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Student Conference on Research and Development {SCOReD) 2003 Proceedings, Putrajaya, Malaysia

A GUI Based Per-Unit Representation of Power System with

Symmetrical Components: An E-Learning Approach
I *

Marizan Sulaiman and Zainuddin Mat Isa

Faculty of Electrical Engineering
Kolej Universiti Teknikal Kebangsaan Malaysia
Email: mar~zar~(ir~kuiktn.etlu.ni~.z;~ii~uddi~~(iirkutk~ii.~~t~.~iily

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Abstract: Every textbook on power system analysis
discusses the per-unit system, varying in depth with

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problems and solutions.. However, it is still not an
interactive method for teaching and learning the per-
unit representation. Thus, it needs a new approach to
make teaching and leaming process more interactive
and interesting for students. The Graphical User
and enhances the Iearning process in the classroom. as
well as in the student's self-study.

11. POWER SYSTEM MODELING

Power system is a complicated electrical network.

Therefore, it is necessary to create an equivalent

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Interface (GUI) provides the user with interactive
- visual communication to analyze the power systems.
This paper presents the GUI based per-unit
representation of power systems with symmetrical
components in the Visual Basic (VB) environment,
The software allows the user to draw the single line
diagram representingthe power system with ratings of
each component. l h s GU1 based per-unit system is
developed for the teaching and learning environment
representation as a model of practical diagram that is
easier to read, understand and analysis.

A. Single-Line Diagram
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Single-line diagram is a simplified diagram which
drawn by omitting the circuit line to neutra1,
indicating the components by standard symbols rather
than by their equivalent circuits [1,5-7]. It shows by a
of the power system analysis. The user can make use single line representation and standard symbols how
of this interactive software to calculate the per-unit the transmission lines and associated apparatus of an
impedance with respect to the system common MVA electrical system are connected together. The purpose
base, The reactance diagram of the three sequence of this single-line diagram is to show important
impedances, namely,' the zero-, positive-, and infomation of power system networks in a more
negative- sequence impedances, can be drawn either simplified and conipact form. It also will show
manually or automatically. It is hoped that this GUT location and connection between generator,
software will enhance the learning process and make it transformer, transmission line, motor, static load,
more interactive, interesting and user friendly. circuit breaker, reactor and different switch using their
own standard symbol [1,5-71.'
. .
Keywords E. Impedance Diagram
Graphical User Interface (GUI), Expert System,
Power Engineering Education, Per-Unit An impedance diagram is used to draw a single-
Representation, Power System Analysis. phase o f per-phase equivalent circuit o f the system
and it can be used to czlculate performance of the
system under load condition or upon the occurrence of
1. INTRODUCTION a fault. The impedance diagram is very usefuI in
power system analysis because all circuit parameters
Many students have difficulty on understanding are always been given in per-unit scale. Standard
the concepts and mastering the analytical skills network analysis is used to analyze impedance
required in their first course in power systems. This diagram due to the changing of voltage Jevels in
becomes apparent in subsequent courses when the calculating the per-unit quantity. Resistance is often
students falter in app1ying those concepts and skills to omitted when making fault calculations, even in
the design, model and analysis power system. They computer progmms, These small values o f resistance
lose interest in power system and will result in a (less than 0.1 percent) [1,5-6] compared to the
decrease in enrollment. The project featured in this reactance of generator and transformer and sometimes
paper is aimed at the development of educational transmission line, will not affect the result of
software to help students to understand more on power calculation. The omission of this resistance will
system analysis with symmetricaI components. The change the impedance diagram to the reactance
software package is developed to help students to diagram.
learn and make the subject more interesting. The
interactive and comprehensive software supplements

0-7803-8 173-4/03/$17.0002003 EEE. 257

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C. Per-Unit System

The solution of interconnected power system

having several different voltage levels requires the
cumbersome transformation of all impedances to a
single MVA system. In this way, all reactance in this
system can be expressed as a percent or per unit A
minimum of four base quantities. is required to
completely define a per-unit system: volt-ampere,
voltage, current and impedance. Selected MVAe is
chosen from the biggest available in the system and
usually at generation part. Base current and base
impedance are then calculated from SB and VB and The sequence voltage and current can be obtain by
must obey the circuit laws 11-81. inversing the phase voltage and current and can be
The new irripedance can be calculated from derive in matrix form as below:
the change of impedance referred to the old system is
given by

D. Symmetrical Components

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The method o f symmehical components was

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introduced by Fortescue [I-81 in 1918 and had been (4)

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, improved by Wanger and Evans in 1993 [1,5].
According to Fortescue's theorem, three unbalanced

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phasors of a three-phase system can be resolved into
three balanced systems of phasors. The balanced sets where, a = 1L120" = -0.5+ j0.866 is operator of
of components are positive-, negative- and zeru- symmetrical components. These equations show how
sequence as shown in Table 1 . to resolve three unsymmetrical phasors into their
symmetrical components. The neutral current
Table 1. Symmetrical Component equation for generator and motor can be expressed as
~~ ~

Component Criteria
- Phase
I below
Diagram
- a-b-c sequence
- Samemagnitude
Positive-
sequence
- Phase different.
120" , ii. Sequence Networks for Generator and Motor

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V.,
I I
1 - a-c-bsequence I "*. In general, the equation for phase voltages of
Negative-
- Same magnitude, generator or motor can be derived as below [1,4-6]
sequence
- Phase different
120"
Vd

- Samemagnitude
- Phase different 0" ""
Zero-
sequence
-c Vd,

i. The Symmetrical Components of where E, = E,{ and - sign for generator; on the other
Unsymmetrical Phasor hand, E, = E,, and -I-sign for motor.
With reference to Figure 1 and by substituting iii. Zero-Sequence Networks for Three Phase
related formulas (reference [ l]), the phase voltage and Transformers
current cap be expressed in matrix form as below:
. .
The positive- and negative- sequence networks
arc the same for three-phase transformer but differ for
zero- sequence where connections between primary

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and secondary depend on wye, grounded wye and
deltu configurations [1I.

