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Unreal Engine 5
Game Development
with C++ Scripting

Become a professional game developer

and create fully functional, high-quality games

Zhenyu George Li

BIRMINGHAM—MUMBAI
Unreal Engine 5 Game Development with C++ Scripting
Copyright © 2023 Packt Publishing
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted
in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, except in the case
of brief quotations embedded in critical articles or reviews.
Every effort has been made in the preparation of this book to ensure the accuracy of the information
presented. However, the information contained in this book is sold without warranty, either express
or implied. Neither the author, nor Packt Publishing or its dealers and distributors, will be held liable
for any damages caused or alleged to have been caused directly or indirectly by this book.
Packt Publishing has endeavored to provide trademark information about all of the companies and
products mentioned in this book by the appropriate use of capitals. However, Packt Publishing cannot
guarantee the accuracy of this information.

Group Product Manager: Rohit Rajkumar

Publishing Product Manager: Vaideeshwari Muralikrishnan
Senior Editor: Hayden Edwards
Technical Editor: Simran Udasi
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Project Coordinator: Aishwarya Mohan
Proofreader: Safis Editing
Indexer: Manju Arasan
Production Designer: Ponraj Dhandapani
Marketing Coordinators: Namita Velgekar & Nivedita Pandey

First published: August 2023

Production reference: 1110823

Published by Packt Publishing Ltd.

Grosvenor House
11 St Paul’s Square
Birmingham
B3 1R

ISBN 978-1-80461-393-1

www.packtpub.com
 Foreword
I have known and worked with George Li in various capacities for more than 20 years.
We met first as colleagues at a private college of interactive arts in downtown Vancouver, Canada. I
was a full professor of linguistics at a university in the area, with extensive experience in developing
a cognitive science program at the university. Establishing a curriculum for such a program involved
familiarizing myself with areas well beyond the area of my specific academic position and collaborating
closely with colleagues – particularly in computing science (cognitive), psychology, and philosophy
(particularly concerning socio-epistemological issues such as AI). It was in this spirit that I was happy
to associate myself with a private college, focusing on language study and teaching, together with
preparing students to handle 3D computer applications (e.g., 3ds Max, 3D GameStudio, and Unreal)
and showing them how to generate animation materials for film, TV, and games.
George Li was in charge of all the technical requirements of the college. I very quickly realized that he
was not merely extremely competent and forthcoming (he had already occupied high-level computing-
related positions, software engineering for instance, in China prior to emigrating to Canada) but
also computationally competent and brilliantly innovative. He also had a particular interest in the
development of game engines and was already collaborating with his colleague, Charles Yeh, on a
practical reference book, XNA PC & Xbox360 C# Game Programming, with proprietary-produced
text and games to his credit.
As colleagues in the college, George and I found common, mutually strengthening interests. Eventually,
he and I found ourselves in charge of creating a two-year interactive-arts program curriculum for
the college.
My whole career, at universities in the UK and Canada, and as a member of the editorial boards of
a major academic journal and a very influential series, has closely involved the evaluation of the
intellectual quality of people’s capabilities and work, and in my opinion, George Li’s innate talents
shine out clearly throughout his work and will continue to do so in the future. His ability to express
his knowledge of the subject at hand is outstandingly demonstrated in all his work, performance,
expressions, and character.
This book, like the one co-authored with Yeh, is designed for independent developers and company
training, plus for reference after post-secondary education. The knowledge presented herein is most
intelligently, clearly, and effectively presented so as to be as efficiently applicable and pedagogically
effective as possible on any device or platform, producing high-quality games, accessories, and edits.
This volume will certainly stand the test of time and fulfill the majority of the needs of those working
in the field of gaming. However, I am certain that George will make further, very crucial contributions
to this topic.
Until then, this volume will serve you excellently, helping you enjoy and prosper with your future
activities and products.

Dr. E. Wyn Roberts (M.A. Ph.D (Cantab.))

Emeritus Professor of Linguistics, Simon Fraser University
 Contributors

About the author

Zhenyu George Li is a passionate video game developer with over 20 years of experience in the field.
As a seasoned software engineer, George has contributed significantly to the development of numerous
games throughout his career and currently serves as a senior development consultant at Unity.
George’s fascination with video games was sparked during his college studies, igniting a passion that
would shape his professional journey. During the early stages of his game development endeavors,
George immersed himself in technologies such as Visual Basic, C/C++, DirectX, OpenGL, and Windows
GUI. These foundational experiences laid the groundwork for his subsequent success in the industry.
Throughout his career, George has made substantial contributions to various commercial games.
Notable titles in his portfolio include Halo Infinite, Magic: The Gathering Arena, Stela, Dead Rising 2,
The Bigs 2, and so on. His involvement in these projects has allowed him to gain extensive knowledge
and practical experience in a wide range of domains, including programming, game engines, gameplay
and AI, graphics, animation, multiplayer games, multiplayform games, and game physics. In practical
applications, George has used both the Unreal and Unity engines in the development of real game projects.
In addition to his achievements as a game developer, George has also honed his teaching abilities during
his eight years of college-level instruction. He has shared his knowledge and expertise with aspiring
developers, serving as a lecturer at the Vancouver Film School (VFS), the College of Interactive Arts,
and Hefei Union University. During his teaching at VFS, George instructed students in the intricacies
of Unreal Engine.

I express my gratitude to my wife, Alison Guo, for her support in handling family responsibilities and
for enabling me to dedicate time to completing this book. I also extend my thanks to Sarah Beck and
Willy Campos for their encouragement and support throughout the writing process.
About the reviewers
Aditya Dutta holds a game programming advanced diploma from Humber College and is a highly
accomplished senior software engineer at Archiact Interactive, bringing expertise in Unreal Engine
and C++ system design and implementation.
With a strong collaborative spirit, Aditya leads feature development and takes ownership of tools
while actively improving team processes. These leadership skills were evident during his tenure
as lead programmer at Humber College, where he successfully guided and mentored a team of
programmers, overseeing the technical aspects of significant projects in the virtual production and
architecture industries.
His contributions at UP360 Inc. as a programmer included shipping numerous training VR simulations,
developing iterative tools, and implementing gameplay mechanics using Unreal Engine.

Michael Oakes is a senior software consultant for Unity and has over 27 years of experience in the
IT industry. He has worked with real-time 3D and games for over eight years, specializing in mixed
reality design and development, shader programming, and AI and multiplayer systems.
He has worked as a technical consultant on other titles, including Packt Publishing’s Learn ML-Agents
– Fundamentals of Unity Machine Learning, written by Micheal Lanham.
 Table of Contents
Part 1 – Getting Started with Unreal C++
Scripting
1
Creating Your First Unreal C++ Game 3
Technical requirements 3 Ensuring your UE has the source code installed 9
Understanding C++ scripting in Unreal 4 Launching the UE5 editor through the Epic
Games Launcher 10
What is the difference between C++ and
Creating the MyShooter C++ project 10
Blueprint?4
Associating VS with UE5 as the default source
When do you use C++? 5
code editor 12
What is the difference between C++
Opening the C++ source code in VS (optional) 13
programming and C++ scripting? 5

Creating your C++ Shooter project Converting an existing Blueprint

from a template 6 project to a C++ project 15
Installing Visual Studio 2022 6 Summary20

2
Editing C++ Code in Visual Studio 21
Technical requirements 21 Solution Explorer 26
Launching VS 22 Output window 27
Error List window 28
Walking through the VS IDE’s UI 24
Code editor 25 Editing code in VS 29
Menus26 Controlling the caret (input cursor) 30
Search box 26 The text editing keys 30
Toolbar26 Code selection 30
viii Table of Contents

IntelliSense31 Creating the main.cpp file 35

Useful editing hotkeys 31 Changing the editor theme 37
Writing the initial code for main.cpp 38
Practicing C++ coding 32
Adding the Calculator class 40
Creating a new C++ solution in VS 33
Summary42

3
Learning C++ and Object-Oriented Programming 43
Technical requirements 44 Working on the improved calculator
What is C++? 44 program66
Exploring the C++ program structure 45 Creating references and pointers 72
Defining C++ functions 46 References73
Pointers74
Defining functions with or without parameters 47
Calling functions 47 Understanding OOP 74
Writing the main() function 47 What is OOP? 75
Working with a basic calculator What are classes and objects? 75
program48 Creating classes in C++ 76
Creating objects in C++ 77
Learning the C++ syntax 49
Using the C++ data types 50 Working on an OOP calculator
Defining variables 51 program78
Using C++ arrays 52 Adding constructor and getter functions for
Using C++ operators 53 the calculator class 83
Accepting user input 57 Creating the CalculatorEx class, which
Adding C++ comments 57 inherits from the Calculator class 84
Controlling the C++ flow 58 Summary88

4
Investigating the Shooter Game’s Generated Project and C++ Code 89
Technical requirements 89 Getting familiar with the source code 95
Understanding the MyShooter C++ MyShooterCharacter.h95
project structure 90 MyShooterCharacter.cpp100
Understanding the game program MyShooterProjectile.h and
structure92 MyShooterProjectile.cpp103
 Table of Contents ix

TP_PickUpComponent.h and TP_ MyShooter.Build.cs, MyShooter.Target.cs,

PickUpComponent.cpp106 and MyShooterEditor.target.cs 111
TP_WeaponComponent.h and TP_
Launching Unreal Editor and
WeaponComponent.cpp108
opening the game project in Visual
MyShooter.h and MyShooter.cpp 110
Studio112
MyShooterGameMode.h and
MyShooterGameMode.cpp110 Summary114

Part 2 – C++ Scripting for Unreal Engine

5
Learning How to Use UE Gameplay Framework Base Classes 117
Technical requirements 118 Defining private properties for these two
components136
Creating a Pangaea top-down game
project118 Adding public getter functions to the
components137
Understanding the gameplay Creating components in the class constructor 138
framework base classes 119
Creating game actor classes 120 Creating blueprints from the new
actor classes 138
Creating the ADefenseTower class 120
Creating the AProjectile class 125 Learning about the Unreal gameplay
Creating the APlayerAvatar class 125 framework classes 142
Locating and creating gameplay framework
Recompiling C++ projects 127 classes in Pangaea 142
Using the UPROPERTY macro 128 Learning about the PlayerController class 143
The UPROPERTY syntax 129 Learning about the GameModeBase class 144
The UPROPERTY specifiers and metadata keys130 GameState144
Marking the ADefenseTower, AProjectile, GameInstance144
and APlayerAvatar attributes as UE properties 130 Retrieving class instances from your code 145

Using the UFUNCTION macro 132 Using the Cast template function 145
The UFUNCTION syntax 132 Summary147
UFUNCTION specifiers and metadata keys 132
Tagging ADefenseTower and APlayerAvatar
member functions as UFUNCTION macros 133

Adding components to the new actors136

Including component header files 136
x Table of Contents

6
Creating Game Actors 149
Technical requirements 149 Replacing the game’s player pawn 160
Setting up the player avatar 150 Creating the player avatar’s
Adding SpringArmComponent and animation blueprint 162
CameraComponent to PlayerAvatar 150 Creating the PlayerAvatarAnimInstance class 163
Initializing the player avatar 154 Creating the ABP_PlayerAvatar blueprint 169
Setting up the character’s Creating the State Machine on ABP_
SkeletalMeshComponent155 PlayerAvatar171
Syncing the movement speed with the
Importing the character model 155
animation instance 174
Using the Hero skeletal mesh in BP_
PlayerAvatar160 Summary176

