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 As per
JNTU-Kakinada
Syllabus Regulation
2016

Computer
Programming
 About the Author

E Balagurusamy, former Vice Chancellor, Anna University, Chennai and Member, Union Public Service
Commission, New Delhi, is currently the Chairman of EBG Foundation, Coimbatore. He is a teacher, trainer,
and consultant in the fields of Information Technology and Management. He holds an ME (Hons) in Electrical
Engineering and PhD in Systems Engineering from the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Roorkee. His
areas of interest include Object-Oriented Software Engineering, E-Governance: Technology Management,
Business Process Re-engineering, and Total Quality Management.
A prolific writer, he has authored a large number of research papers and several books. His best-selling
books, among others include:
∑ Programming in ANSI C, 7/e
∑ Fundamentals of Computers
∑ Computing Fundamentals and C Programming
∑ Programming in Java, 5/e
∑ Programming in BASIC, 3/e
∑ Programming in C#, 3/e
∑ Numerical Methods
∑ Reliability Engineering
∑ Introduction to Computing and Problem Solving using Python, 1e

A recipient of numerous honors and awards, E Balagurusamy has been listed in the Directory of Who's
Who of Intellectuals and in the Directory of Distinguished Leaders in Education.
 As per
JNTU-Kakinada
Syllabus Regulation
2016

Computer
Programming

E Balagurusamy
Chairman
EBG Foundation
Coimbatore

McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited

CHENNAI

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 McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited

Published by McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited

444/1, Sri Ekambara Naicker Industrial Estate, Alapakkam, Porur, Chennai - 600 116

Computer Programming
Copyright © 2017 by McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited.
No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
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McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited

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 Contents

Preface xiii
Roadmap to the Syllabus xvi

Chapter 1 Introduction to Computers and Programming 1.1—1.30

1.1 Introduction 1.1
1.2 Computer Systems 1.2
1.2.1 Input Devices 1.3
1.2.2 CPU 1.5
1.2.3 Output Devices 1.6
1.2.4 Memory 1.8
1.3 History of C 1.12
1.4 Data Types 1.13
1.4.1 Integer Types 1.14
1.4.2 Floating Point Types 1.15
1.4.3 Void Types 1.16
1.4.4 Character Types 1.16
1.5 Programming Languages 1.16
1.5.1 Machine Language (Low Level Languages) 1.16
1.5.2 Assembly Language (Symbolic Language) 1.16
1.5.3 High-Level Languages 1.18
1.6 Development of C Algorithms 1.19
1.6.1 Characteristics of Algorithms 1.20
1.6.2 Advantages of Algorithms 1.20
1.6.3 Disadvantages of Algorithms 1.20
1.7 Software Development Method 1.22
1.7.1 Analysing the Requirements 1.23
1.7.2 Feasibility Analysis 1.23
1.7.3 Creating the Design 1.24
1.7.4 Developing Code 1.24
1.7.5 Testing the Software 1.25
1.7.6 Deploying the Software 1.25
1.7.7 Maintaining the Software 1.25
1.8 Applying Software Development Method 1.25
Key Terms 1.27
Just Remember 1.28
Multiple Choice Questions 1.28
vi Contents

Answers 1.29
Review Questions 1.29

Chapter 2 Basics of C 2.1—2.90

2.1 Importance of C 2.1
2.2 Basic Structure of C Programs 2.1
2.3 Programming Style 2.2
2.4 Executing a ‘C’ Program 2.3
2.5 Sample Programs 2.4
2.5.1 Sample Program 1: Printing a Message 2.4
2.5.2 Sample Program 2: Adding Two Numbers 2.6
2.5.3 Sample Program 3: Interest Calculation 2.8
2.5.4 Sample Program 4: Use of Subroutines 2.10
2.5.5 Sample Program 5: Use of Math functions 2.10
2.6 C Character Set 2.12
2.6.1 Trigraph Characters 2.13
2.7 C Tokens 2.14
2.8 Keywords and Identifiers 2.14
2.9 Operators and Expressions 2.15
2.9.1 Arithmetic Operators 2.15
2.9.2 Relational Operators 2.18
2.9.3 Logical Operators 2.19
2.9.4 Assignment Operators 2.20
2.9.5 Increment and Decrement Operators 2.22
2.9.6 Conditional Operator 2.23
2.9.7 Bitwise Operators 2.25
2.9.8 Special Operators 2.25
2.9.9 Operator Precedence 2.27
2.9.10 Precedence of Arithmetic Operators 2.29
2.9.11 Some Computational Problems 2.30
2.9.12 Type Conversions in Expressions 2.31
2.9.13 Operator Precedence and Associativity 2.34
2.10 Constants 2.36
2.10.1 Integer Constants 2.37
2.10.2 Real Constants 2.38
2.10.3 Single Character Constants 2.38
2.10.4 String Constants 2.39
2.11 Variables 2.40
2.12 Declaration of Variables 2.41
2.12.1 Primary Type Declaration 2.41
2.12.2 User-defined Type Declaration 2.42
2.12.3 Declaration of Storage Class 2.43
2.12.4 Assigning Values to Variables 2.44
 Contents vii

2.13 ANSI C Library Functions 2.50

2.14 Managing Input and Output Operations 2.53
2.14.1 Reading a Character 2.54
2.14.2 Writing a Character 2.56
2.14.3 Formatted Input 2.58
2.14.4 Points to Remember while Using scanf 2.65
2.14.5 Formatted Output 2.66
2.15 Case Studies 2.71
Key Terms 2.78
Just Remember 2.79
Multiple Choice Questions 2.80
Answers 2.84
Review Questions 2.84
Debugging Exercises 2.86
Programming Exercise 2.87

