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3.sampling and Quantization

Analog to digital conversion

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16 views

3.sampling and Quantization

Analog to digital conversion

Uploaded by

hod.ece
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Department of E.C.

A Simple Image Model:


An image is denoted by a two dimensional function of the form f{x, y}. The value or amplitude
of f at spatial coordinates {x, y} is a positive scalar quantity whose physical meaning is determined by
the source of the image. When an image is generated by a physical process, its values are proportional
to energy radiated by a physical source. As a consequence, f(x, y) must be nonzero and finite; that is
0<f(x, y) <α.
The function f(x, y) may be characterized by two components-
i) The amount of the source illumination incident on the scene being viewed.
ii) The amount of the source illumination reflected back by the objects in the scene.
These are called illumination and reflectance components and are denoted by i(x, y) and r(x, y)
respectively.
The two functions combine as a product to form f(x, y).
f(x, y)= i(x, y) x r(x, y)
0<i(x, y) <∞
0<r(x, y) <1 0—Total absorption, 1—Total reflection
The nature of i(x, y) is determined by illumination of source, and r(x, y) is determined by the
characteristics of the imaged objects.
We call the intensity of a monochrome image at any coordinates (x, y) is the gray level (l) of
the image at that point l= f (x, y.)
Lmin ≤ l ≤ Lmax
Lmin is to be positive and Lmax must be finite
Lmin = imin rmin
Lmax = imax rmax
The interval [Lmin, Lmax] is called gray scale. Common practice is to shift this interval numerically to the
interval [0, L-l] where
l=0 is considered black and
l= L-1 is considered white on the gray scale.
All intermediate values are shades of gray varying from black to white.

SAMPLING AND QUANTIZATION:


To create a digital image, we need to convert the continuous sensed data into digital from. This
involves two processes – sampling and quantization. An image may be continuous with respect to the x
and y coordinates and also in amplitude. To convert it into digital form we have to sample the function
in both coordinates and in amplitudes.
Digitalizing the coordinate values is called sampling. Digitalizing the amplitude values is called
quantization. There is a continuous the image along the line segment AB. To sample this function, we
take equally spaced samples along line AB. The location of each samples is given by a vertical tick back
(mark) in the bottom part. The samples are shown as block squares superimposed on function the set
of these discrete locations gives the sampled function.
In order to form a digital, the gray level values must also be converted (quantized) into discrete
quantities. So we divide the gray level scale into eight discrete levels ranging from eight level values.
The continuous gray levels are quantized simply by assigning one of the eight discrete gray levels to
each sample. The assignment it made depending on the vertical proximity of a simple to a vertical tick
mark.
Starting at the top of the image and covering out this procedure line by line produces a two
dimensional digital image.

Digital Image Processing


Department of E.C.E

Digital Image definition:


A digital image f(x, y) described in a 2D discrete space is derived from an analog image f(x, y)
in a 2D continuous space through a sampling process that is frequently referred to as digitization.
The 2D continuous image f(x, y) is divided into M rows and N columns. The intersection of a
row and a column is termed a pixel. The value assigned to the integer coordinates (m, n) with x=0, 1,
2..M-1 and y=0, 1, 2…N-1 is f(x, y). In fact, in most cases, is actually a function of many variables
including depth(d), color(µ) and time (t).

1) Low level process- these involve primitive operations such as image processing to reduce noise,
contrast enhancement and image sharpening. These kinds of processes are characterized by fact
the both inputs and output are images.
2) Mid level image processing - it involves tasks like segmentation, description of those objects to
reduce them to a form suitable for computer processing, and classification of individual objects.
The inputs to the process are generally images but outputs are attributes extracted from images.
3) High level processing – It involves “making sense” of an ensemble of recognized objects, as in
image analysis, and performing the cognitive functions normally associated with vision.

Representing Digital Images:

The result of sampling and quantization is matrix of real numbers. Assume that an image f(x, y)
is sampled so that the resulting digital image has M rows and N Columns.

The right side of the matrix represents a digital element, pixel or pel. Hence f(x, y) is a digital image if
gray level (that is, a real number from the set of real number R) to each distinct pair of coordinates (x,
y). Due to processing storage and hardware consideration, the number gray levels typically is an
integer power of 2.
L=2k
The discrete levels are equally spaced and that they are integers in the interval [0, L-1] is called
dynamic range. Then, the number, b, of bits required to store a digital image is
b=M *N* k When M=N, the equation become b=N2*k
When an image can have 2k gray levels, it is referred to as “k- bit”. An image with 256 possible gray
levels is called an “8- bit image” (256=28).

Digital Image Processing


Department of E.C.E

Spatial and Gray level resolution:


Resolution gives the degree of distinguishable detail.
Spatial resolution is the smallest discernible details are an image. Spatial resolution depends on the
number of pixels. The principle factor determining this is sampling.
Suppose a chart can be constructed with vertical lines of width w with the space between the
also having width W, so a line pair consists of one such line and its adjacent space thus. The width of the
line pair is 2w and there is 1/2w line pair per unit distance resolution is simply the smallest number of
discernible line pair unit distance.

512x512 256x256 128x128

Gray levels resolution refers to smallest discernible change in gray levels. It depends on the
gray levels. We have considerable discretion regarding the number of samples used to generate a
digital image, but this is not true for the number of gray levels. Due to hardware considerations, the
number of gray levels is usually an integer power of 2.
The most common number is 8 bits, with 16 bits being used in some applications where
enhancement of specific gray-level ranges is necessary. When an actual measure of physical resolution
relating pixels and the level of detail they resolve in the original scene are not necessary, it is not
uncommon to refer to an L level digital image of size M*N as having a spatial resolution of M*N pixels
and a gray-level resolution of L levels.

Digital Image Processing

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