7
Controlling Characters 179
Technical requirements 180 Implementing the OnStateAnimationEnds
function186
Controlling the player character to
attack180 Destroying actors 187
Adding the Attack action to the action map 180 Creating the enemy character 189
Binding the handler function to the Attack Creating the Enemy class 190
action181
Creating the EnemyController class 195
Implementing the OnAttackPressed() action
Creating the ABP_Enemy animation blueprint 200
handler function 182
Creating the BP_Enemy blueprint 201
Implementing the CanAttack() and Attack()
functions182 Testing the game 203
Processing non-loop animations 184 Summary204

8
Handling Collisions 205
Technical requirements 205 Using collisions for game interactions213
Understanding collision detection 206 Downloading and creating the weapon,
defense tower, and fireball actors 214
Setting the collision presets 210
 Table of Contents xi

Picking up weapons 218 target is hit 230

Spawning a weapon for the enemy 224 Processing a defense tower hit 234
Defense tower firing fireballs 225
Summary236
Moving the fireball and checking whether the

9
Improving C++ Code Quality 239
Technical requirements 239 Creating a fireball pool 256
Refactoring code 240 Outputting debug messages 263
Combining the PlayerAvatarAnimInstance Using the UE_LOG macro 264
and EnemyAnimInstance classes 240 Printing debug messages to the screen 265
Making PangaeaCharacter the parent class of
APlayerAvatar and AEnemy 243 Checking an Actor instance’s actual
class type 266
Refining code 255
Summary269
Using caching variables 255

Part 3 – Making a Complete Multiplayer Game

10
Making Pangaea a Network Multiplayer Game 273
Technical requirements 273 replications282
Comparing single-player and Updating the character health bar with
multiplayer games 274 RepNotify284
Processing hits on the server 290
Launching the multiplayer Pangaea
Spawning fireballs on the server side 291
game in the editor 275
Understanding multiplayer game Summary293
network modes 277
Handling network synchronizations 278
Notifying player attacks with RPCs 278
Syncing actor variables to clients with
xii Table of Contents

11
Controlling the Game Flow 295
Technical requirements 295 Adding the Timer variable to the
APangaeaGameState class 313
Designing the Pangaea game’s flow 296
Making the Timer variable replicable 314
Creating the UI widgets 297
Defining OnTimeChangedDelegate 314
Creating BP_LobbyWidget 298
Creating and binding the custom event to
Creating BP_HUDWidget 301 OnTimeChangedDelegate315
Creating BP_GameOverWidget 303 Counting down the timer 317
Adding networking functions to Designating APangaeaGameState as the
PangaeaGameInstance306 project’s game state class 319

Adding UI widgets to game levels 310 Destroying a base defense tower to

Adding the game timer 312 win the game 320
Summary326

12
Polishing and Packaging the Game 327
Technical requirements 327 Packaging the game 338
Polishing the game 328 Configuring the project settings for packaging 338
Importing and using high-quality game assets 328 Making the build a windowed game 340
Fixing bugs 331 Avoiding the hardcoded path for finding
Profiling and optimization 331 content341
Packaging the project 344
Using Unreal Engine console
commands332 What to do next 347
Exploring modes and console commands 332 Summary348
Executing console commands in C++ 336

Index349

Other Books You May Enjoy 360

 Preface
Welcome, and thank you for choosing to pick up the Unreal Engine 5 Game Development with C++
Scripting book! This comprehensive book is designed to assist game developers and students in
advancing their professional skills in C++ programming for Unreal Engine game development.
Unreal Engine is a powerful and versatile game engine widely used in both the gaming and movie-
making industries. Possessing advanced and professional Unreal Engine development skills enables
individuals to adapt more effectively to the demands of a career in game development, opening a
multitude of opportunities for them.
When developing with Unreal Engine, you have the option to use either one or both of two available
programming tools:

• Blueprint provides a user-friendly interface suitable for non-programmer developers

• C++ is predominantly employed by software engineers, providing a more robust and flexible
approach to game development

As an Unreal Engine developer, you may have a genuine interest in understanding C++ and how it
integrates with the engine, even if you don’t identify as a software engineer or aspire to become one.
This book is designed to assist you in expanding your knowledge and skills by guiding you through
the necessary steps to create a fully fledged game, covering essential aspects of game development. It
aims to smoothen the learning curve, allowing for a more seamless and efficient grasp of the concepts
presented. The carefully organized topics eliminate the need for random searching and prevent wasted
time on unrelated readings, enabling you to focus on the relevant information. Moreover, this book
serves as a valuable reference manual, offering a comprehensive resource that can be revisited and
utilized for further study.

Who this book is for

It is important to note that this book does not serve as a beginner’s guide to using Unreal Engine. Prior
to exploring its contents, you should already possess a basic understanding of, and practical experience
with, Unreal Engine and Blueprint. This prerequisite ensures that you have a solid foundation of
knowledge to fully leverage the material covered in this book, maximizing your learning experience.
xiv Preface

This book caters to a diverse range of readers:

• Non-engineer game developers, such as game designers and artists who aspire to learn and
comprehend C++ in the context of Unreal Engine development
• Software engineers who may lack prior experience in Unreal Engine C++ programming but
wish to quickly acquire the necessary skills for their next project or job
• Students who are interested in learning and digging into Unreal C++ programming for their
study or personal projects
• Individuals with a keen interest in game development using Unreal Engine will benefit from
the comprehensive knowledge presented within these pages

What this book covers

Chapter 1, Creating Your First Unreal C++ Game, guides you quickly through creating a new C++
game project based on the Shooter template in Unreal. This chapter also introduces how to convert
an existing Blueprint game project into a C++ game project.
Chapter 2, Editing C++ Code in Visual Studio, provides basic information on how to use the powerful
integrated development environment Microsoft Visual Studio to edit C++ code. This chapter not only
presents the editing skills needed but also demonstrates how to create a calculator application in C++.
Chapter 3, Learning C++ and Object-Oriented Programming, goes deeper into C++ programming based
on the previous chapter’s calculator project. This chapter covers the fundamental C++ syntax, data
types, flow control, and so on. C++ object-oriented programming is also introduced in this chapter.
Chapter 4, Investigating the Shooter Game’s Generated Project and C++ Code, explores the details of
the generated shooter game project, including the project files’ structure and the source files. In this
chapter, the C++ code lines are briefly explained, so that you gain an overall understanding of how
C++ code works.
Chapter 5, Learning How to Use the UE Gameplay Framework Base Classes, instructs you on how to
create our new top-down game project, Pangaea. You will be guided on how to create the game actors,
DefenseTower, for instance, and the game character, PlayerAvatar classes, for instance, as
well as defining actor properties and functions in C++.
Chapter 6, Creating Game Actors, provides steps to write code and set up the main character for the
Pangaea game. It includes setting up the character, creating the animation instance, defining the state
machine, and synchronizing the animations.
Chapter 7, Controlling Characters, provides methods of controlling game characters. This includes
configuring the input map, handling player input, and effectively processing the reactions of the
player character. Additionally, you will be introduced to the AI controller and the navigation system
for controlling non-player characters.
 Preface xv

Chapter 8, Handling Collisions, discusses the engine’s collision system and its configurations for game
interactions. To handle collision events – attack hits and projectile hits, for example – you will learn
how to configure actor colliders and triggers. Using ray casts to check whether a projectile hits the
target is also introduced in this chapter.
Chapter 9, Improving C++ Code Quality, presents how to employ software engineering practices during
code refactoring and refinement. This chapter implements class generalization, caching, and pooling
methods to improve the game code’s quality and performance.
Chapter 10, Making Pangaea a Network Multiplayer Game, starts by introducing the fundamental
concepts related to multiplayer games, including servers, clients, and multiplayer modes. You will
be guided step by step through converting the single-player Pangaea game into a multiplayer game.
Chapter 11, Controlling the Game Flow, intends to make Pangaea a complete multiplayer game, which
has a main menu as the lobby, so that players can decide whether they want to start a host or join
a game session. C++ and Blueprint scripting skills for user interface operations are also revealed in
this chapter.
Chapter 12, Polishing and Packaging the Game, provides resources, methods, and suggestions on how to
polish games from both visual experience and product quality aspects. This chapter also provides steps
for configuring and packaging the Pangaea project to be an executable standalone game for distribution.

To get the most out of this book

You will need to have knowledge and experience in using Unreal Engine. Basic Blueprint scripting
knowledge is also required prior to reading this book.

Software/hardware covered in the book Operating system requirements

Unreal Engine 5.0 and up Microsoft Windows 10 and up
Microsoft Visual Studio 2002 with the C++ compiler

If you conduct experiments with the samples on systems other than Microsoft Windows, such as
macOS, please keep in mind that there may be user interface and configuration differences that may
not be addressed in this book.
If you are using the digital version of this book, we advise you to type the code yourself or access
the code from the book’s GitHub repository (a link is available in the next section). Doing so will
help you avoid any potential errors related to the copying and pasting of code.

Download the example code files

You can download the example code files for this book from GitHub at https://github.com/
PacktPublishing/Unreal-Engine-5-Game-Development-with-C-Scripting.
If there’s an update to the code, it will be updated in the GitHub repository.
xvi Preface

We also have other code bundles from our rich catalog of books and videos available at https://
github.com/PacktPublishing/. Check them out!

Conventions used
There are a number of text conventions used throughout this book.
Code in text: Indicates code words in text, database table names, folder names, filenames,
file extensions, pathnames, dummy URLs, user input, and Twitter handles. Here is an example:
"The AProjectile class can be inherited as child classes for creating various fireable objects, such as
AFireBall, AMissile, ABomb, and so on."
A block of code is set as follows:

#pragma once
#include "CoreMinimal.h"
#include "GameFramework/Actor.h"
#include "DefenseTower.generated.h

When we wish to draw your attention to a particular part of a code block, the relevant lines or items
are set in bold:

void APangaeaCharacter::BeginPlay()
{
…
_AnimInstance = Cast<UPangaeaAnimInstance>(
GetMesh()->GetAnimInstance());
…
}

Any command-line input or output is written as follows:

$ mkdir css
$ cd css

Bold: Indicates a new term, an important word, or words that you see onscreen. For instance, words in
menus or dialog boxes appear in bold. Here is an example: "In the Unreal Project Browser window,
choose the GAMES tab on the left side. Then select the First Person template."

Tips or important notes

Appear like this.
 Preface xvii

Additionally, the C++ sample code provided in this book adheres primarily to Unreal Engine’s coding
standard, ensuring consistency and minimizing confusion for readers. For detailed information, you
can visit the official Code Standard website here: https://docs.unrealengine.com/5.0/
en-US/epic-cplusplus-coding-standard-for-unreal-engine/.
Exceptions may occur when using compact expressions that are clear and easily understood, allowing the
text to fit within the constraints of the page printing layout without compromising reader comprehension.
For example, the following line of code follows the code standard by explicitly declaring the type of
the assigned GameInst variable:

UPlayerAvatarAnimationInstance* GameInst = Cast

  <UPlayerAvatarAnimationInstance>(GetMesh()->GetAnimInstance())

The following modified version is used instead:

auto GameInst = Cast<UPlayerAvatarAnimationInstance>(

  GetMesh()->GetAnimInstance())

Get in touch
Feedback from our readers is always welcome.
General feedback: If you have questions about any aspect of this book, email us at
[email protected] and mention the book title in the subject of your
message.

