LPF De-normalized HPF

1.0

SB PB
PB SB

0 0.5 0.75 
0 1

LPF

Dr. Kiran TALELE 9987030881 [email protected] 1515

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• ANALOG Butterworth Filter Design ALGORITHM

Given  Ap As p s

(1) Calculate Filter Order N

(2) Calculate Normalized LPF

(3) Calculate De-normalized H(s)

Dr. Kiran TALELE 9987030881 [email protected] 16

• ANALOG Butterworth LPF/HPF Design

Given Ap As p and s

(2) Calculate Filter Order N

𝟏𝟎𝑨𝒔/𝟏𝟎 −𝟏 𝟏𝟎𝑨𝒔/𝟏𝟎 −𝟏
𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒍𝒐𝒈
𝟏𝟎𝑨𝒑/𝟏𝟎 −𝟏 𝟏𝟎𝑨𝒑/𝟏𝟎 −𝟏
N≥ 𝛀𝒔 N≥ 𝛀𝒑
𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒍𝒐𝒈
LPF 𝛀𝒑 HPF 𝛀𝒔

Dr. Kiran TALELE 9987030881 [email protected] 17

(2) Calculate Normalized LPF Transfer Function

Method-1 to find Normalized H(s) for LPF:

LPF Order = N c = 1 rad/sec

(i) ZEROS : Analog Butterworth LPF has NO ZEROS
(ii) POLES : To find POLES
 N 1 2 k 
j  
Sk  c e  2N 
For k = 0, 1, 2, . . . . .N

(iii) To find Normalized H(s)

Dr. Kiran TALELE 9987030881 [email protected] 18

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Method-2 to find Normalized H(s) for LPF:

where a0 = aN == 1

  ( k  1)  
 cos  
ak    2N  a
  k   k 1
 sin   
  2N  

Dr. Kiran TALELE 9987030881 [email protected] 1919

(3) Calculate Denormalized LPF/HPF Transfer Function

Denomalized LPF Denomalized HPF

H HPF (s)  H LPF (s) S   c

S

Where Analog Cutoff Frequency c is given by,

p
c 
 10 
1
Ap / 10
1 2N

Dr. Kiran TALELE 9987030881 [email protected]

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2020

Example-1: Magnitude response of Analog LPF is

given below, determine Order and Cutoff Frequency of
Filter.

Where Ap = 0.92 dB As = 40 dB
Ωp = 10 rad/sec Ωs = 20 rad/sec
Dr. Kiran TALELE 9987030881 [email protected] 21

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Solution : To find Filter Order N and Ωc

(1) Calculate Filter Order N (3) Calculate Analog

Cutoff Frequency c
𝟏𝟎𝑨𝒔/𝟏𝟎 −𝟏
𝒍𝒐𝒈
𝟏𝟎𝑨𝒑/𝟏𝟎 −𝟏 p
c 
N≥
 10 
1
𝛀𝒑
𝒍𝒐𝒈
Ap / 10
1 2N
𝛀𝒔

Ωc = 10.9528 rad/sec

N ≥ 7.703 Let N = 8
Dr. Kiran TALELE 9987030881 [email protected]
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2222

Example-2 Given
Ap = 0.91 dB As = 13.97 dB
p = 2.00 rad/sec s = 4.828 rad/sec
Design Analog Butterworth Filter.

Solution : Find Filter Type [ LPF / HPF ]

dB
Ap Given
AS Filter is
PB SB
LPF

0 0 2.00
0.5 0.75 4.828
 

pp ss

Dr. Kiran TALELE 9987030881 [email protected] 23

Solution : To find Analog Filter Transfer Function H(s)

(1) Calculate Filter Order N

N

𝟏𝟎𝑨𝒔/𝟏𝟎 −𝟏 ෡ (s)
𝐇
𝒍𝒐𝒈
𝟏𝟎𝑨𝒑/𝟏𝟎 −𝟏
N≥ 𝛀𝒔 H(s)
𝒍𝒐𝒈
𝛀𝒑

𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟑.𝟗𝟕/𝟏𝟎 −𝟏
𝒍𝒐𝒈 N ≥ 1.966
𝟏𝟎𝟎.𝟗𝟏/𝟏𝟎 −𝟏
N≥ 𝟒.𝟖𝟐𝟖
𝒍𝒐𝒈 Let N = 2
𝟐

Dr. Kiran TALELE 9987030881 [email protected] 24

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(2) Calculate Normalized LPF

LPF c = 1 rad/sec N=2

ZEROS : NO ZEROs
POLES :
 N 1 2 k  1
j  
H LP ( s ) 
Sk  c e  
s  s0 s  s1 
2N

 3 2 k 
j  
Sk  e  4 
Hˆ ( s ) 
1
S2  2S 1
 3 
j 
k  0, S 0  e  4 

 3 
 j 
k  1, S1  e  4 

Dr. Kiran TALELE 9987030881 [email protected] 25

(4) Calculate De-normalized LPF

ˆ ( s)
H ( s)  H
S
S
c

where,
1
H (s) 
p  s 
2
 s 
c   2.8478
 2.8738   2  2.8738   1
10 
1
Ap / 10
1 2N

1 8.2592
H (s)  H (s) 
s2  2 s  1 S
S s 2  4.0641 s  8.2592
2.8738

Dr. Kiran TALELE 9987030881 [email protected] 26

Example-3
Determine the order and the poles of a low pass
Butterworth filter that has a – 3db bandwidth of 500 Hz
and an attenuation of 40 db at 1000 Hz.