Chapter 3 Decision Making, Branching and Looping 3.1—3.70

3.1 Introduction 3.1
3.2 Decision Making with If Statement 3.1
3.2.1 Simple If Statement 3.2
3.2.2 The If.....Else Statement 3.6
3.2.3 Nesting of If....Else Statements 3.9
3.2.4 The Else If Ladder 3.11
3.3 Decision Making with Switch Statement 3.15
3.4 The ? : Operator 3.20
3.5 Decision Making with Goto Statement 3.22
3.6 Introduction to Looping Procedure 3.25
3.6.1 Sentinel Loops 3.26
3.7 The While Statement 3.27
3.8 The Do Statement 3.29
3.9 The For Statement 3.33
3.9.1 Simple ‘for’ Loops 3.33
3.9.2 Additional Features of For Loop 3.37
3.9.3 Nesting of For Loops 3.39
3.10 Jumps In Loops 3.43
3.10.1 Jumping Out of a Loop 3.43
3.11 Case Studies 3.45
Key Terms 3.56
Just Remember 3.57
Multiple Choice Questions 3.58
Answers 3.60
Review Questions 3.61
Debugging Exercises 3.65
Programming Exercises 3.66
viii Contents

Chapter 4 User-Defined Functions 4.1—4.52

4.1 Introduction 4.1
4.2 Need for User-Defined Functions 4.1
4.3 A Multi-Function Program 4.2
4.3.1 Modular Programming 4.4
4.4 Category of Functions 4.5
4.4.1 No Arguments and No Return Values 4.5
4.4.2 Arguments but No Return Values 4.7
4.4.3 Arguments with Return Values 4.10
4.4.4 No Arguments but Returns a Value 4.16
4.4.5 Functions that Return Multiple Values 4.16
4.4.6 Nesting of Functions 4.17
4.5 Elements of User-Defined Functions 4.19
4.6 Definition of Functions 4.19
4.6.1 Function Header 4.20
4.6.2 Name and Type 4.20
4.6.3 Formal Parameter List 4.20
4.6.4 Function Body 4.21
4.7 Return Values and their Types 4.21
4.8 Function Calls 4.22
4.8.1 Function Call 4.24
4.9 Function Declaration 4.24
4.9.1 Prototypes: Yes or No 4.25
4.9.2 Parameters Everywhere! 4.25
4.10 Recursion 4.26
4.10.1 Recursion versus Iteration 4.27
4.11 Passing Arrays to Functions 4.27
4.11.1 One-Dimensional Arrays 4.27
4.11.2 Two-Dimensional Arrays 4.31
4.12 Passing Strings to Functions 4.32
4.12.1 Pass by Value versus Pass by Pointers 4.32
4.13 The Scope, Visibility, and Lifetime of Variables 4.33
4.13.1 Automatic Variables 4.33
4.13.2 External Variables 4.35
4.13.3 External Declaration 4.37
4.13.4 Static Variables 4.39
4.13.5 Register Variables 4.40
4.14 Multifile Programs 4.42
4.15 Case Study 4.43
Key Terms 4.46
Just Remember 4.46
Multiple Choice Questions 4.47
 Contents ix

Answers 4.48
Review Questions 4.49
Debugging Exercises 4.51
Programming Exercises 4.51

Chapter 5 Arrays 5.1—5.44

5.1 Introduction 5.1
5.1.1 Data Structures 5.2
5.2 One-Dimensional Arrays 5.2
5.3 Declaration of One-dimensional Arrays 5.3
5.4 Initialization of One-dimensional Arrays 5.6
5.4.1 Compile Time Initialization 5.6
5.4.2 Run Time Initialization 5.7
5.4.3 Searching and Sorting 5.11
5.5 Two-Dimensional Arrays 5.12
5.6 Initializing Two-Dimensional Arrays 5.16
5.6.1 Memory Layout 5.19
5.7 Multi-Dimensional Arrays 5.25
5.8 Dynamic Arrays 5.26
5.9 Case Studies 5.26
Key Terms 5.38
Just Remember 5.38
Multiple Choice Questions 5.39
Answers 5.40
Review Questions 5.40
Debugging Exercises 5.41
Programming Exercises 5.42

Chapter 6 Strings 6.1—6.34

6.1 Introduction 6.1
6.2 Declaring and Initializing String Variables 6.2
6.3 Reading Strings from Terminal 6.3
6.3.1 Using scanf Function 6.3
6.3.2 Reading a Line of Text 6.5
6.3.3 Using getchar and gets Functions 6.6
6.4 Writing Strings to Screen 6.11
6.4.1 Using printf Function 6.11
6.4.2 Using putchar and puts Functions 6.14
6.5 Arithmetic Operations on Characters 6.15
6.6 Putting Strings Together 6.16
6.7 Comparison of Two Strings 6.18
6.8 String-Handling Functions 6.18
6.8.1 strcat() Function 6.18
x Contents

6.8.2 strcmp() Function 6.19

6.8.3 strcpy() Function 6.20
6.8.4 strlen() Function 6.20
6.8.5 Other String Functions 6.22
6.9 Table of Strings 6.24
6.10 Case Studies 6.26
Key Terms 6.30
Just Remember 6.30
Multiple Choice Questions 6.30
Answers 6.31
Review Questions 6.31
Debugging Exercises 6.33
Programming Exercises 6.33