Errata: Although we have taken every care to ensure the accuracy of our content, mistakes do happen.
If you have found a mistake in this book, we would be grateful if you would report this to us. Please
visit www.packtpub.com/support/errata and fill in the form.
Piracy: If you come across any illegal copies of our works in any form on the internet, we would
be grateful if you would provide us with the location address or website name. Please contact us at
[email protected] with a link to the material.
If you are interested in becoming an author: If there is a topic that you have expertise in and you
are interested in either writing or contributing to a book, please visit authors.packtpub.com.
xviii

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 xix

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 Part 1 –
Getting Started with
Unreal C++ Scripting

In this part, the primary focus will be on providing an introduction to the basics of C++ programming,
specifically for game development with Unreal Engine. You will gain knowledge on creating a C++
game project in Unreal, as well as utilizing MS Visual Studio to access and modify the game’s source
code. Moreover, essential concepts of C++ and object-oriented programming, along with their syntax,
will be introduced. Building upon this foundation, we will examine the generated source code to
conduct an initial investigation into the game project.
This part contains the following chapters:

• Chapter 1, Creating Your First Unreal C++ Game

• Chapter 2, Editing C++ Code in Visual Studio
• Chapter 3, Learning C++ and Object-Oriented Programming
• Chapter 4, Investigating the Shooter Game’s Generated Project and C++ Code
 1
Creating Your First Unreal
C++ Game
Unreal Engine (UE) is one of the most popular 3D computer graphics game engines developed by Epic
Games, providing a comprehensive set of tools and functionalities to develop high-quality, immersive
3D simulations. The engine offers its intuitive visual scripting system, Blueprint, and a robust C++
programming framework for developers of all skill levels. This book provides a concise introduction
to C++ programming and demonstrates how to write C++ scripts in UE for game development.
In this chapter, you will learn the essential skill of creating an Unreal C++ project from scratch
or converting an existing Unreal Blueprint project into an Unreal C++ project, which serves as a
fundamental skill to advance in game development. By mastering this process, you will gain the
necessary foundation to take your game development abilities to the next level.
This chapter will cover the following topics:

• Understanding C++ scripting in Unreal

• Creating your C++ shooter project from a template
• Converting an existing Blueprint project to a C++ project

Technical requirements
As a reader of this book, you will be expected to have common computer operational skills. You
should also have basic knowledge of and experience with the UE5 editor, as well as some Blueprint
scripting skills.
To follow this chapter, you should have installed Epic Games Hub and the 5.03 or later version of
the engine editor on your computer. If you haven’t done so, please go to the official Epic website
(https://www.unrealengine.com/en-US) to register an account and download the Epic
Games Launcher.
4 Creating Your First Unreal C++ Game

The minimum required development environment is as follows:

• Operating system: Windows 10

• Processor: Intel 7th generation or equivalent
• Memory: 16 GB of RAM
• GPU: GTX 1080 (or AMD equivalent)
• DirectX: Version 12
• Storage: 25 GB of available space
• Additional notes: 8 GB of VRAM recommended

The official system requirements can be found here: https://docs.unrealengine.com/5.0/

en-US/hardware-and-software-specifications-for-unreal-engine/. To save
game editing time in the UE5 editor, it is recommended to use a computer with an i9 (or an AMD
equivalent) CPU, 64 GB of RAM, and a GeForce RTX 3060 video card.

Understanding C++ scripting in Unreal

Before getting started, we need to answer some questions that people usually ask about C++ scripting.
This will help to clarify the pros and cons of using C++, the reasons to use C++, and the difference
between UE C++ scripting and C++ programming.

What is the difference between C++ and Blueprint?

Both C++ and Blueprint are scripting languages that can accomplish the same tasks, but one might be
better suited than the other under certain circumstances. The main difference between them is that
C++ is a programming language that allows you to write general-purpose, text-based code, whereas
Blueprint is a visual scripting system for UE.
For UE projects, game studios usually use both C++ and Blueprint to develop commercial-level games.
C++ is usually used for advanced techniques, complex algorithms, and big-scale logic code. If you
can script with C++, you will have more chances to work on a professional team.
One of the most important advantages of using C++ is performance. C++ allows you to write low-level
operational code. It also provides control over the core system that is not accessible to Blueprint.
In addition, the final C++ code will eventually be optimized and compiled to be machine-friendly
binary native code. On the other hand, Blueprint scripts are interpreted and executed by a middle
layer, which means more execution time.
 Understanding C++ scripting in Unreal 5

C++ code and files can be well-organized based on an entire project’s mechanics. It is easy to globally
search, locate, and access code blocks to edit, maintain, and troubleshoot. In the meantime, it is also
easier to read and understand a big chunk of code that implements complex algorithms and logic.
Blueprint, on the other hand, is a context-sensitive scripting environment. Blueprint graphs are
relatively independent. When a graph needs to solve complex logic, the nodes and the connection
lines create messy spaghetti that can hardly be understood and maintained.
C++ also has some shortcomings. One example is that it may cause critical errors that may crash an
entire system. That is usually caused by the developer’s mistakes. Since Blueprint is a protected layer,
it is safer, and hence, the chances of the system crashing are fewer.
In conclusion, the choice between C++ and Blueprint should be made based on specific development
requirements and conditions, considering the pros and cons of each approach.

When do you use C++?

Both C++ and Blueprint can handle game development processes without a problem. There is no
exact rule that regulates when to use C++ or Blueprint. It mainly depends on your experience and the
actual needs of different games. You make your own decision based on how much you know about
the two scripting systems.
Before you start working on something, you can ask yourself this question: “Where does it make sense
to use C++, and where does it make sense to use Blueprints?” We recommend basing your answer on
the following aspects and trade-offs:

• Performance
• Logic and algorithm complexity
• Accessibility to a system’s core functions
• The developer’s experience

If you want higher performance and deal with advanced game logic and system processes, and you
are capable of coding and solving complex problems, you should go for C++.

What is the difference between C++ programming and C++

scripting?
You may be confused about the difference between C++ programming and C++ scripting. We want
to clarify the meanings of these two terms.
6 Creating Your First Unreal C++ Game

C++ programming means using the C++ programming language to write code for any purpose; it
doesn’t have to be just for UE projects. C++ scripting, in this book, is a specific dialect of the C++
programming language supported by the UE. It takes advantage of the power of C++ syntax and also
works with UE’s Application Programming Interfaces (APIs), which allow developers to create and
extend the engine’s functionalities for their games and the development environment’s context, such
as objects, graphics, audio, and network communication.
Now that we have a basic overview of C++ and have learned why and when to use C++ for Unreal
game developments, let’s dive deeper into C++ scripting by creating a sample project.

Creating your C++ Shooter project from a template

Now, it’s the time to get your hands dirty working on a UE5 C++ project yourself. We will go through
the steps to create a new C++ project from scratch based on the First Person template.
The First Person template is one of the default game templates that come with UE. When you want
to create a new project, you can pick this template from the Unreal Project Browser window. Our
new MyShooter game will derive all the features from the template game, and we don’t have to do any
additional work.
To get started with C++ scripting, we first need to install an IDE. In this book, we will use MS Visual
Studio 2022 as an example.

Installing Visual Studio 2022

Visual Studio (VS) is an Integrated Development Environment (IDE) from Microsoft. It is a tool used
to create, edit, debug, and compile code. In order to do C++ scripting, you need to go to the official
website at https://visualstudio.microsoft.com/vs/ and download the Community
2022 version installation package (see Figure 1.1).
 Creating your C++ Shooter project from a template 7

Figure 1.1 – Downloading VS 2022

Note
To install VS, a Microsoft account is typically required. If you don’t have a Microsoft account, you
can register using the following page: https://account.microsoft.com/account/.

Next, launch VisualStudioSetup.exe inside the folder where you downloaded the VS installer
(the \Downloads folder, for example).
Enable the two Game development with C++ and Desktop development with C++ checkboxes –
these two options tell the installer to install the C++ compiler and the professional game development
support for UE (see Figure 1.2).
8 Creating Your First Unreal C++ Game

Figure 1.2 – Picking workloads for the VS installation

Also, keep an eye on the following options on the Installation details panel that belongs to the Desktop
development with C++ group, and make sure the following are checked:

• C++ profiling tools

• C++ AddressSanitizer
• Windows 10 SDK
• IntelliCode
• IDE support for Unreal Engine

Then, click the Install button to install the workloads and reboot the system, and then you will see a
prompt from the dialog popup (see Figure 1.3):

Figure 1.3 – The VS Done installing dialog box

 Creating your C++ Shooter project from a template 9

The next thing we need to do is to confirm that we have installed the engine source code together
with the UE5 editor. The reason why we need this is that when we generate a new project, the engine
source code can be integrated into the new project; under certain circumstances, we may need to
modify or customize the engine for the game’s specific needs.

Ensuring your UE has the source code installed

Before launching the UE5 editor, we first need to check whether Engine Source is installed for the
editor. By doing this check, we make sure that the UE5 source code is integrated with the C++ projects
we are going to create.
The three steps to check or install the engine source code are as follows:

1. Click the downward arrow button and choose Options from the drop-down menu.
2. Make sure that the Engine Source option is checked.
3. Press the Apply button:

Figure 1.4 – The UE5 Options menu

UE is an ongoing development product, with bugs and defects that may need to be fixed by its users.
Also, professional developers sometimes modify the engine source code to adapt to their specific
needs. An example of this is when we face an issue with geometry instancing (or instanced rendering)
working only in the game’s development build but not in the release build, which is subsequently
resolved by our engineer modifying the engine’s source code.
10 Creating Your First Unreal C++ Game

Note
Geometry instancing is a rendering technique that renders multiple instances of a visual object
in a single draw call and provides each instance with some unique attributes: https://
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometry_instancing.

We are now ready to start the UE editor through the Epic Games Launcher.

Launching the UE5 editor through the Epic Games Launcher

Launching the UE5 editor is pretty straightforward. You simply click the Launch button on the 5.03
engine card to start the editor (see Figure 1.5).

Figure 1.5 – Launching the UE5 editor from the Epic Games Launcher

The next thing we want to do is to create a new game project. Let’s name the new project MyShooter.

Creating the MyShooter C++ project

To create the project, follow these steps (and see Figure 1.6 for reference):

1. In the Unreal Project Browser window, choose the GAMES tab on the left side.
2. Select the First Person template.
3. Select the C++ button.
 Creating your C++ Shooter project from a template 11

4. Choose the project location (for example, C:\UEProjects) and type MyShooter in the
Project Name field.
5. Click the Create button.

