MANILA: Room 206, JPD Building, CM Recto Avenue, Manila

CEBU: 4/F J. Martinez Bldg., Osmeña Blvd., Cebu City

Telephone Number: (02) 516-7559 (Manila) E-Mail: buksmarquez1 @yahoo.com
(032) 254-9967 (Cebu)
Refresher MODULE – Mathematics and Transportation Engineering
DESIGN OF PAVEMENT THICKNESS STIFFNESS FACTOR
I. Flexible Pavements 3 𝐸𝑏
𝑆𝐹 = √
𝑊 𝐸𝑝
𝑡 = 0.564√ − 𝑟
𝐹 12. What is the stiffness factor of a pavement if its modulus of elasticity is 180 MPa
SITUATION. A static wheel load of 120 kN acts on a flexible pavement. The contact and whose subgrade modulus of 40 MPa?
area of the tire is circular with a radius of 125 mm and the load is distributed across a A. 0.685 B. 0.575 C. 0.606 D. 0.472
wide area of the subgrade at an angle of 45°. Design the thickness of the pavement
MODULUS OF SUBGRADE REACTION
and the base if their subgrade bearing values of the subgrade and the base are 0.30
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
MPa and 0.60 MPa, respectively. 𝐾=
1. Design the thickness of the pavement. 𝐷𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
A. 240 mm B. 130 mm C. 110 mm D. 160 mm 13. The loadings and the corresponding settlement readings are recorded to obtain
the modulus of subgrade reaction of the soil sample. The standard diameter of plates
2. Design the thickness of the base. used is 75 cm. Compute the modulus of subgrade reaction of the soil sample.
A. 240 mm B. 130 mm C. 110 mm D. 160 mm Loads (kg) Settlement (mm)
3. A flexible pavement carries a static wheel load of 75 kN which caused a pressure 400 0.25
of 3.2 MPa on a circular area above the pavement. Using cone pressure distribution 900 0.50
method, determine the required thickness of the pavement if the allowable bearing 1200 0.75
stress on the base is 0.60 MPa. Round-up the answer to 10 mm interval. 1400 1.00
A. 100 mm B. 110 mm C. 120 mm D. 120 mm 1500 1.25
1600 1.50
II. Rigid Pavements 1650 1.75
Without dowels or tie bars:
A. 2.86 kg/cm3 B. 2.41 kg/cm3 C. 3.44 kg/cm3 D. 2.72 kg/cm3
3𝑊
𝑡=√ 14. Upon completion of grading operation a subgrade was tested for bearing capacity
𝐹 by loading large bearing plate. If the resulting modulus of subgrade reaction from a
4. A maximum static load of 25 kN is to pass a proposed rigid pavement without any standard plate is equal to 1.4 MPa per mm, compute the load which produces a
dowels across the joints. Determine the thickness of the pavement if the allowable deflection of 1.25 mm under a plate having a diameter of 300 mm.
bending stress is 0.06fc’. The fc’ of the concrete used is 21 MPa. A. 233 kN B. 309 kN C. 591 kN D. 145 kN
A. 130 mm B. 250 mm C. 180 mm D. 140 mm
CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO
With dowels or tie bars: 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
𝐶𝐵𝑅 =
𝐶𝐵𝑅 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
3𝑊 3𝑊 15. The soil sample was obtained from the project site and the CBR test was
𝑡𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 = √ 𝑡𝑒𝑑𝑔𝑒 = √
4𝑓 2𝐹 conducted at field density. The sample was subjected to a penetration test by a piston
SITUATION. A rigid pavement is to be used to carry a wheel load of 70 kN. The plunger 5 cm in diameter at a certain speed. The CBR value for a standard crushed
allowable bending stress of concrete is 1.68 MPa. Sufficient dowels are used across rock for a 2.5 mm penetration is 7.72 MPa. Compute the CBR of the soil sample when
the joints. subjected to a load of 0.57 kN it produces a penetration of 2.5 mm.
5. Design the thickness of the rigid pavement at the center. A. 3.76% B. 1.16% C. 6.18% D. 2.32%
A. 180 mm B. 250 mm C. 360 mm D. 270 mm SHRINKAGE FACTOR
𝑒1 − 𝑒2
6. Design the thickness of the rigid pavement at the edge. 𝑆=
A. 180 mm B. 250 mm C. 360 mm D. 270 mm 1 + 𝑒1
16. From the result of the Proctor compaction test after completion of grading
III. Pavement Thickness Using Expansion Pressure Method operations it indicates that the materials compacted on the roadway will have a void
𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 ratio of 0.52. The undisturbed sample of the material taken from the borrow pit has a
𝑡=
𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 void ratio of 0.72. What shrinkage factor should be used?
7. Determine the thickness of the pavement subjected to an expansion pressure of A. 13.16% B. 11.63% C. 34.21% D. 47.37%
0.03 kg/cm2 with an average pavement density of 0.0025 kg/cm3.
FINENESS MODULUS
A. 100 mm B. 120 mm C. 150 mm D. 180 mm
∑ 𝐶𝑢𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑅𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑
JOINTS IN CONCRETE PAVEMENTS 𝐹𝑀 =
100
Transverse Joints 17. Determine the fineness modulus of the given fine aggregates.