Chapter 7 Pointers 7.1—7.42

7.1 Introduction 7.1
7.2 Understanding Pointers 7.2
7.2.1 Underlying Concepts of Pointers 7.3
7.3 Initialization of Pointer Variables 7.3
7.3.1 Pointer Flexibility 7.4
7.4 Declaring Pointer Variables 7.5
7.4.1 Pointer Declaration Style 7.5
7.5 Accessing the Address of a Variable 7.6
7.6 Accessing a Variable Through its Pointer 7.8
7.7 Chain of Pointers 7.10
7.8 Pointer Expressions 7.11
7.9 Pointer Increments and Scale Factor 7.12
7.9.1 Rules of Pointer Operations 7.13
7.10 Pointers as Function Arguments 7.13
7.11 Functions Returning Pointers 7.16
7.12 Pointers to Functions 7.17
7.12.1 Compatibility and Casting 7.19
7.13 Pointers and Arrays 7.19
7.14 Pointers and Character Strings 7.23
7.15 Array of Pointers 7.25
7.16 Dynamic Memory Allocation 7.26
7.17 Allocating a Block of Memory: Malloc 7.27
7.18 Allocating Multiple Blocks of Memory: Calloc 7.29
7.19 Releasing the Used Space: Free 7.33
7.20 Case Studies 7.33
Key Terms 7.38
Just Remember 7.38
Multiple Choice Questions 7.39
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 Contents xi

Answers 7.40
Review Questions 7.40
Debugging Exercises 7.42
Programming Exercise 7.42

Chapter 8 Structures and Unions 8.1—8.59

8.1 Introduction 8.1
8.2 Defining a Structure 8.1
8.3 Declaring Structure Variables 8.2
8.3.1 Accessing Structure Members 8.4
8.4 Structure Initialization 8.5
8.5 Arrays of Structures 8.8
8.5.1 Arrays Within Structures 8.11
8.5.2 Structures Within Structures 8.13
8.6 Structures and Functions 8.15
8.6.1 Passing Structure Through Pointers 8.17
8.6.2 Self Referential Structure 8.18
8.7 Pointers and Structures 8.18
8.8 Unions 8.21
8.9 Bit Fields 8.23
8.10 Typedef 8.25
8.11 Command Line Arguments 8.37
8.11.1 Application of Command Line Arguments 8.48
8.12 Case Study 8.50
Key Terms 8.53
Just Remember 8.53
Multiple Choice Questions 8.54
Answers 8.54
Review Questions 8.55
Debugging Exercises 8.57
Programming Exercise 8.58

Chapter 9 Data Files 9.1—9.22

9.1 Introduction 9.1
9.2 Defining and Opening a File 9.2
9.3 Closing a File 9.3
9.4 Input/Output Operations on Files 9.4
9.4.1 The getc and putc Functions 9.4
9.4.2 The getw and putw Functions 9.8
9.4.3 The fprintf and fscanf Functions 9.10
9.5 Error Handling During I/O Operations 9.12
9.6 Random Access to Files 9.14
Key Terms 9.20
xii Contents

Just Remember 9.20

Multiple Choice Questions 9.21
Answers 9.21
Review Questions 9.21
Debugging Exercise 9.22
Programming Exercise 9.22

Appendix 1 C99/C11 Features A1.1—A1.8

Solved Question Paper Nov-Dec 2015 (Set 1— Set 4) SQP1—SQP32
Solved Question Paper May 2016 (Set 1— Set 4) SQP1—SQP29
 Preface

INTRODUCTION
Computers plays an increasing important role in today’s world and a sound knowledge of computers has
become indispensable for anyone who seeks employment not only in the area of IT but also in any other
field as well. Computer programming is dedicated to the understanding of computer language, and writing
and testing of programs that computers’ follow to perform their functions. The programs are created using
programming languages and C is the most prevalent, efficient and compact programming language. C
combines the features of a high-level language with the elements of the assembler and is thus close to both
man and machine. The growth of C during the last few years has been phenomenal. It has emerged as the
language of choice for most applications due to its speed, portability and compactness of code. Thus, many
institutions and universities in India have introduced a subject covering Computer Programming.
This book is specially designed for first-year students of Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University
Kakinada (JNTU K) and would enable them to master the necessary skills for programming with C language.
The text has been infused with numerous examples and case studies to empower the learner. Furthermore, the
book also covers design and implementation aspect of data structures using standard ANSI C programming
language.

SIGNIFICANT FEATURES
∑ New! Completely in sync with the syllabus of JNTU Kakinada (2016 Regulation)
∑ New! Incorporates all the features of ANSI C that are essential for a C programmer.
∑ New! Solutions to latest 2015 (Nov/Dec) and 2016 (May) JNTU Kakinada question paper is placed
at the end of the book (All 4 sets)
∑ New! 149 Multiple Choice Questions incorporated at the end of each chapters help students tests
their conceptual understanding of the subject
∑ 22 Case Studies in relevant chapters with stepwise solution to demonstrate real-life applications
∑ New! Updated information on C99/C11 features
∑ New! Topics like ANSI C library functions, Negation, Swapping Values, Recursion v/s Iteration are
covered in detail
∑ Learning by example approach ensures smooth and successful transition from a learner to a skilled
C programmer
∑ Enhanced student-friendly chapter design including Outline, Introduction, Section-end Solved
Programs, Case Studies, Key Terms, Just Remember, Multiple Choice Questions, Review Questions,
Debugging Exercises, Programming Exercises
∑ Special box feature highlighting supplementary information that complements the text.
xiv Preface

PEDAGOGICAL FEATURES
∑ 134 Solved C Programs demonstrate the general principles of good programming style
∑ 171 Review Questions helps in testing conceptual understanding
∑ 28 Debugging Exercise helps in participating coding contests
∑ 179 Programming Exercises simulate interest to practice programming applications

CHAPTER ORGANIZATION
The content is spread across 9 chapters. Chapter 1 introduces computer systems, programming languages
and environment, software development method, and algorithms. Chapter 2 gives an overview of C and
explaining the keywords, identifiers, constants, variables, data types and various case studies on these.
Chapters 3 comprises of decision-making, branching and looping methods. Chapter 4 covers the functions
which are used in C language. Chapter 5 focuses on arrays while Chapter 6 deals with strings. Different
types of pointers and its types are discussed in Chapter 7. Chapter 8 presents structures and unions while
Chapter 9 covers file types and their management. Appendix 1 covers C99/C11 features in detail. In addition
to all this, Solved Question Papers of Nov/Dec 2015 (4 sets) and May 2016 (4 sets) are also given in this
book.