Figure 1.6 – Creating the MyShooter project

The created game project also includes the starter content, which is packaged with assets and resources
that can be used to prototype the game.
The engine will do some initialization work and then open the editor when things are ready. If you
look at the project tree panel’s MyShooter tab in the bottom-left corner of the editor window, you
should see the C++ Classes node on the same layer as the Content node (see Figure 1.7).
12 Creating Your First Unreal C++ Game

Figure 1.7 – The MyShooter C++ project opened in the UE5 editor

Associating VS with UE5 as the default source code editor

Since we created the C++, project, all the C++ source code for the game was already generated. To open
the source files directly in the UE5 editor, we want to associate VS as the engine editor’s default IDE.
On the UE5 Editor’s main menu, select Edit | Editor Preferences to open the preference window, then
find the General | Source Code item on the left panel, and finally, pick Visual Studio 2022 from the
Source Code Editor dropdown (see Figure 1.8).
 Creating your C++ Shooter project from a template 13

Figure 1.8 – Making VS the default source code editor

You can now use VS to open the source code files.

Opening the C++ source code in VS (optional)

If you want to open and view the C++ source code in VS, you can find the source code file (for example,
C++/MyShooter/MyShooterCharacter.cpp) in the project and simply double-click on it
(see Figure 1.9).

Figure 1.9 – Opening MyShooterCharacter.cpp source code in VS

The system will automatically launch VS, and the VS editor will open the MyShooterCharacter.
cpp file (see Figure 1.10).
14 Creating Your First Unreal C++ Game

Figure 1.10 – Viewing the MyShooterCharacter.cpp source code in VS

Back in the Unreal editor, click the Play ( ) button to start the game. While playing the game on the battlefield,
you can control your character, move them around, and pick up the gun in front of them (see Figure 1.11).

Figure 1.11 – Playing the MyShooter game

 Converting an existing Blueprint project to a C++ project 15

We have learned how to create a UE C++ project from scratch. However, what if we already have a
Blueprint project and want to convert it to a C++ project? UE allows developers to do it by adding a
new C++ class to the project. Let’s practice converting a MyBPShooter Blueprint project.

Converting an existing Blueprint project to a C++ project

UE provides a very straightforward way to convert an existing Blueprint project to a C++ project.
All you need to do is add a C++ class to your project and then let UE take care of the conversion and
add the needed project files:

1. First of all, you have to create a Blueprint project, MyBPShoopter, under C:\UEProjects
(you can choose a different path to create the new project). Use the same steps introduced in
the Creating the MyShooter C++ project section, but choose BLUEPRINT instead of C++ for
the creation of the MyBPShooter project.

Figure 1.12 – Creating MyBPShooter in UE5

16 Creating Your First Unreal C++ Game

2. Secondly, open the new project in UE5. Pay attention to the project tree; it doesn’t have the
C++ Classes node at this stage.

Figure 1.13 – Open MyBPShooter in UE5

3. Select Tools | New C++ Class from the editor’s main menu, and then, in the Add C++ Class window
(see Figure 1.14), choose Character as the base class (a class that contains common attributes
and methods that are shared by its derived classes) to create the MyShooterCharacter class.
 Converting an existing Blueprint project to a C++ project 17

Figure 1.14 – Adding a new C++ class from the Character class

Once you click the Next> button, it will navigate to the NAME YOUR NEW CHARACTER screen.
4. On the NAME YOUR NEW CHARACTER screen, type MyBPShooterCharacter into
the Name field.

Figure 1.15 – Adding the MyBPShooterCharacter C++ class

18 Creating Your First Unreal C++ Game

Please pay attention to the path where the header and the source files will be placed. They look
different from the MyShooter project because the C++ node hasn’t been created yet. Don’t worry
about it at the moment. Once the conversion job is done, the system will automatically move
the files to the right place.
5. After clicking the Create Class button, you will see a progress bar.

Figure 1.16 – The MyBPShooterCharacter C++ class Adding code to project… progress bar

Wait for the pop-up message, which indicates that the C++ class job has been added.

Figure 1.17 – A message saying that the MyBPShooterCharacter C++ class is now added

6. Click the OK button. Now, you will see the message dialog, which asks you whether you want
to edit the code (see Figure 1.18). Choose No here.

Figure 1.18 – Dialog for editing the MyBPShooterCharacter source code

7. Shut down your UE editor and reopen MyBPShooter. When you see a dialog that asks
whether you want to rebuild the project, answer Yes here.
 Converting an existing Blueprint project to a C++ project 19

Figure 1.19 – The rebuilding MyBPShooter dialog

When it is done, you will find the new C++ Classes node on the project tree, and the
MyShooterCharacter class is already placed in the MyBPShooter folder:

Figure 1.20 – The converted MyBPShooter C++ project

You may have noticed that some other files, such as MyBPShooterGameMode are missing, in
comparison with the MyShooter project. That is because the Blueprint versions already exist, so the
corresponding C++ versions are not automatically generated. You can choose to manually convert
those blueprints to C++ classes only when necessary; otherwise, you just keep the blueprints.
20 Creating Your First Unreal C++ Game

Summary
In this chapter, we introduced C++ and the advantages of using it for professional game development.
Then, you practiced creating the new MyShooter C++ project and converting the MyBPShooter
Blueprint project to a C++ project. Plus, you also set up the development environment with VS and
the C++ solution files.
In the next chapter, we will first walk through each part of the IDE’s user interface. Then, you will
create a C++ project and practice writing some simple C++ code. Some code editing tricks will be
introduced while editing your code.
 2
Editing C++ Code in
Visual Studio
Are you new to coding in general? Then you need to use an editing tool!
C++ source code is just regular text files named with some special extension names, such as .cpp, .h,
and so on. You can basically use Windows Notepad to open and edit C++ source code files. However,
since Notepad is a basic editing tool that lacks functionalities, we recommend using Visual Studio
(VS) as the code editor.
Why use VS? VS is a feature-rich integrated development environment (IDE) that supports many
aspects of software development. It empowers you to complete the entire development cycle in one
place. You can use VS to create, edit, debug, test, and build your code. VS also has the most popular
programming language compilers integrated with the installation package so that C++ source code
can be directly compiled to be executable machinery code. Moreover, VS especially supports Unreal
Engine and works well with the engine’s development environment.
By following the step-by-step journey of this chapter, you will get to know the IDE’s user interface
(UI), be capable of creating and writing C++ code, and learn how to build C++ solutions to generate
standalone executables. This chapter includes the following sections:

• Launching VS
• Walking through the VS IDE’s UI
• Editing code in VS
• Practicing C++ coding

Technical requirements
To explore the creation of C++ projects and editing C++ code, it is necessary to have VS installed on
your system.
22 Editing C++ Code in Visual Studio

VS has both Windows and macOS versions. It also has Community, Professional, and Enterprise
editions. The examples of this book are based on the VS 2022 Windows Community edition.
Since VS is an IDE that you will use for C++ scripting, being familiar with the development environment
and the scripting skills is a prerequisite.
The code for this chapter can be found at https://github.com/PacktPublishing/Unreal-
Engine-5-Game-Development-with-C-Scripting/tree/main/Chapter02/MyCPP_01.

Launching VS
In Chapter 1, we went through the installation of VS, so you should already have installed VS on your
system. Since VS is an independent application, you can launch it either from the operating system
(OS) or in Unreal Engine.
In Windows, simply search for virtual studio and pick the version of the IDE that you wish to launch:

Figure 2.1 – Starting VS in Windows

 Launching VS 23

Now, let’s practice launching VS in Unreal Engine. Say we want to open the MyShooterCharacter.
cpp file—you first need to find MyShooter/All/C++ Classes/MyShooter on the Content
Drawer, and then you can double-click on the MyShooterCharacter C++ Class item:

Figure 2.2 – Starting VS in Unreal Engine

This operation will launch VS if it hasn’t been launched yet and open the MyShooterCharacter.
cpp file in the editor:
24 Editing C++ Code in Visual Studio

Figure 2.3 – VS opened MyShooterCharacter.cpp

Now, you should have your Unreal game development environment installed and set up. The engine
editor and VS are both open. Next, we’ll take a close look at the IDE’s UI.

Walking through the VS IDE’s UI

VS is a powerful and complex tool set. This book only covers features and functionalities that you
will need for learning C++ scripting. You can visit Microsoft’s official websites to learn more about
VS in the future. Here are the links:

• VS IDE documentation: https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/visualstudio/

ide/?view=vs-2022
• Learn to code in VS: https://visualstudio.microsoft.com/vs/getting-
started/

Once you have opened VS, you will see the IDE editor:
 Another Random Document on
Scribd Without Any Related Topics
exterorum vero res gestas, neque illas valde insignes, celebrandas in
ea curasse. Equidem hoc ipse possum conjectura assequi, quod
quum Cypselo ejusque majoribus origo fuerit e Gonussa supra
Sicyonem sito oppido et inter abavos eorum numeretur Melas Antasi
filius, (8) hunc Melanem cum agmine suo (uti ante in commentario
de Corinthiorum rebus exposui) recipere in civitatis ejusdem
communionem recusabat Aletes, quod ex Delphici Apollinis quodam
responso fidem ei minus habebat. At enim, quum ille omnibus Aleten
modis sibi conciliare studuisset et rejectus multis cum precibus redire
non dubitasset, ab invito quidem Alete receptus tamen est. Quare
Melanis illas esse copias, quæ in ea parte arcæ spectantur, facile
existimari possit.

CAPUT XIX.

Descriptionis arcæ Cypseli continuatio.

Quod quartum arcæ latus est, si a læva ambire eam cœperis,
Borean habet Orithyiam rapientem. Anguium illi caudæ pro pedibus
sunt. Pugnat cum Geryone Hercules; ex trinis virorum corporibus
junctis compositus Geryones. Est Theseus lyram tenens; cui adstat
Ariadna coronam præferens. Tum Achilli et Memnoni pugnantibus
sua eorum utrique adest mater. (2) Sunt ibidem Melanion; et juxta
eum Atalanta, hinnulum tenens. Ajaci præterea ex provocatione et
Hectori singulari certamine congressis adsistit Discordia, facie illa
quidem fœdissima. Ad hujus exemplar finxit Calliphon Samius
Discordiam in templo Dianæ Ephesiæ, quum ad Græcorum naves
commissam pugnam pingeret. In eadem arcæ regione et Castores
sunt: eorum alter impuber, et media inter eos Helena. (3) Est Æthra
Pitthei filia abjecta humi ad Helenæ pedes cum pulla veste. Apposita
est inscriptio versu heroico una voce longiore:
 Tyndaridæ fratres Helenen atque Æthran Athenis
asportant.

(4) Sic ille versus compositus est. Iphidamas præterea Antenoris

filius humi stratus. Pro eo contra Agamemnonem pugnat Coon. In
Agamemnonis clypeo Pavor expressus est leonis capite. Inscriptio est
hujusmodi ad Iphidamantis mortui corpus:
Iphidamas, pro illoque Coon fera prœlia miscet.

In Agamemnonis vero scuto:

Hic Pavor est hominum, manibus gerit hunc Agamemnon.

(5) Exin adducit ad Alexandrum Priami filium Mercurius in judicium

de forma deas. Rem indicat inscriptio:
Mercurius Paridi ostentat spectanda dearum
corpora, Junonis, Tritonidis, atque Diones.