111.
.

SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT TOOL

The user can also rotate the selected component
on canvas to 90', 180' or 270' by pressed CTL+ R
keys. Selected component can also be moved or drag
from one place to another to place it at a suitable
A Windows based Graphical User Interface (GUI) position just by pressed the left mouse button and
software tool was developed to facilitate the teaching without released it, move the mouse cursor around lhe
and learning of power system This software is written canvas. When user release mouse button, the selected
in Microsoft Visual Basic 6.0 (VB) which i s known as component will be moved to new position depending
one of the best Windows programming tools because on position of mouse cursor. The second part is to
of its' coding environment. Hence, VB can be used to calculate or convert the impedance value of every
develop many Windows based applications from the component to per unit value. The main window for
simplest to the complicated ones. per-unit calculation is shown' in Fig. 4. User can
The main advantage of VI3 is the combination access this window by choosing "View" menu from
between graphical visual programming and code single-line diagram window.
programming. That is to- say, the visual description of
the application can be seen on the development and
design process. Therefore, the application criteria such
as size, color, interface and position of each
component can be decided before the coding is

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created. The programmer can also use standard built-
in functions or can make a little modification of these
functions depending upon the applications; this makes
VB a choice to create high quality and professional
applications. Besides, Vl3 i s easy to leam and more
fun rather than Using other programming language
either FOTRAN or C++.

IV. IMPLEMENTATION SOFTWARE

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In generally, this software can be divided into few
main parts or steps that user must followed to
complete the analysis of power system. The first part
is to draw a singleline diagram. With interactive GUI,
user can draw corresponding singleline diagram by
selecting the graphical menu that represent the
common power system symbols. User can choose
which. User can choose graphical menus using mouse
and then place it at the white canvas to create a
Fig. 3. Single Line Diagram

This window allow user to convert impedance

value to per-unit value manually and this will help
user to compare the result with automatic calculation
make by this software which will be shown at

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complete single-line diagram. The value of component
such as voltage and impedance can be entered after
user placed the selected component on canvas and this
value can be change from time to time. Fig. 3 shows
the example of single-line diagram created by this
software.
sequences diagram. However, the selected base MVA
and base voltage must be entered first before any
conversion can be made. This base afso will be used
by software in automatic calculation or in other
words, user must enter this window to fill the selected
base MVA and base voltage. The full result of
manually conversion to per-unit value can be view by
pressing the "Data" button. An example result of
manually conversion is shown in Fig. 5 .
fig. 6 shown the sequences impedance diagram
with respective per-unit value that had be obtained
from the single-line diagram drawn in Fig. 3. This
diagram can be view when user pressed "Positive
Sequence" tab to view positive- sequence diagram or
"Negative Sequence" tab to view negative- sequence
diagram or "Zero Sequence" tab to view zero-
sequence diagram and oiily one sequence impedances
diagram can be view at certain time. The "Main
View" tab used to shown the original single-line
diagram.

Fig. 2. Main Window for Software

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Fig. 4. Main Window for Per-Unit Calculation
(a) Positive Sequence Diagram

(b) Negative Sequence Diagram

( c) Zero Sequence Diagram

Fig. 6. Sequence Impedance of Electrical Power

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Network
Fig. 5. Table Shown Result for Manually will be upgraded to make it even more user friendly.
Per-Unit Value Conversion This software will be upgrade until fault analysis and
can simplified the sequence diagrams depending on
fault location.
V. CONCLUSION .

A Windows based graphical form to facilitate the

learning of power system analysis was presented in
this paper. This package is written in Microsoft Visual
Basic 6.0. This software provides a user-friendly
environment and easy to use tool to aid students for
better visualizing on power system analysis. This tool
has three main modules: 1. A user designed single-line
diagram, 2. Automatic or manual per-unit conversion,
and 3. Displaying the corresponding positive-,
VI.

Components”,

March. 2003.
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REFERENCES

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[I] Marizan, Zainuddin, et al, “An Expert System
Based Power System Modeling With Symmetrical
Seminar Kebangsaan
Pascasiswazah, Universiti Malaysia Sabah,

[ 2 ] Yu, Chen, et al, “A Windows Based Graphical

Package for Symmetrical Components Analysis”,
negative and zero- sequence diagrams. This software

260
[3]
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IEEE Transaction on Power System, Vol. 10,
No. 4. Nov. 1994.
Yu, Liu, Wu, et al, “A GUI Based Visualization
for Sequences Network”, IEEE Truiisacfiori on
Power Systems, VoI. 13, No. 1. Feb. 1998.

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141 Negnevitsky, M., et al, “A Knowledge Based
Tutoring System for Teaching Fault Analysis”,
IEEE Transaction on Power Systems, Vol. 13,
No. 1. Feb. 1998.
[SI Glover, S a m , “Power System Analysisc,and --
Design”, BrooksKole, 2002
[6] Grainger, Stevenson, Jr., “Power System
Analysis”, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1994
[7] Saadat, H., “Power System Analysis”, McGraw-
Hill Book Company, 1999

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[8] Chan Wei Lun, “Anatisis Sistem Kuasa
Menggunakan Sistem Pintar”, Pusat Pengajian
Kejuruteraan Elektrik dan Elektronik, Universiti
Sains Malaysia, 2002
[9] Brown, S., “Visual Basic Developer Guide”,
SYBEX Inc., 1994

VII. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This project is supported by the short-term grant from

Kolej Universiti Teknikal Kebangsaan Malaysia
(KUTKM).

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