CD RESOURCES
The supplementary CD provided along with the book would help the students master programming language
and write their own programs using Computer programming concepts and data structures. The CD comprises
of the following resources:
∑ New! 2012, 2013, 2014, Jan/Feb 2015 solved question papers
∑ New! Lab Programs as per the new syllabus
∑ Two major programming projects—Inventory and Record Entry & two mini projects—Linked List
and Matrix Multiplication
∑ 100 Programming Exercises and 200 Objective Type Questions aligned as per the new syllabus
∑ 5 Solved Model Question Papers
∑ 79 Additional Solved Programs
∑ Additional content on Matrix Operation

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
A number of reviewers took pains to provide valuable feedback for the book. We are grateful to all of them
and their names are mentioned as follows:
S. Krishna Rao Sir CR Reddy College of Engineering, Eluru, Andhra Pradesh
Narasimha Rao Kandula Vishnu Institute of Technology, Bhimavaram, Andhra Pradesh
K. Phani Babu, Chundru Raja Ramesh Sri Vasavi Engineering College, Tadepalligudem, Andhra
Pradesh
 Preface xv

Rama Rao Adimalla Lendi Institute of Engineering and Technology, Jonnada,

Andhra Pradesh
S. Rama Sree Aditya Engineering College, Peddapuram, Andhra Pradesh
M V S S Nagendranath Sasi Institute of Technology & Engineering, Tadepalligudem,
Andhra Pradesh
S. Satyanarayana Raghu Engineering College, Dakamarri, Andhra Pradesh
S C Satapathy Anil Neerukonda Institute of Technology and Sciences,
Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh
Ch Vijaya Kumar DVR & Dr. HS MIC College of Technology, Kanchikacherla,
Andhra Pradesh

E Balagurusamy

Publisher’s Note
McGraw Hill Education (India) invites suggestions and comments, all of which can be sent to
[email protected] (kindly mention the title and author name in the subject line).
Piracy-related issues may also be reported.
Exploring the Variety of Random
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 Yours, &c. in Him,

G. W.

LETTER MCCLXXXV.
To Mr. K――n.

Leith, May 14, 1763.

My dear old steady Friend,

W HY so fearful of writing a longer letter? The longer the better. Blessed

be God, though disappointed in embarking, by reason of sickness, I
can read, and write, and hope (notwithstanding a little cold, which threw me
somewhat back this week) soon to get upon my throne again. The news
about the congregations, you may well guess rejoiced my poor heart.
Surely Mr. H―― will not get to heaven before me too. What an age do we
live in! Children thus to take the lead of their parents. Heavenly Father, not
my will, but thine be done! I expect to-morrow’s interview. A single eye will
carry us through all. A catholic spirit is the plague of bigots. Lord Jesus,
cure them of their bad distemper! I rejoice to hear that good Lady H――n is
so supported. Pray remember me in the kindest manner to dear Mr.
H――y. As I have not heard from him for two or three posts, I fear he is
worse. Pray let him know of my sending this; and inform him of my having
been able to go upon the water to-day for several hours, and by land
afterwards. Others can die, but I cannot. Father, thy will be done! What a
God do I serve? Physicians, friends on every side of me. And what is all in
all, the great physician comforting my soul. Thank, O thank him in behalf of
a worthless worm. Tender love to Mrs. K――n, Mr. and Mrs. B――n, Mr.
and Mrs. J――, and all dear friends, who are so kind as to be concerned
for me. You will be very fine when all is painted. Blessed be God, I approve
your conduct, and love your spirit. Lord Jesus, make us all glorious within!
I must drop a line to dear Mr. A―― about Mr. H――, or you should have
more from, my dear old steady friend,

Yours, &c. &c. &c. in Jesus,

 G. W.

LETTER MCCLXXXVI.
To the Reverend Mr. T――.

Greenock, June 4, 1763.

My dear Friend,

A THOUSAND thanks for your kind letters. Jesus is kind. I am better, and
just going on board the Fanny, bound to Rapanach, in Virginia. Yours
to good Lady H――n is taken care of. I hear her daughter died well, and
that her Ladyship is comforted and resigned. Blessed be God! Adieu.
Follow me with your prayers, as being

Ever yours, &c.

G. W.

LETTER MCCLXXXVII.
To the Reverend Mr. G――.

Greenock, June 4, 1763.

S TRANGE! that I should not see one whom I so dearly love. Dear Mr.
S―― will tell you the reasons. I expect to be called every moment.
God bless and reward you and yours. The diploma was sent to Edinburgh
to be signed by Mr. Trail, but hath miscarried. I wrote to Mr. Hamilton to
send it by the Diligence, which is to sail in about six weeks to Boston.
Expecting to be called every moment, I can only hasten to subscribe
myself, reverend and very dear Sir,

Ever yours, &c. &c. in Jesus,

 G. W.

LETTER MCCLXXXVIII.
To Mr. S―― S――.

At Sea, July 15, 1763.