Jam vero Dianam quam ob causam volucrem fecerint, nescio.

Humeris certe alæ applicatæ sunt; dextera pardalim præfert, leonem
altera. Ad hæc Ajax Cassandram a Minervæ signo divellit. Inscriptio
super eo posita rem prodit:
Ajax Locrensis Cassandram a Pallade raptat.

(6) Ex Œdipi filiis Polynicem in genu collapsum frater Eteocles urget.

A tergo Polynicis adsistit femina dentibus et aduncis manuum
unguibus quavis fera immanior. Testatur inscriptio Κῆρα (Fatum)
illam esse: et fati quidem vi Polynicem succubuisse, Eteoclem vero
merito suo cecidisse. In antro Bacchus jacet barbatus, auream
præferens pateram, talari amictus tunica: arbores antrum vestientes
vites sunt, et mali, et punicæ.
7. Arcæ latus supremum (nam sunt quinque numero) nullam omnino
inscriptionem habet; ex ipsa vero emblematum facie argumenta
conjicias. Intra speluncam mulier cum viro in lectulo decumbit:
Circen et Ulyssem eos esse facile ut credamus adducimur, quum ad
ancillarum præ foribus numerum, tum vero ad earum opificia
respicientes. Nam et quattuor sunt mulieres, et iis intentæ operibus,
quæ versibus de illis loquens Homerus persequitur. Adstat
Centaurus. Non omnes ei pedes equini sunt, sed anteriores humani.
(8) Equorum præterea bigæ insculptæ sunt, et in illis insistentes
feminæ. Equis aureæ sunt alæ, et earum feminarum uni vir quidam
arma tradit. Hæc ad Patrocli cædem pertinere ex re conjiciunt. Et
eas quidem, quæ bigis vehuntur, Nereidas esse: Thetin autem a
Vulcano arma accipere. Nam et vir ille non satis firmis esse videtur
pedibus, et famulus eum forcipem tenens sequitur. (9) Quin et
Centaurum illum Chironem esse dictitant, qui jam vitæ muneribus
perfunctus ac in deorum numerum receptus, præsto Achilli est, ejus
luctum levaturus. Jam vero insidentes mulis virgines duas, quarum
altera habenas tenet, altera vero velato capite sedet, Nausicaam
Alcinoi filiam esse putant, cum ancilla ad lavacra contendentem. At
qui sagittis Centauros petit et ex iis aliquot jam confecit, dubitari non
potest quin sit Hercules. Nam et hoc de Herculis certaminibus unum
fuit. Arcæ opifex quisnam fuerit, conjicere nunquam ego utique
potui. Inscriptiones vero alius fortasse fecit; ego tamen maxime
adducor ut ab Eumelo Corinthio factas putem. Hanc ego tum ex aliis
ejus operibus, tum vero maxime ex eo carmine, quod Prosodium in
Delum fecit, conjecturam duco.

CAPUT XX.

De aliis donariis in æde Junonis Olympiæ, Iphiti disco, et mensa, in qua coronæ
victoribus positæ — de cadavere militis saucii reperto narratio — de Œnomai
columna — templo Matris Deorum, Matroo dicto, et Philippeo.
Spectantur et alia ibi dona, et inprimis modicus quidam lectus ebore
magna ex parte exornatus; Iphiti discus, et mensa, super qua
victoribus coronæ deponuntur. Et lectulum quidem Hippodamiæ
ferunt ludicrum fuisse. Iphiti vero disco induciæ, quas Olympicorum
ludorum tempore provulgant Elei, non recto versuum ductu inscriptæ
sunt, sed literæ in ora disci orbiculari textu exaratæ. (2) Mensa ipsa
partim ex ebore, partim ex auro fabricata est. Opificem fuisse aiunt
Coloten, quem ab Heraclea oriundum affirmant: etsi, quibus fictorum
origines curiosius inquirere curæ fuit, Parium essse, Pasitelis
(Praxitelis?) vero discipulum testantur; Pasitelem (Praxitelem?)
autem per se ipsum artem didicisse. Juno exinde, Juppiter, Deûm
Mater, Mercurius, cum Diana Apollo ficti sunt. In tergo tota ludorum
descriptio. (3) In uno laterum Æsculapius, et filiarum Æsculapii una
Hygiea: Mars præterea, et prope ipsum Agon (Certamen). At in
altero Pluto est et Bacchus; tum Proserpina et Nymphæ duæ,
quarum altera pilam, clavem altera tenet. Est enim clavis Plutonis
insigne: eaque, ut fama est proditum, a Plutone inferorum sedes ita
clausa est, ut nemini inde reditus pateat. (4) Jam vero, quod
Aristarchus rerum Olympicarum interpres memoriæ prodidit, id
nequaquam præterierim. Sua igitur ille ætate, quum Elei Junonis
ædem sartam tectam, quod vitium templi lacunar fecisset, locassent,
inter tabulatum, quod ad speciem expolitum est, et contignationem,
cadaver cum gravi armatura saucii hominis repertum memorat. Hunc
virum existimabamus dimicasse pugna intra Altin ab Eleis contra
Lacedæmonios commissa, (5) et, quum propugnatores templis
deorum et omnibus omnino excelsis locis conscensis hostem
repellerent, vulneribus confectum, jam moribundum illuc
perreptasse, cadaver autem ejus tam diu integrum permansisse,
quod, in illis latebris abditum, nec per æstatem vaporum, nec per
hiemem frigoris noxam contrahere potuerit. Addidit Aristarchus,
elatum cadaver extra Altin et cum iisdem armis humatum fuisse. (6)
Œnomai quam appellant ipsi etiam Elei columnam, ea exstat ab ara
maxima ad Jovis ædem contendentibus. Quattuor erectæ sunt ad
lævam columnæ quibus lacunar sustinetur. Fulciunt eadem ligneam
columnam jam vetustate ruentem et multis locis incinctam vinculis.
Columnam eam fama pervulgavit in Œnomai domo fuisse solamque
stetisse, quum domus reliqua fulmine conflagrasset. (7) In ænea
tabella ante ipsam columnam incisi elegi sunt hujusmodi:
 Una columna ex his, hospes, sum sola relicta,
in claris steterunt quæ ædibus Œnomai.
Nunc exsto Jovis in templo circumdata vinctis
nobilior; nec me flamma voravit edax.

(8) Accidit vero ætate mea quiddam hujusmodi. Quum Romanus

quidam senatorius vir palmam in Olympicis adeptus, victoriæ suæ
relinquere vellet monumentum, cum inscriptione statuam ex ære,
scrobem altius effodiendam curavit prope Œnomai columnam:
repererunt, qui opus conduxerant, armorum, frænorum et.
armillarum fragmenta; quæ ipse, dum eruerentur, vidi. (9) Ædem
quandam insigni magnitudine, Dorico opere, Matroum (Matris Deûm
templum) priscum retinentes nomen appellant: neque vero in ea
ullum exstat Deûm Matris signum; statuæ tantum Romanorum
Imperatorum ibi erectæ sunt. Est hoc ipsum Matroum intra Altin; et
eodem in loco rotunda figura cella, quod Philippeum. vocant. In ejus
Philippei summa testudine æneum papaver eminet, quod fibularum
caput est cellæ trabibus. (10) Situm est ædificium hoc circa Altis
exitum ad lævam Prytanei, e coctili laterculo exstructum, columnis
circumquaque cingentibus. Hoc opus erigendum curavit Philippus,
quum ad Chæroneam graviter Græcorum fortunas attrivisset. Et
dicatæ illic statuæ sunt Philippo et Alexandro, Amyntæ etiam Philippi
patri. Tam eas quam Olympiadis et Eurydices statuas fecit ex auro et
ebore Leochares.

CAPUT XXI.