Solution :

Ap = 3 dB As = 40 dB dB
0
p = 2(500) = 1000  rad/sec -3
Ap
AS
s = 2 (1000) = 2000  rad/sec

0 0 500
0.5 1000
0.75 

Hz Hz

Dr. Kiran TALELE 9987030881 [email protected] 27

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(1) Calculate Filter Order N

N = 6.67 Let N = 7

Dr. Kiran TALELE 9987030881 [email protected] 28

(2) Calculate POLES and ZEROS

LPF c = 1 rad/sec N=7
ZEROS : Analog Butterworth LPF has NO ZEROs

POLES :  N 1 2 k 
j  
Sk  c e  2N 

j  8  2 k 
Sk  e 14

j 8
k  0, S 0  e 14

j10
k  1, S1  e 14

j12
k  2, S2  e 14

Dr. Kiran TALELE 9987030881 [email protected] 29

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j  8  2 k 
Sk  e 14

s0
k  3, S 3  e j   1 s1
 j12 s2
k  4, S4  e 14
s3
 j10
k  5, S5  e 14 s4
 j 8
s5
k  6, S 6  e 14 s7
S-Plane
Dr. Kiran TALELE 9987030881 [email protected] 30

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(3) Magnitude Spectrum of LPF

dB
1.0 Ap = 3 dB
0.707
As = 40 dB
PB SB
p = 1000 
s = 2000 
0 p s 

Dr. Kiran TALELE 9987030881 [email protected] 31

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Digital Butterworth Filter

Kiran.Tulshiram.Vasumati.TALELE

32

Practical Filter Frequency Response

Transition band
Peak ripple
value

Passband
edge Stopband edge
frequency frequency

Dr. Kiran TALELE 9987030881 [email protected] 33

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Digital Butterworth LPF Specifications

dB

Ap 0 Transition
Band
Attenuation
Pass Stop As in
Stop Band
Attenuation Band Band
in
Pass Band

0.5 
0 0.75
Design Specifications :
Ap : Attenuation in PB
As : Attenuation in SB
Wp : Pass Band Freq.
Ws : Stop Band Freq.
Fs : Sampling Freq.

Dr. Kiran TALELE 9987030881 [email protected] 34

• DIGITAL Butterworth Filter Design using IIM

Ap As wp ws Fs
p s
wp  ws 
Ap As p s Fs Fs

Filter Order N

Normalized LPF
De-normalized H(s)

h(t)

h(n)

H(z)

Dr. Kiran TALELE 9987030881 [email protected] 35

• DIGITAL Butterworth Filter Design using BLT

Ap As wp ws Fs
2  wp 
p  tan  
Ap As p s T 
 2 

Filter Order N 2 w 
s  tan s 
T  2 
Normalized LPF
De-normalized H(s)

H ( z )  H ( s ) s  2 ( z 1)
T ( z 1)
H(z)

Dr. Kiran TALELE 9987030881 [email protected] 36

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Laplace Transform TABLE

(1) LT { (t) } == 1
1
S
(2) LT { u(t) } ==

(3) LT  e  at u(t)  == S 1 a
 e  at cos( bt) u(t)  ==
S a
(4) LT ( S  a) 2  b 2

(5) LT  e at Sin ( bt ) u(t)  ==

b
( S  a)2  b 2

• where b is Analog Resonant frequency.

Dr. Kiran TALELE 9987030881 [email protected] 37

Z Transform TABLE

z 2  r z cos( w)
z 2  2 r z cos( w)  r 2

rz sin( w)
z 2  2 r z cos( w)  r 2

Dr. Kiran TALELE 9987030881 [email protected] 38

Dr. Kiran TALELE

 Academic : PhD
 Professional :
 Dean-Students, Alumni & External Relations
@ Bharatiya Vidya Bhavans’ Sardar Patel
Institute of Technology (SP-IT), Mumbai
 Co-ordinator @ Sardar Patel Technology
Business Incubator (SP-TBI), Mumbai
 Treasurer-IEEE Bombay Section

091-9987030881 www.talelesir.com [email protected]

https://www.linkedin.com/in/k-t-v-talele/
www.facebook.com/Kiran-Talele-1711929555720263

Stay Connected
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• Dr. Kiran TALELE is an Associate Professor in Electronics &

Telecommunication Engineering Department of Bharatiya Vidya Bhavans’
Sardar Patel Institute of Technology, Mumbai with 33+ years experience in
Academics.
• He is a Dean of Students, Alumni and External Relations at Sardar Patel
Institute of Technology, Andheri Mumbai. He is also a Co-ordinator of Sardar
Patel Technology Business Incubator, Mumbai.
• His area of research is Digital Signal & Image Processing, Computer Vision,
Machine Learning and Multimedia System Design.
• He has published 85+ research papers at various national & international
refereed conferences and journals. He has published 22 patents at Indian
Patent Office. One patent is granted in 2021.
• He is a Treasurer of IEEE Bombay Section and Mentor for Startup Incubation &
Intellectual Asset Creation.

• He received incentives for excellent performance in academics

and research from Management of S.P.I.T. in 2008-09. He is a recipient of
P.R. Bapat IEEE Bombay Section Outstanding Volunteer Award 2019.

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