My very dear Friend,

I HOPE that this will find you and yours prospering both in soul and body. It
leaves me looking towards Virginia but only as an harbour in my way to
an infinitely better port, from whence I shall never put out to sea again.
Through mercy I have been surprizingly kept up during the voyage, long
but not tedious. Jesus hath made the ship a Bethel, and I enjoyed that
quietness which I have in vain sought after for some years on shore. Not an
oath to be heard even in the greatest hurry. All hath been harmony and
love. But my breath is short, and I have little hopes, since my late relapse,
of much further public usefulness. A few exertions, like the last struggles of
a dying man, or glimmering flashes of a taper just burning out, is all that
can be expected from me. But blessed be God, the taper will be lighted up
again in heaven. The sun, when setting here, only sets to rise in another
clime. Such is the death of all God’s saints. Why then should we be afraid?
Why should we not rather by faith be looking through the windows of
mortality, and daily crying, “Why are his chariot wheels so long in coming?”
We had need of patience, especially when the evil days of sickness and
declining age come. But we serve a Master who will not forsake his
servants when grey headed. When heart and flesh fail, God, even our God
in Christ, will be our portion and confidence for ever. Does my dear Mr.
S―― repent that he served and worked for Him when young? Is dear Mrs.
S―― sorrowful that he was the God of her youth? Or is Miss now thinking
that she hath lately made a wrong choice? No, no: I will venture to answer
for them all. Let us, therefore, love our Master, and not go from him. Who
knows but our latter end may yet increase? If not in public usefulness,
Lord Jesus, let it be in inward heart-holiness, that we may daily ripen for
the full enjoyment of thyself in heaven! I know who says, Amen; I add
Amen, and Amen! and so subscribe myself, with ten thousand thanks for all
favours, my dear friends,
 Yours, &c. &c. in our Jesus,

G. W.

August 24.

P. S. Since writing the above, we have been exercised by contrary

winds, thunders, lightenings, &c. but out of all the Lord hath brought us,
and we came within the Cape last night. Help me to praise him, O my
friends.
 LETTER MCCLXXXIX.
To Mr. P――ks.

Within Virginia-Cape, August 24, 1763.

My dear Mr. P――ks,

I FULLY purposed to write to you before my embarkation for

America, but sickness prevented. However, I dearly love you, and
often remember you before his throne, who I am persuaded hath
loved and given himself for you. This he hath told you, and assured
you of again and again by his blessed word and Spirit. Be not
therefore faithless, but believing. O that this may find you rejoicing
with that joy which is unspeakable and full of glory. It leaves me
longing for that blissful state, where sorrow and sighing will flee
away. There, there shall we meet, and in spite of all the suggestions
of Satan, and the desperate wickedness of our own deceitful hearts,
ere long join in singing the song of Moses and the Lamb. Faithful is
he that hath promised, who also will do it. Last night, but not till then,
we cast anchor after near a twelve weeks passage. The last six
weeks were very trying to my shattered bark. But Jesus is All in All.
Help, help to praise him. To his infinite and never-failing mercy do I
commend you, as being, for his great name’s sake, my dear Mr.
P――ks,

Yours most affectionately,

G. W.

LETTER MCCXC.
 To all my dear Tabernacle Hearers, that love the Lord
Jesus Christ in Sincerity.

Virginia, September 1, 1763.

Dearly Beloved in the Lord,

T HOUGH absent in body, the Searcher of hearts knows that I

have been present with you in spirit ever since I left London.
Glad, very glad was I to hear from time to time whilst ashore, that the
shout of a king was among you; and it was my continual prayer
whilst at sea, that the glory of the Lord may so fill the Tabernacle,
that all who come to hear the word, may be constrained to say,
“Surely God is in this place.” I doubt not of your wrestling in my
behalf. Certainly it must be in answer to your cryings unto the Lord,
that I have been dealt with so bountifully. For some weeks I was
enabled to preach once a day when in Scotland, and I trust not
without some divine efficacy. But my late disorder kept me silent for
some weeks afterwards, and put me upon thinking sometimes, that
my intended voyage would be retarded, at least for one year longer.
Having obtained a little more bodily strength, I ventured upon the
mighty waters, and thanks, eternal thanks to a never-failing
Redeemer, I have not been laid by an hour through sickness since I
came on board. Every thing hath been providentially ordered,
suitable to my low estate. A large and commodious cabbin, a kind
Captain, and a most orderly and quiet ship’s company, who gladly
attended when I had breath to preach. Scarce an oath have I heard
upon deck, during a twelve weeks voyage; and such a stillness
through the whole ship, both on week days and the Lord’s-day, as
hath from time to time surprized me. Some concern hath appeared,
but of what kind or duration the event alone can discover. The
spiritual bread hath been cast on the waters: who knows but it may
be found after many days. How it shall please my all-bountiful Master
to dispose of me when I get on shore, you shall know hereafter. All
that I can say is, (if I know any thing of my unspeakably deceitful,
and desperately wicked heart) Lord Jesus,
 A life that all things casts behind,

Springs forth obedient to thy call;

A heart, that no desire can move,

But still t’adore, resign, and love,

Give me, my Lord, my life, my all!

You will not forget to persevere in praying for a poor, worthless, but
willing pilgrim, who dearly loves you, and daily rejoices in the
pleasing reflection, that he shall ere long meet you in a better world,
where the inhabitants shall no more say, “I am sick.” Blessed
prospect! Surely on the very mentioning it, you will break forth in
singing,

Rejoice, the Lord is king, &c.

I will not interrupt you. Adieu. The Lord Jesus be with your
spirits. Only when you have done singing, my dear fellow-labourers,
my dear Tabernacle-hearers, forget not to subjoin at least one
petition, that whether absent or present, Jesus may be more and
more precious to,

Your affectionate friend, and willing servant, for his great

name’s sake,

G. W.

LETTER MCCXCI.
To all my dear Tottenham-Court Hearers, that love the Lord
Jesus Christ in Sincerity.

Virginia, September 1, 1763.