Recensio donariorum Olympiæ positorum et signorum — Jovis signa sex, Zanes

dicta, et ex pecunia multatitia ob largitionem in certaminibus Olympicis erecta
— alia sex de Callippi mulcta — alia duo — memorantur alii, qui in ludis
Olympicis largitionibus usi multati sunt, Philostratus — Apollonius — Didas et
Garapammon — Damonicus — de Echus porticu et Sarapione ob timiditatem
multato.
Venio jam ad statuarum et donariorum expositionem, in qua diversa
genera permiscere non placuit. Nam Athenis quidem in arce quæ
posita sunt, sive statuæ, sive aliud quodvis genus sint, diis omnia
dicata sunt: at in Alti quædam in honorem divini numinis sunt
dedicata; statuæ vero, qui victoribus sunt positæ, et ipsæ honorarii
præmii loco eis sunt tributæ. Sed harum quidem posterius fiet a
nobis mentio: in præsentia ad ea, quæ præcipua sunt donaria diis
facta, se convertet oratio. (2) A Metroo ad stadium recta
contendentibus, ad lævam circa Cronii montis finem, crepido est
lapidea monti subjecta. Ex ea gradus in clivum assurgunt. Ad
crepidinem locata sunt aliquot ænea Jovis simulacra; conflata illa
quidem de multatitia pecunia, athletis, qui fraudem ludis fecissent,
irrogata. Appellantur ea simulacra ab indigenis Zanes (Joves). (3)
Eorum sex primi erecti sunt octava et nonagesima Olympiade. Nam
quum Eupolus Thessalus ex iis, qui ad pugilum certamen
convenerant, Agetorem Arcadem et Cyzicenum Prytanin pecunia
corrupisset et præter eos Phormionem etiam Halicarnassensem, qui
in Olympiade superiore victoriam adeptus fuerat, quum ipsum
Eupolum, tum eos, qui pecuniam cepissent, multarunt Elei: atque
hanc primam fuisse dicunt corruptelam ludorum ab athletis
perpetratam atque hos primos esse multatos. Ex eo signorum
numero duo fecit Cleon Sicyonius; quattuor qui reliqua finxerint, non
habeo dicere. (4) Tertium et quartum signum ubi præterieris, elogia
ceteris adscripta videas elegiacis versibus. Monet eorum primum,
non pecuniis, sed pedum pernicitate et corporis robore, Olympicam
palmam acquiri. Secundo inscriptum epigramma docet, erectum
signum esse, ut ea re honor deo haberetur, Eleorum religio
declararetur, athletisque iis, qui contra leges agunt, terror
incuteretur. E duabus reliquis inscriptionibus altera Eleos quum aliis
nominibus ornat, tum illis magnæ inprimis laudi tribuit, quod pugiles
notarint: altera edicit signa illa documento Græcis cunctis esse, non
debere cuiquam Olympicæ victoriæ spem in pecunia esse repositam.
(5) Post Eupolum memoriæ proditum est Atheniensem Callippum ab
adversariis quinquertii coronam pretio sibi emisse, idque Olympiade
duodecima et centesima esse factum. Et multam quidem quum a
Callippo, et ejus in certamine adversariis petissent Elei, miserunt
Athenienses Hyperidem eam multam deprecatum. Verum quum
exorari non potuissent Elei, eam Athenienses animi elationem præ se
tulerunt, ut ne Olympicorum quidem celebritate prohibiti judicatum
solvere prius voluerint, quam Delphicus Apollo percontantibus
responsum dedisset, non responsurum se, antequam debitam Eleis
multam dedissent. (6) Sic tandem data, ex ea pecunia signa itidem
sex Jovi erecta sunt, et his quoque elegi adscripti, nihilo dexterius
facti, quam qui sunt de Eupoli multa. Et indicat prima quidem
inscriptio, oraculi jussu Eleorum de quinquertionum fraude judicium
comprobante, ea signa dedicata. Secunda item et tertia in laudem
ejusdem Eleorum de quinquertionibus judicii. (7) Quarta ad
Olympicam victoriam non pecunia, sed virtute adspirandum docet.
Quinta, quam ob rem signa posita sint, ostendit. Sexta responsum
Delphici Apollinis Atheniensibus redditum commemorat. (8) Duo
præterea signa sunt de multa palæstritarum erecta; sed eorum
nomina vel me vel ipsos priscarum apud Eleos rerum interpretes
fugiunt. Appositæ his quoque suæ sunt inscriptiones. Earum una
declarat, Rhodios fraudem palæstritæ Olympio Jovi pecunia luisse:
altera, positum signum de multa, quæ iis irrogata fuisset, qui donis
ultro citroque datis et acceptis luctam iniissent. (9) Reliqua ejusdem
generis signa interpretes priscarum apud Eleos rerum tunc dedicata
memorant, quum Olympiade octava et septuagesima supra
centesimam a Philostrato nummos acceperit Eudelus: eum
Philostratum fuisse Rhodium. Verum in publicis Eleorum
monumentis, quibus eorum, qui Olympia vicerunt memoria
commendata est, diversa ab his repperi: Stratonem scilicet
Alexandrinum centesima septuagesima octava Olympiade, eodem die
de pancratio et lucta coronatum. Alexandriam quidem in Canopico
Nili ostio Alexander Philippi filius condidit: fuisse tamen et ante non
magnum eodem in loco Ægyptiorum oppidum Rhacotin, memoriæ
proditum est. (10) Ante Stratonem hunc, oleastri coronam de
pancratio et de lucta tres viri cepisse perhibentur, et totidem post
eum; et primus quidem Caprus fuit ex Elide ipsa; ex ea Græcia, quæ
trans Ægæum est, Rhodius Aristomenes et e Magnetibus, qui sunt
ad Lethæum, Protophanes. Ex iis, qui post Stratonem easdem
victorias retulerant, Marion Stratonis illius civis, et Stratonicensis
Aristeas, sed olim et urbs et regio Stratonicensium Chrysaoris
appellata est: septimus denique Nicostratus fuit e maritima Cilicia,
etsi nihil ei cum Cilicibus præter nomen commune fuit. (11) Hunc
enim Nicostratum adhuc pæne infantem, neque obscuro loco natum,
e Prymnesso, quæ Phrygum urbs est, prædones abduxerunt,
eumque ad Ægeas, incertum cui, vendiderunt. Aliquanto post visus
est per somnium videre sub lectulo, in quo cubabat, humi stratum
leonis catulum. Atque ubi jam adoleverat quum alias tum ex
Olympicis ludis de pancratio et lucta palmas abstulit. (12) Pecunia
autem quum alios postea tum Alexandrinum pugilem, Elei multarunt
Olympiade ducentesima ac duodevicesima: nomen ei fuit Apollonio,
cognomen (patrium enim Alexandrinis fuit cognomina habere)
Rhanti. (13) Damnatus hic primus Ægyptiorum est ab Eleis, non ob
datam aut captam pecuniam, sed ob aliam hujusmodi in ludis
noxam. Non adfuerat præstituto tempore: ideoque reliquum erat, ut
ab Eleis ex legum præscripto ludis prohiberetur. Quod enim
prætexebat, fuisse se in Cycladibus insulis a ventis detentum,
Heraclides, qui et ipse Alexandrinus erat, fraudulentum esse
coarguit, quum docuisset hominem in cogenda ex Ioniæ ludis
pecunia occupatum fuisse. (14) Apollonium igitur Elei, et pugiles
alios, si qui forte ad condictam diem non adfuissent, exegerunt;
Heraclidi coronam intacto partam pulvere decreverunt. Hic
Apollonius, ut forte ad pugilatum erat loris illigatus, in Heraclidem
jam coronam capientem invasit, et hominem ad ludorum præsides
confugientem est persecutus: quæ illi vecordia magno utique stetit.
(15) Jam duo alia signa nostræ ætatis opera sunt. Sexta enim et
vicesima supra ducentesimam Olympiade pugiles deprehensi sunt de
victoria ipsa certamen inisse, pacta mercede. Ob eam rem multa illis
imposita. Simulacrorum ex ea pecunia Jovi dedicatorum ad lævam
alterum est, alterum ad dexteram, qua aditus ad stadium patet.
Pugilibus nomen alteri Didas fuit; et ei, qui pecuniam dedit,
Garapammon, ex eadem tribu Arsinoite, quæ Ægypti recentissima
est tribuum. (16) Per hercule mirum fuit, exteros homines nihil Jovis
numen veritos, ob certamen munera vel accepisse vel dedisse. Sed
in miraculo posuerim majore, Eleos ipsos eandem in se admisisse
fraudem. Admisit autem Damonicus Eleus: secunda enim et
nonagesima supra centesimam Olympiade, quum in luctæ certamen
Damonici filius Polyctor, et Sosandri Smyrnæi filius patri cognominis
descendissent, cuperet vero impensius Damonicus filium suum
victorem discedere, Sosandri filio dicitur pecuniam dedisse, ut facile
se vinci pateretur. (17) Ejus rei ubi innotuerat indignitate commoti
Hellanodicæ, multam irrogant ipsis parentibus: ab illis enim noxa
commissa fuerat. Ex ea pecunia signa duo erecta sunt, alterum in
Eleorum gymnasio; ante porticum, quæ in Alti est, alterum.
Appellatur ea porticus Pœcile (Varia,) a picturæ scilicet varietate, qua
olim parietes exornati fuerant. Eandem multi Echûs porticum
nominant, quod vocis emissæ imago septies et nonnunquam sæpius
reciprocat. (18) Narrant vero etiam, Sarapionem Alexandrinum
pancratiastam prima post ducentesimam Olympiade, pridie quam
pancratium committeretur, adversariorum metu aufugisse: hinc
timiditatis damnatum. Id uni illi accidisse, et nemini præter eum, sive
Ægyptius, sive e quavis terra fuerit, affirmant. Atque ea quidem,
quæ jam enumeravi signa, quibus ante dictum est causis dicata
comperi.

CAPUT XXII.

De aliis Jovis signis Olympiæ positis — signis in basi quadam lapidea — Abantide
regione — signo Jovis a Metapontinis erecto — signo Jovis a Phliasiis et alio a
quibusdam Leontinis posito.
Sunt et alia Jovis simulacra, partim publico, partim vero privato ære
dedicata. Ad aram vero, qui in Alti est, prope aditum eum, qui ad
stadium ducit, nihil ulli deorum immolant Elei: tubicines tantum et
præcones in eo positi prisco ritu de palma certant. Prope eam aram
suggestum est ex ære, et in eo positum Jovis signum, altitudine
cubitûm sex: utraque manu fulmen tenet: dedicarunt Cynæthaenses.
Qui adstat torque cinctus impuber, eum Phliasius Cleolas dicavit. (2)
Jam vero juxta ædem, quod vocant Hippodamium, e lapide
suggestus est, hemicycli forma. In eo Juppiter, et Jovi pro liberûm
salute supplicantes Thetis et Aurora. Hæc signa in medio suggestu
posita sunt: in utroque semicirculi extremo, accincti ad pugnam sunt,
ab altera parte Achilles, Memnon ab altera. Similiter etiam alius alii e
regione oppositus stat, barbarus Græco, Ulysses Heleno, quod hi
sapientiæ laude in suo uterque exercitu præstitere. Jam propter
vetus odium Menelao Paris, Diomedi Æneas, Ajaci Telamonis filio
Deiphobus oppositi. (3) Opera hæc fuere Lycii Myronis filii:
dedicarunt autem Ionii maris accolæ Apolloniatæ, sicuti priscis literis
incisi elegi ad Jovis pedes indicant:
Urbis Apolloniæ sunt hæc monumenta, comatus
Phœbus quam ad pontum condidit Ionium.
Illa manus, veteris quæ cepit Abantidos oras,
cum dis e Thronio pertulit huc decimam.

Abantis quidem regio, et in ea Thronium oppidum, in Thesprotide

Epiri fuere, ad montes qui dicuntur Ceraunii. (4) Disjecta enim
tempestate, quum Græci ab Ilio redirent, classe, Locri Boagrii
fluminis accolæ, e Thronio, et Abantes ex Eubœa, octo navibus
ambo ad Ceraunios montes delati sunt. Ibi quum consedissent, et
oppidum Thronium condidere et agrum quantum occupaverant,
communi consensu Abantidem regionem appellarunt. Pulsi deinde
sunt finitimorum Apolloniatarum bello. Apolloniam e Corcyra
deductam aiunt ** nonnulli prædæ participes fuisse dicunt etiam
Corinthios. (5) Paululum hinc progressis, in conspectu Juppiter est,
ad orientem solem conversus, altera manu aquilam avem, fulmen
altera tenens. Imposita est corona capiti e liliis floribus. Fuit hoc
Metapontinorum donum, Aristonoi vero Æginetæ opus: incertum
vero mihi, quis Aristonoi magister fuerit; incertum etiam, quo
tempore floruerit. (6) Dedicarunt etiam Phliasii Jovem, et Asopi filias,
Asopum etiam ipsum. Ea signa ita disposita sunt: prima omnium est
Nemea sororum natu maxima: post eam Juppiter Æginam prensans.
Adsistit Æginæ Harpina, cum qua Mars, uti Eleorum et Phliasiorum
sermone proditum est, consuetudinem habuit et ex ea genuit
Œnomaum, qui Pisæ regnavit. Proxima illi est Corcyra, et deinceps
Thebe; omnium postremus Asopus. Corcyram quidem a Neptuno
cognitam tradunt. Versibus Pindarus similia mandavit de Thebe et
Jove. (7) Leontini quidam privata, non publica pecunia Jovem
erexerunt, septem cubitûm magnitudine: læva aquilam, dextra
jaculum præfert, ex poetarum scilicet descriptione. Qui dedicarunt,
erant Hippagoras, Phrynon et Ænesidemus: et hunc quidem
Ænesidemum alium ab eo arbitror fuisse, qui tyrannidem in Leontinis
adeptus est.

CAPUT XXIII.