∆ = 𝛼𝐿(𝑇2 − 𝑇1 ) Weight of Aggregates
Sieve Size
8. The width of expansion joint gap is 28 mm in a cement concrete pavement. If the Retained (g)
laying temperature is 24°C and the maximum slab temperature is 65 °C, calculate 3/8” 0
the spacing between the expansion joints. Assume coefficient of thermal expansion No. 4 0.32
of concrete to be 9.5 x 10-5 per °C. The expansion joint gap should be twice the No. 8 2.08
allowable expansion in concrete. No. 16 3.20
A. 1.75 m B. 1.80 m C. 3.5 m D. 3.6 m No. 30 3.20
9. Determine the spacing between transverse joints of a 3 m wide slab with a No. 50 3.84
thickness of 200 mm. The coefficient of friction between concrete and the subgrade No. 100 2.88
is 2.0. The allowable tensile stress in the concrete and steel are 0.75 kg/cm2 and 1500 Pan 0.48
kg/cm2, respectively. A. 3.17 B. 3.83 C. 2.83 D. 3.28
A. 1.5 m B. 2.0 m C. 2.5 m D. 3 m
ASPHALT MIXTURE
Longitudinal Joints Absolute Specific Gravity of Composite Aggregates
SITUATION. A concrete pavement 8 m wide and 150 mm thick is to be provided with ∑𝑃
𝐺𝑠𝑎 =
a central longitudinal joint using 14-mm-diameter bars. The unit weight of concrete is 𝑃1 𝑃 𝑃
+ 2 + 3
24000 N/m3 and the coefficient of friction of the slab on the subgrade is 2.0. Assume 𝐺𝑠1 𝐺𝑠2 𝐺𝑠3
the ultimate stress in tension for steel is 158 MPa. Bulk Specific Gravity of Composite Aggregates
10. Determine the spacing of bars in meters for a factor of safety of 1.5. 𝑊𝑎
𝐺𝑠𝑏 =
A. 250 mm B. 300 mm C. 350 mm D. 400 mm 𝑊𝑎 − 𝑊𝑤
Porosity
11. Determine the length of the longitudinal bars if the allowable bond stress is 0.83 𝐺𝑠𝑎 − 𝐺𝑠𝑏
MPa. 𝑛=
𝐺𝑠𝑎
A. 800 mm B. 900 mm C. 1000 mm D. 1100 mm
 MANILA: Room 206, JPD Building, CM Recto Avenue, Manila
CEBU: 4/F J. Martinez Bldg., Osmeña Blvd., Cebu City
Telephone Number: (02) 516-7559 (Manila) E-Mail: buksmarquez1 @yahoo.com
(032) 254-9967 (Cebu)
Refresher MODULE – Transportation Engineering
SITUATION. An asphalt mixture is to be made using the following percentage by
weight of the total mixture.
Materials Specific Gravity Percent by Weight
Sand 2.65 76%
Filler 2.70 14%
Asphalt Cement 1.02 10%
18. Determine the absolute specific gravity of the composite aggregate.
A. 2.36 B. 2.66 C. 2.29 D. 2.15
19. Determine the bulk specific gravity when the compacted specimen is weighing
1120 g in air and 600 g when suspended in water.
A. 2.36 B. 2.66 C. 2.29 D. 2.15
20. Determine the porosity of the compacted specimen.
A. 6.11% B. 6.51% C. 6.82% D. 6.23%
Effective Specific Gravity of Aggregates
𝑃𝑀𝑀 − 𝑃𝐵
𝐺𝑆𝐸 =
𝑃𝑀𝑀 𝑃𝐵
−
𝐺𝑀𝑀 𝐺𝐵
Percent Asphalt Absorption of Aggregates
(𝐺𝑆𝐸 − 𝐺𝑆𝐵 )𝐺𝐵
𝑃𝐵𝐴 = × 100
𝐺𝑆𝐵 𝐺𝑆𝐸
Effective Asphalt Content
𝑃𝐵𝐴 𝑃𝑆
𝑃𝐵𝐸 = 𝑃𝐵 −
100
Percent Air Voids
𝐺𝑀𝑀 − 𝐺𝑀𝐵
𝑉𝐴 = × 100
𝐺𝑀𝑀
Percent of Voids in Mineral Aggregates
𝐺𝑀𝐵 𝑃𝑆
𝑉𝑀𝐴 = 100 −
𝐺𝑆𝐵
Percent of Voids Filled with Asphalt
(𝑉𝑀𝐴 − 𝑉𝐴 )
𝑉𝐹𝐴 = × 100
𝑉𝑀𝐴
Where:
GSE = effective specific gravity of aggregates
PMM = total loose mixture
PB = percent of asphalt by total weight of mixture
GMM = maximum specific gravity of paving mixture
PBA = percent of absorbed asphalt
PBE = effective asphalt content
GB = specific gravity of asphalt
GSB = bulk specific gravity of aggregates
GMB = bulk specific gravity of compacted mix
PS = percent of aggregates by total weight.
The following materials are used in a compacted paving mixture.
Materials S.G. Bulk S.G. % by weight
Coarse Aggregate - 2.65 48
Fine Aggregate - 2.70 44
Asphalt Cement 1.05 - 8
21. It is required to determine the percent of asphalt absorption in percentage by
weight of aggregate. The maximum specific gravity of the paving mixture is 2.54.
A. 3.03% B. 4.25% C. 2.78% D. 2.61%
SITUATION. The properties of an asphalt mixtures are listed below.
Maximum specific gravity of paving mixture = 2.535
Bulk specific gravity of compacted mix = 2.442
Materials Percentage by Total Weight
Coarse Aggregate 47.3
Fine Aggregate 47.4
Asphalt Cement 5.3
Bulk specific gravity of aggregates = 2.703
Effective specific gravity of aggregates = 2.761
From these data, compute for the following:
22. The percentage of air voids.
A. 3.67% B. 3.82% C. 3.13% D. 3.54%
23. The percentage of voids in the mineral aggregates.
A. 16.24% B. 14.44% C. 8.77% D. 11.19%
24. The percentage of voids filled with asphalt.
A. 74.58% B. 76.48% C. 72.03% D. 64.31%