 Dearly Beloved in the Lord,

T HOUGH less than the least of all, and unworthy, utterly unworthy
the notice of any, yet I cannot help thinking, but for Christ’s
sake you will be glad to hear of the goodness of the Lord extended
towards me since my departure from London. Surely it was trying, to
leave so many at each end of the town, who, I hope, will be my joy
and crown of rejoicing in the great day. Indeed, after being taken ill of
my old disorder at Edinburgh, and remaining near six weeks silent in
Scotland, I thought of seeing you soon again: but having obtained
help, I embarked, for the eleventh time, in the ship Fanny; and
though we have had a long and trying, yet, blessed be God, it hath
not been an unprofitable voyage. Often, often have I thought of my
dear London friends, when I guessed they were assembled together;
and as often prayed, when I knew they were retired to rest, that he
that keepeth Israel, and neither slumbereth nor sleepeth, would
watch over them, and make their very dreams devout. How I am to
be disposed of when on dry land, is best known to Him whose I am,
and whom I desire to serve in preaching the gospel of his dear Son.
Had I strength equal to my will, I could fly from pole to pole. Though
wearied, and now almost worn out, indeed and indeed I am not
weary of my blessed Master’s service. O love him, love him, for he is
a good Master, and doth not leave us when our strength faileth.
Make him your portion, and he will be your confidence for ever.
According to my present views, if able to do any thing for you,
through his leave I hope to see you again next year. In the mean
while, as long as I have breath to draw, it shall be my heart’s desire
and prayer to God, that the labours of the dear servants of Jesus,
who are called to preach amongst you, may be so blessed and
owned from above, that I may not be missed a single moment. May
they, may you increase with all the increase, till you are all filled with
all the fulness of God. When near his throne, if there be any
consolation in Christ, if any comfort of love, if any fellowship of the
Spirit, if any bowels of mercies, pray that the same blessing may be
conferred, my dear fellow-labourers, my dear Tottenham-Court
hearers, on
 Your most affectionate friend, and ready servant for
Christ’s sake,

G. W.

LETTER MCCXCII.
To Mr. A――.

Virginia, September 7, 1763.

My very dear Mr. A――,

M ANY more letters did I intend to write to you and other dear
friends, had I not been prevented by storms, &c. for some
weeks before our arrival. If enabled, I shall take care to pay them as
I move from place to place. We are now on dry land. Christian
friends, whom I never before heard of, were prepared to receive me:
and I have preached four times. This leaves me in my way to
Philadelphia, still visited with my old disorder, which I now never
expect to drop, till I drop for good and all this body of clay, this body
of sin and death. I suppose you are in like circumstances, as well as
thousands besides, who love the Lord Jesus in sincerity. Well: He
that cometh will come, and will not tarry. Blessed are all they that
wait for him. I hope you are favoured with precious gales of divine
influence. Tender love to all our dear fellow-labourers, and to all our
dear hearers of every denomination, in every place. You will not
forget a poor pilgrim, who, though absent in body is present in spirit.
Hoping to write in a few days to dear Mr. Middleton, &c. and wishing
you and yours all that a blessed never-failing God can give you in
time and eternity, I subscribe myself, my very dear old friend,

Ever yours, &c. in our precious Emmanuel,

G. W.
 LETTER MCCXCIII.
To Mr. W――y.

Philadelphia, September. 29, 1763.

My dear Mr. W――y,

E BENEZER! Hitherto the Lord hath helped! I have been here

above a week; but still an invalid.

Strange, that a harp of thousand strings

Should keep in tune so long!

Poor Wright is taking his American seasoning. He hath the ague and
fever. This prevents his writing. Inform his relations of it. He wants for
nothing. When you write, mention nothing but what relates to the
eternal world. I have no thoughts to throw away on the trifling things
of time. Tender love to all that are travelling to the New-Jerusalem.
There, if no sooner, we shall meet and praise the never-failing
Emmanuel, for whose great name’s sake I subscribe myself,

Yours, &c.

G. W.

LETTER MCCXCIV.
To Mr. R―― K――n.

Philadelphia, October 21, 1763.

 My very dear Mr. K――n,

T HE bearer, Mr. R――d, is a young sober gentleman, intended for

the temple, and will be very glad to see and hear Mr. Romaine,
and other gospel ministers. I hope all are flaming for God, even a
God in Christ. Here are some young bright witnesses rising up in
the church. Perhaps I have already conversed with forty new-
creature ministers of various denominations. Sixteen hopeful
students, I am credibly informed, were converted at New-Jersey
college, last year. What an open door, if I had strength! But—Father,
thy will be done! blessed be His name, I can preach now and then.
Last Tuesday we had a remarkable season among the Lutherans.
Children and grown people were much impressed. Grace! grace! If
possible, I intend returning with Mr. H――m (now here) to Georgia.
You will hear the determination by the next ship, that goes very soon.
I wrote to dear Mr. H――y very lately, by way of Bristol. Tender,
tender love to him, and to all. I have scarce time to beg the
continued interest of all your prayers, in behalf of, my dear steady
old friend,

Yours, &c. in our Jesus,

G. W.

LETTER MCCXCV.
To Mr. D――, &c.

Philadelphia, November 8, 1763.

My very dear Friends,

M AN appoints, God for wise reasons disappoints. All was ready

for my coming by land to you at Bethesda, with Mr. H――m;
but several things concurred to prevent me, and the physicians all
agree, that the only chance I have for growing better, is to stay and
see what the cold weather will do for me. Fain would I say, however
it may cross my will, Father, thy will be done! At present, I make a
shift to preach twice a week. But alas, my strength is perfect
weakness. What a mercy that Jesus is all in all! You will let me hear
from you very particularly, by Captain Bolitha, or any other
opportunity, either to this place or New-York. I want to know the
present state of all your affairs in every respect. Surely the blessed
Emmanuel, who hath brought me thus far, will give us an interview
by and by. That it may be a very happy one here below, and a
prelude to an infinitely more happy and never-ceasing one above, is
the hearty prayer of, my very dear friends,

Yours, &c. &c. in our glorious Head,

G. W.

LETTER MCCXCVI.
To Mr. R―― K――n.