De Jovis signo a Græcis posito, qui ad Platæas pugnarunt, cum civitatum

nominibus inscriptis — ex his illæ recensentur, quæ Pausaniæ tempore deletæ
erant — de ænea columna, in qua fœdus Atheniensium cum Lacedæmoniis in
triginta annos incisum — signo Jovis a Megarensibus — ab Hyblæis — a
Clitoriis Olympiæ posito.
Ubi viam præterieris, quæ in curiam deducit, Juppiter stat sine ulla
inscriptione. Ad septentriones vero quum flexeris, Jovis item signum
videas ad ortum solis conversum: dedicarunt quicunque ad Platæas
e Græciæ populis contra Mardonium Persarum ducem steterunt.
Incisa vero sunt in dextro basis latere earum civitatum nomina,
quarum opera in eo prœlio pugnatum est. Primi omnium
Lacedæmonii, post eos Athenienses: adscripti his ordine sunt, tertii
quartique Corinthii, et Sicyonii, quinti Æginetæ: tum vero
Megarenses et Epidaurii: (2) ex Arcadum concilio Tegeatæ et
Orchomenii: ad eos Phliasii, Trœzenii, Hermionenses: ex Argivorum
finibus Tirynthii; soli vero e Bœotis Platæenses: ex Argivorum
urbibus Mycenæi: ex insulis Cii, Melii, Ambraciotæ e Thesprotide
Epiri; Tenii et Lepreatæ, sed Lepreatarum soli qui sunt e Triphylia. Ex
Ægæo autem et Cycladibus non Tenii soli, sed Naxii etiam et Cythnii.
Ab Eubœa Styrenses. His accesserunt Elei, Potidæatæ, Anactorii:
extremi omnium Chalcidenses Euripi accolæ. (3) Ex his urbibus hæ
erant nostra ætate desertæ: Mycenas et Tirynthem exciderunt Argivi
post ejectos e Græcia Persas. Ambraciotas et Anactorios
Corinthiorum colonias Imperator Romanorum ad Actium
promontorium deduxit, ut Nicopolin incolis frequentaret. Potidæatas
bis domo sua pulsos, a Philippo Amyntæ filio semel, et ante ab
Atheniensibus, postea restituit quidem Cassander; sed quæ Potidæa
fuit, amisso vetere nomine, Cassandrea nuncupata est a conditore.
Signum hoc communi impensa harum civitatum in Olympia erectum
fecit Anaxagoras Ægineta: cujus tamen ab iis, qui res ad pugnam
Platæensem pertinentes conscripsere, nulla omnino facta mentio est.
(4) Ante hoc Jovis signum est ænea columna, in qua fœdus incisum
Atheniensium cum Lacedæmoniis in triginta annos. Fecerunt
Athenienses fœdus hoc redacta iterum in ditionem Eubœa, anno
tertio Olympiadis (octogesimæ tertiæ), in qua Crison Himeræus
stadio vicit. Sancitum in conditionibus illis hoc quoque est: ejus pacis
communionem ad Argivorum civitatem nihil pertinere; privatim
Atheniensibus liciturum cum illis amicitiam jungere. (5) Atque hæc
quidem illo fœdere continentur. Aliud etiam Jovis positum est
signum, non longe a Cleosthenis curru, de quo posterius nobis erit
sermo. Jovis id signum dedicarunt Megarenses: fecerunt Thylacus
(Phylacus?) et Onæthus fratres, eorumque filii. Quibus vero illi
temporibus fuerint, quave patria nati, aut a quibus artem didicerint,
mihi sane ignotum est. (6) Prope Gelonis currum stat Juppiter prisci
admodum operis, sceptrum tenens. Hyblæorum donum esse aiunt.
Fuere Hyblæ Siciliæ civitates duæ; cognomine Gereatis una; altera
ut erat, ita etiam vocabatur Major. Retinent hac etiamnum ætate
prisca nomina; et earum altera in agro Catinensi plane deserta est;
altera Gereatis in iisdem finibus ad vici formam redacta. In hac
fanum est Siculorum celebritate religiosum, deæ, quam Hyblæam
vocant, dicatum. Ab hoc ego populo signum arbitror in Olympiam
deportatum. Nam ostentorum et somniorum interpretes esse, et
ceteros, qui in Sicilia sunt, barbaros deorum cæremoniis colendis
anteire, Philistus Archomenidis (Archonidis) filius memoriæ prodidit.
(7) Prope Hyblæorum donum suggestus est ex ære; et super eo
Jovis statua, altitudinis pedum (quantum conjicere possum) decem
et octo. Eam qui dedicarint, quique fecerint, inscripti elegi declarant:
 Hoc signum multis ex urbibus expugnatis
Clitorii decimas constituere deo.
**** Ariston atque Telestas,
germani fratres et Lacedæmonii.

Hos homines non omnibus Græcis in notitiam venisse existimo: nam

si nobiles essent, haberent quid de iis Elei dicerent, et multo etiam
plura, ut de suis civibus, Lacedæmonii.

CAPUT XXIV.

Multa alia Jovis signa a populis et singulis hominibus in Alti posita recensentur —
de signo Jovis Horcii in curia posito, ad quod athletæ jurare solent — signo
Alexandri Magni Jovis habitu.
Exin ara est Laœtæ Jovis, Laœtæ etiam Neptuni. Adjuncta est aræ
basis ænea, quæ Jovem sustinet, Corinthiaci populi donum, Musi
opus, quisquis Musus is fuerit. Inde a curia ad magnum templum
contendenti, ad lævam signum est Jovis cum corona velut e floribus;
dextera fulmen tenet. Fuit hoc Ascari Thebani opus, quem docuit
Sicyonius ** et Thessalorum esse dicit. (2) Hi vero si bello quodam
contra Phocenses suscepto e Phocensium manubiis dedicaverunt,
non fuerit id, quod Sacrum vocant, bellum, sed illud, quod
gesserunt, antequam Xerxes cum Persarum copiis in Græciam
transmitteret. Non procul hinc Juppiter positus est, quem ex voto
quum superiores e prœlio discessissent, dedicasse Psophidios
testatur inscriptio. (3) Dextera in parte magni templi ad Solis ortum
Juppiter est altitudinis pedum duodecim: quem dicatum tradunt a
Lacedæmoniis, quum rebellantes Messenios altero bello vindicare
essent adorti. Adscripti elegi sunt:
Hoc sate Saturno signum cape Juppiter alme,
auxiliumque favens fer Lacedæmoniis.
(4) Romanorum omnino nullus, neque privatæ conditionis, neque
senatorius, ante Mummium, quod ego sciam, in Græcorum templis
donum ullum ponendum curavit. Primus Mummius de manubiis
Achæorum Jovem in Olympia æneum dedicavit, ad lævam ejus, qui
a Lacedæmoniis dedicatus fuerat, proxime ad primam templi
columnam. Quod vero maximum omnium æneorum signorum, quæ
in Alti posita sunt, Jovis est signum ab ipsis Eleis confecto Arcadico
bello dedicatum, altitudinis pedum septem et viginti. (5) Justa vero
Pelopis delubrum pila est modice a solo eminens, et super ea
parvum Jovis simulacrum altera manu prolata. Ex adverso alia sunt
perpetua serie collocata signa: inter ea Jovis et Ganymedis. Homerus
quidem carminibus mandavit suis, raptum a diis Ganymedem Jovi ut
pocula ministraret: pro eo vero equos Troi patri datos. Dedicavit
Gnathis Thessalus: fecit Aristocles discipulus et filius Cleœtæ. (6)
Alius ibidem Juppiter est impuber, inter Micythi dona. Quis hic
Micythus fuerit, unde oriundus, et quam ob causam multa in
Olympia dona posuerit, suo loco exponemus. Paululum hinc recta
progressis aliud est Jovis impuberis signum. Dedicarunt Elaitæ, qui
Æolidem tenent primi, si e Caici campo ad mare descendas. (7) Aliud
proxime positum est Jovi signum: inscriptio testatur, Cnidios
Chersonesi incolas de hostium spoliis dedicasse. Jovi hinc Pelopem,
illinc Alpheum amnem apposuerunt. Et Cnidiorum quidem urbis pars
maxima in continenti Cariæ terra condita est, et ibi sunt quæ apud
ipsos habentur maxime memoratu digna. Quæ vero Chersonesus
dicitur, insula est continenti terræ proxima et ponte cum ea
conjuncta. (8) Et ii quidem, qui hic habitant, Olympiæ donaria illa
Jovi dedicaverunt, perinde ac si Ephesiorum ii, qui eam, quæ
Coressus vocatur, urbis partem tenent, communi Ephesiorum nomine
donum se dedicasse dicant. Est etiam ad Altis murum appositus
Juppiter ad solis occasum conversus, sine inscriptione. Vulgavit fama
hunc quoque a Mummio de Achaicis manubiis dicatum. (9) In curia
Jovis est signum specie perfidiosis hominibus quam maxime
formidanda. Horcius ei cognomen, id est Jurisjurandi vindex. Utraque
manu fulmen tenet. Solenne vero athletis omnibus, eorumque
parentibus, fratribus, gymnasii magistris, super exsecti suis testibus
verbis conceptis dejerare, nihil se fraudis facturos, quominus
Olympici ludi rite fiant. Athletæ quidem ipsi hoc amplius jurant, se
decem perpetuos menses accurate meditatos, quæ ad
exercitationem requiruntur. (10) Jurant præterea qui vel de viris, vel
de pullis equorum in certamen prodeuntium pronunciaturi sunt,
judicaturos juste nec ob rem judicandam pecuniam se ullam
capturos: qua vero re adducti quemvis aut probarint aut improbarint,
se non esse in vulgus prolaturos. Jam vero sus ille confecto
athletarum jurejurando cuinam sit usui, percontari in mentem non
venit. Veteri quidem religione sancitum scio, ne victima vescerentur
homines, super qua jusjurandum conceptum fuisset. (11) Id
Homerus etiam perspicue testatur, quum exsectum illum suem,
super quo Agamemnon jusjurandum concepit, Briseidem se non
attigisse, in mare a præcone abjectum dixit:
Hoc ait, atque suis præduro guttura ferro
dissecuit; quem Talthybius contorsit in undas
piscibus æquoreis escam.

Atque hoc quidem prisci fuit ritus institutum. Ante Horcii Jovis pedes
ænea tabella est, in qua incisi elegi sunt ad pejerantium terrorem
compositi. Jam enumeravimus quam accuratissime, quicunque Jovi
intra Altin signa posita sint. Nam quod prope maximum templum
Corinthius quidam dedicavit (non de priscis ille quidem Corinthiis,
sed de iis quos Imperator in urbem deduxit), hoc signum est
Alexander Philippi filius, in Jovis habitum videlicet fictus.

CAPUT XXV.