Philadelphia, November 14, 1763.

My dear old Friend,

T HIS comes by one Mr. R――, reputed to be a real christian and

an expert tradesman, but greatly afflicted with a nervous head-
ach. He will be glad of some spiritual acquaintance. Fain would he
have had me under his roof. I wish he may get help, but I think we
have got our life warrant. Mr. Cruttenden I find is released; and a
dear minister of New-York got free on Saturday. I am here yet, left
behind, and now about to make my first excursion to the New-Jersey
college. Twice a week preaching, is my present allowance. Many of
various ranks seem to be brought under real concern. Physicians are
absolutely against my going to Georgia, till I get more strength.
Besides, it is doubtful whether the southern Indians will not break
out, and therefore a little stay in these parts may on that account be
most prudent. Lord Jesus, direct my goings in thy way! Accept my
wonted general salutation; tender love to all. You and yours will not
cease to pray for, my dear steady friend,

Yours, &c. in Jesus,

G. W.

LETTER MCCXCVII.
To Mr. D――n, &c.

Elizabeth-Town, November 26, 1763.

My very dear Friends,

H OW is this? Am I come four thousand miles to winter with you,

and like to be disappointed at last? I fear so; for alas, only by
travelling thus far from Philadelphia in my way to New-York, I am
quite fatigued. But I do not despair yet, if God gives me any
strength. Pray hard, and who knows what a God may do? Dear Mr.
H――m will best acquaint you with northern particulars. He leaves
me this morning, but I hope to see him at New-York the beginning of
the week, and to write more. O that I may come with him! Abba,
Father, all things are possible with thee! Adieu! My dear friend is
going. Cease not to pray for, and write to,

Yours, &c. &c. in Jesus,

G. W.
 LETTER MCCXCVIII.
New-York, December 1, 1763.

My dear Sir,

H OW thankful should I be to the adorable Jesus, and to all that

love me for his great name’s sake, for the blessed contents of
your last, dated September 10. Praise the Lord, O my soul, and all
that is within me praise his holy name! May this be only an earnest of
good things to come, both in England and Wales. Ere now, I
suppose dear Mr. Davis is crying Gogunniant in London. We are
essaying to echo it back from America. Some very good impressions
have been made in Philadelphia, and we had four sweet seasons at
New-Jersey college, and two at Elizabeth-Town, in my way hither.
Some said they resembled old times. My spirits grow better. But
thrice a week is as often as I can preach. To-day I begin here, and
have thoughts of returning with Mr. H――m to Georgia, but am
fearful of relapsing by such a fatiguing passage or journey. The Lord
will direct. Mr. Cruttenden is got above these infirmities; God be
praised that he went off so comfortably! may our expiring hour be
like his! Surprized am I indeed to find that you have a little one
coming into this world which others are leaving. Lord Jesus, spare
root and branch, for thy own glory, and thy people’s good! Lord
Jesus, convert us all more and more, and make us all like little
children! Tender, tender love to all that love him in sincerity. I would
write to many more, but company, low state of health, and travelling,
render more frequent writing impracticable to, my dear steady friend,

Yours, theirs, &c. &c. in our Jesus,

G. W.

New-York, December 4.

S INCE writing the above, blessed be God, I have preached.

Persons of all denominations seem to be athirst. Grace! grace!
Desire dear Mr. H――y to look into the Universal History of Arts and
Sciences, volume the second, page 436, for an account of
Methodism, by a papist. God bless you all. Amen and Amen. I am
just now told that the ship is going. Several other opportunities of
writing will soon offer, which, God willing, shall be embraced by, my
dear steady friend,

Ever yours, &c. in Jesus,

G. W.

LETTER MCCXCIX.
To Mr. D――n, &c.

New-York, December 7, 1763.

My very dear Friends,

W HAT a mortification do you think it must be to me, to part thus

from, and not to accompany my dear Mr. H――m to
Bethesda? Thus it was near twenty years ago, and yet I came,
though he left me so ill at New-England. Assure yourselves, I shall
come as soon as possible. In the mean while, I have desired Mr.
H――m to assist in supervising and settling the accompts, and to
give his advice in respect to the house, plantation, &c. &c. I beg you
will be so good as to let me have an inventory of every individual
thing, the names and number of the negroes, and what you think is
necessary to be done every way. I would only observe in general,
that I would have the family lessened as much as may be, and all
things contracted into as small a compass as possible. And now
once more adieu, though I trust but for a short season. My heart is
too full to enlarge. I have not got the account of the children taken in
since the first institution; it is left I believe in New-England. I purpose
going thither now from the southward. But it will be better to go to
heaven. Come, Lord Jesus, come quickly! Dear Mr. H――m will
inform you of all particulars concerning the gospel ministrations of,
my very dear friends,

Yours, ever yours, &c. &c. in Christ,

G. W.

LETTER MCCC.
To Mr. H――y.

New-York, December 8, 1763.

Dear Sir,

B LESSED be God, I am enabled to preach thrice a week. But

such a flocking of all ranks, I never before saw at New-York. A
great number have been to see me, and several come to me in the
evening, as it should seem, to hear something of the kingdom of
God. My stay here is undetermined. Perhaps it may be till
Christmas. Many thanks are due to my London friends, for their kind
assistance, from time to time, in carrying on outward matters, and
particularly to those who were so ready to assist in compleating the
tabernacle job in such an honourable way. All with you will continue
to pray for me. I would write more, but amidst such a throng of
company and bodily weakness, it is indeed impracticable. I now
repeatedly send all my tender love; and still praying that all may be
filled with all the fulness of God, I beg leave to subscribe myself,

Yours, &c. in Jesus,

G. W.
 LETTER MCCCI.
To Mr. S―― S――.

New-York, December 16, 1763.

My very dear Friend,

I SEE by what you have done lately for the tabernacle, that you do
not forget absent friends. I think you and yours are not forgotten
by them, neither I believe are forgotten by the Friend of all. He
remembers us, though he is advanced to so great a kingdom;
remembers us in our low estate, and remembers that we are but
dust. What a blessing this to worthless, ill and hell-deserving me!
What a mercy, to meet with such a friend in the latter stages of our
road! Surely he is altogether lovely. Having loved his own, he loves
them to the end; witness his yet continuing to own the feeble labours
of an almost worn out pilgrim. Every day the thirst for hearing the
word increases, and the better sort come home to hear more of it. I
must now go soon to New-England. Cold weather and a warm heart
suit my tottering tabernacle best. The ship is going. God bless you
and yours! I hope that all related, and all who are near and dear to
you, are alive for God,—a God,—a God in Christ; in whose great
name, I beg leave to subscribe myself, my very dear friend,

Yours, &c. &c.

G. W.

LETTER MCCCII.
To the Reverend Mr. G――.

New-York, Deuteronomy 18, 1763.

 Reverend and very dear Sir,

B LESSED be God, I am better in health than when I wrote last.

Preaching thrice a week agrees pretty well with me this cold
season of the year. I am apt to believe my disorder will be periodical.
It was so with Mr. Postwick, who is now with God. Our turn must
come by and by. Who would have thought Mr. Robert Scot would
have went off so soon? Lord, what is man? O to be always ready! O
for thousands to go forth to alarm a drowsy world! New-Jersey
college is a blessed nursery; one of the purest perhaps in the
universe. The worthy President and three tutors, are all bent upon
making the students both saints and scholars. I was lately there for a
week. The Redeemer vouchsafed to own the word preached. Some
said it was like old times. Prejudices in this place have most
strangely subsided. The better sort flock as eagerly as the common
people, and are fond of coming for private gospel conversation. This
is all of grace. O for an humble and thankful heart! Perhaps I may
soon go to Boston. I know you will pray that the glorious Emmanuel
may accompany me in all my removes. That this may be the happy
lot of your whole self, and of all dear enquiring friends, is the hearty
prayer of, reverend and very dear Sir,

Yours, theirs, &c. &c. in Jesus,

G. W.

P. S. I wrote to Mr. Niven last week.

LETTER MCCCIII.
To Mr. D――n, &c.

New-York, January 12, 1764.

My very dear Friends,

C APTAIN Bolitho is returned, and not one line from Bethesda!
Surely you were not informed of his sailing, or you expected to
see me with Mr. H――m. That which lets will surely by and by be
taken out of the way. Blessed be God, the cold braces me up a little.
I am enabled to preach twice or thrice a week. Congregations
continue very large, and I trust saving impressions are made upon
many. Some students also in Philadelphia and New Jersey colleges,
I hear are much awakened. O for a blessed gale of divine influences
when we meet at Bethesda! From thence, or Charles-Town, I
purpose to embark for England. But future things belong to Him, who
(whatever may be our thoughts) always orders all things well. To his
never-failing guidance and most tender mercy do I commit you all, as
being, for his great name’s sake, my very dear friends,

Yours, &c. &c.

G. W.

LETTER MCCCIV.
To Mr. R―― K――n.

Boston, March 3, 1764.

My very dear Friend,

A S I find by letters from my wife and Mr. T―― C――, dated in

October and November, and by another from Mr. D――t, dated
in December, that my friends had heard from me more than once, I
was in hopes of receiving a few lines from you by the last New-York
packet. But I suppose you thought I was gone to the southward.
Providence shut up my way: I believe for wise reasons. The inclosed
will let you see how matters went at New-York. Since leaving that
place, a sweet influence hath attended the word at Easthampton,
Bridgehampton, and South-hold upon Long-Island, at Shelter-Island
also, and at New-London, Norwich, and ♦ Providence on the main
land. At Boston I have been received with the usual warmth of
affection. Twice have we seen the Redeemer’s stately steps in the
great congregation. But as the small-pox is likely to take an universal
spread through the town, I purpose making my country tour, and
then return to Boston in my way to the southward. Invitations come
so thick and fast from every quarter, that I know not what to do. I
cannot boast of acquiring much additional bodily strength, any
otherwise than as the cool season of the year helps to keep me up.
Twice a week is as often as I can with comfort ascend my throne.
The Redeemer vouchsafes to speak for himself there, and private
conversation is greatly blessed. Thus the taper keeps burning a little
longer: when extinguished on earth, it will be removed where it shall
burn with uninterrupted lustre in the kingdom of heaven. Till I hear
from you, and see what is determined concerning Bethesda, I cannot
think of undertaking a long voyage. Sometimes I fear my weakness
will never allow me to go on ship-board any more. But I will wait. I
will endeavour to watch and pray, and doubt not but I shall hear a
voice behind me saying, “This is the way, walk thou in it.” In the
mean while, I rejoice to find that dear Mr. Davis is come to his winter
quarters, and do earnestly pray night and day, that he and all my
dear fellow-labourers and hearers may increase with all the increase
of God. Perhaps they may pray me over once more. Whenever the
way is clear, I am ready to say, “Lord Jesus, lo I come.” Tender,
most tender love awaits you all. I must not enlarge, lest my affections
should overpower this feeble frame. In heaven it will be otherwise.
My very dear Sir, farewel. I must away to preach at Charles-Town, a
neighbouring town to Boston. Hoping ere long to join with you all in
praising God for evermore, I beg leave to subscribe myself,

Yours, &c. &c. in our glorious Head,

G. W.

♦ “Provividence” replaced with “Providence”