Alia præter Jovis signa recensentur, signa chori puerorum a Messaniis naufragis
Olympiæ posita — puerorum ab Agrigentinis in muro Altis posita — de populis
qui Siciliam incolunt — binis Herculis signis — signis eorum, qui ad certamen
cum Hectore ineundum sorte ducti sunt — signo Herculis de cingulo cum
Amazone certantis - signo Herculis a Thasiis posito.
Jam vero et ea persequemur signa, quæ Jovem non exprimunt:
imagines autem quæ non religionis causa, sed ad homines
honestandos positæ sunt, eas recensebimus in athletarum
commemoratione. (2) Quum Messanii freti accolæ ex antiquo
instituto Rhegium pueros triginta quinque, cumque his chori
magistrum et tibicinem misissent ad patrios quosdam Rheginorum
ludos, nave fracta, pueri omnes periere et ne unus quidem servatus
est. Est enim fretum illud fœdissimis in toto mari tempestatibus
infame: (3) siquidem venti e diversa superi inferique maris regione
(quæ maria Adriam e Tyrrhenum vocant) spirantes, ab alto undas
cient, et procellis infestissimas reddunt. Quin et quum venti posuere,
ea est influentis et refluentis pelagi concitatio, tam gravis belluarum
magna copia innatantium odor, ut naufragis in hoc freto nulla salutis
reliqua fiat spes. Quodsi navem ibi Ulixes fregisset, non ille quidem
in Italiam incolumis enatasset. Sed nimirum deorum lenitas in
omnibus infortuniis malorum aliquam allevationem affert. (4) Tum
vero Messanii istum puerorum interitum lugebant, et quum alios illis
honores habuere, tum statuam ex ære suam singulis posuere,
cumque iis una chori magistro et tibicini. Vetus inscriptio donum esse
Messaniorum indicat freti accolarum. Interjecto dein tempore,
Hippias, qui inter Græcos sapientiæ laude claruit, elegis titulos
earum statuarum composuit. Sunt illæ quidem Callonis Elei opus. (5)
Est ad Pachynum (immo Lilybæum) Siciliæ promontorium, quod in
Libyam et ad Austros controversum est, Motye urbs, quam Libyes
Pœnis permisti tenent. Cum ea barbarorum civitate Agrigentini bello
commisso et præda ex iis acta, de manubiis puerorum æneas
posuere statuas, dexteras tendentium, et vota se Jovi nuncupare
significantium in ipsis Altis muris: Calamidis opus esse statuas illas et
ipse suspicabar, et hominum sermone vulgatum est. (6) Siciliam
quidem gentes hæ incolunt, Sicani, Siculi, Phryges: et illi quidem ex
Italia, Phryges vero a Scamandro fluvio et Troade regione eo
transmisere. At Libyes et Pœnos una et eadem classe in coloniam
deduxere Carthaginienses. Atque hi quidem e barbaris gentibus
Siciliæ inquilini. E Græcis vero Dores, et Iones eam incolunt, Phocici
etiam et Attici nominis pars non utique magna. (7) In eodem Altis
muro præter Agrigentinorum dona sunt et Herculis signa duo nuda,
ætate puerili: unus idem ad ejus imaginem expressus, qui sagittis in
Nemea leonem confecit. Hunc cum leone dicavit Tarentinus
Hippotion, Nicodami Mænalii opus; alterum vero signum Anaxippi
Mendæi dedicatio fuit, et in hunc locum ab Eleis transportatum est,
quum ante positum esset in fine ejus viæ, quæ in Olympiam ex Elide
ducit, et Sacra dicitur via. (8) Dedicarunt vero communi impensa
Achaici concilii populi eorum signa, qui ex provocatione cum Hectore,
sorte ducti, erant singulari certamine congressuri: atque hi quidem
hastis et clypeis armati prope magnum templum stant: e regione
insistit basi alteri Nestor, conjectis in galeam sortibus. (9) Et sorte
quidem novem exiere, sed octo duntaxat exstant: nam Ulyssem (fuit
enim et ipse in eo numero) Nero Romam asportasse dicitur. Eorum
igitur octo signorum uni tantum, Agamemnoni scilicet, nomen
adscriptum est, a dextera quidem in lævam partem excurrentibus
literis. (10) Et is quidem, cujus in scuto pro insigni gallus gallinaceus,
Idomeneus est Minois nepos, a Pasiphae Solis filia oriundus:
gallinaceum autem Soli sacram avem celebrant, quod cantu solis
ortum nunciet. Incisi sunt hi in basi elegi:
Signa Jovi hæc olim magno posuistis Achivi,
queis genus a divo Tantalida Pelope.

Hoc igitur in illo loco scriptum est: sed opificis nomen in ipso
inscriptum est Idomenei scuto:
Præstans laude operum multorum hoc fecit Onatas,
cui patria Ægine, cuique Micon genitor.

(11) Non longe ab Achæorum dono Hercules est, cum equestri

Amazone pro balteo pugnans. Euagoras quidem Zanclæus dedicavit,
fecit Cydoniates Aristocles. Potest hic Aristocles inter vetustissimos
numerari; nec certo quisquam ejus ætatem prodere queat. Hoc
constat, fuisse illum antequam Zancle eo nomine, quo ætate nostra
appellatur, Messana vocaretur. (12) Dedicarunt et Thasii, qui e Tyro
et reliqua Phœnice oriundi, ad Europam quærendam cum Thaso
Agenoris filio classi profecti sunt, Herculem in Olympia æneum,
super ænea basi. Ejus signi magnitudo est cubitûm decem: dextera
clavam, arcum læva tenet. Et Thasi quidem audivi Tyrium esse
Herculem, quem Thasii ab initio essent venerati: sed enim quum se
illi Græcis adjunxissent, cœptos ab iis Amphitryonis etiam filio
honores haberi. (13) Adscripti sunt Thasiorum dono hi elegi:
Dona Micone satus hæc est fabricatus Onatas,
contigit Æginæ cui coluisse domos.

Onatam hunc, quamvis genus Ægineticum in statuis suis expresserit,

tamen nulli secundum ducimus eorum, qui a Dædalo ex Attica
officina nobiles artifices exstitere.

CAPUT XXVI.

De signo Victoriæ a Doribus Messeniis Olympiæ posito — Micythi donaria

recensentur — inter ea signum Agonis (Certaminis) halteres portantis — de
Micytho — Minervæ et Victoriæ non alatæ signo — signis Herculis quorundam
laborum ab Heracleotis positis et de Heraclea ipsa.
E Doribus Messeniis ii, qui olim Naupactum ab Atheniensibus
acceptam tenuere, Victoriæ signum super pila dedicarunt. Opus hoc
est Mendæi Pæonii, de manubiis hostium factum, ex Acarnanum
(sicuti ego existimo) et Œniadarum bello. At Messenii ipsi
monumentum esse prædicant rei ad Sphacteriam cum Atheniensibus
gestæ, atque id eo maxime argumento, quod hostium nomen
adscripturi fuerint, si Acarnanes illi aut Œniadæ fuissent, duorum
certe simultatem veriti non fuissent: at ne Lacedæmonios
offenderent, de industria inscriptionem missam fecisse. (2) Et Micythi
quidem multa offendi passim posita dona: primum post Iphiti Elei ab
Ecechiria (quasi Inducia) coronam accipientis imaginem hæc Micythi
dona collocata sunt, Amphitrite, Neptunus, Vesta; quæ omnia fecit
Glaucus Argivus. Idem Micythus ad lævum magni templi latus alia
dedicavit: Proserpinam, Venerem, Ganymeden, Dianam: e poetis
Homerum et Hesiodum: deos rursus alios, Æsculapium, et Hygieam.
(3) Et inter cetera Micythi dona Agonis (Certaminis) etiam signum
est, halteres portantis. Halteres isti speciem præferunt semicirculi,
non exacte rotundi, sed oblongioris; ita vero sunt fabricati, ut
manuum digiti per eos trajici possint, veluti per amenta clypeorum.
Hæc halterum figura est. Prope Agonis signum est Bacchus, Orpheus
Thrax, et Jovis, cujus ante mentionem feci, signum. Sunt hæc omnia
Argivi Dionysii opera. Alia item dedicata a Micytho memorant, quæ
Nero amoverit. (4) Opificum ipsorum Dionysii et Glauci Argivorum
certi magistri non produntur: quo vero fuerint tempore, ex ipsa
donatoris signorum Micythi ætate intelligi potest. Micythum enim
Herodotus scripsit Anaxilæ Rheginorum tyranni servum, ac deinde
dispensatorem fuisse; mortuo vero Anaxila, Tegeam migrasse. (5)
Testantur præterea inscriptiones donariorum, Chœrum illi patrem,
Græcas urbes Rhegium patriam, et Messanam, quæ ad fretum est,
domicilium fuisse. Epigrammata quidem eum Tegeæ habitasse non
testantur: dona vero in Olympia ex voto posuit, liberato filio tabidi
morbi periculo. (6) Qua in parte majora sunt Micythi dona, quæ fecit
Argivus Glaucus, prope est Minerva galeam et ægidem induta,
Nicodami Mænalii opus, ab Eleis dedicata. Adsistit Minervæ Victoria,
quam Mantinenses dedicarunt; sed inscriptiones non declarant
quonam bello confecto. Calamis fecisse dicitur: alas vero non addidit,
exemplar secutus signi ejus prisci, quod Athenis est, et Involucris
Victoria nuncupatur. (7) Proximo vero loco minoribus Micythi donis,
quæ Dionysius fecit, Herculis positi sunt labores: pugna cum leone
Nemeæo, et cum hydra; Cerberi raptus, apri ad Erymanthum fluvium
cædes. Hæc omnia in Olympia Heracleotæ dedicarunt evastatis
finitimis Mariandynorum finibus. Accolæ Euxini Ponti sunt
Heracleotæ, Megarensium colonia: sed etiam e Bœotiis Tanagræi
coloniæ deducendæ participes fuerunt. E regione horum, quæ jam
enumeravimus, donariorum alia sunt continenter posita signa, ad
meridiem conversa, proxime ad fanum illud, quod Pelopi dedicatum
est.
 CAPUT XXVII.

Donaria Phormidis Olympiæ — inter ea equus, cui hippomanes inest — de muro

cinere in duobus Lydiæ templis — signo Phormidis — signis Mercurii arietem
portantis et Mercurii cum caduceo — bobus æneis a Corcyræis et
Eretriensibus Olympiæ positis — tropæo æneo ab Eleis erecto — Pentathli
signo, Mendæorum donario.
Inter hæc etiam illa spectantur, quæ dicavit Phormis Mænalius. Hic a
Mænalo quum in Siciliam transmisisset ad Gelonem Dinomenis
filium, multa dedit bellicæ virtutis documenta, pluribus
expeditionibus partim a Gelone, partim deinde a Gelonis fratre
Hierone susceptis. Quare ad luculentam adeo provectus est
fortunam, ut non hæc duntaxat Olympio Jovi, sed alia etiam
Delphico Apollini dona dicarit. (2) Olympica ejus dona sunt equi duo,
aurigæ totidem: adsistit enim suus utrique equo auriga. Priorem
equum cum homine fecit Dionysius Argivus, Ægineta Simon alteros.
Incisa est in prioris equi latere inscriptio, cujus prior pars non est
metro adstricta: hoc fere modo,
Phormis dedicavit
Arcas Mænalius nuncque Syracosius.

(3) Hic est ille equus, cui hippomanes infusum esse Elei tradunt.
Apertum autem nonnisi magi artificio illa equo accidere. Magnitudine
ille quidem et specie inferior est equis plerisque intra Altin positis;
insuper deformiorem cauda præcisa reddit. (4) Sed illum mares equi
non vere tantum, sed plane quavis anni parte et die appetunt.
Irrumpentes enim vel effractis vinculis intra Altin, vel e rectorum
manibus elapsi, illum invadunt, nihil hercle minus furenter, quam si
viventem pulcherrimam equam gregalem inituri adorirentur. Cedunt
illis quidem ungulæ; non prius tamen desinunt hinnitu omnia late
complere, rabidoque impetu identidem in eum insilire, quam scuticis
et acriori aliqua vi edomiti ab illo ære abstrahantur. (5) Atque aliud in
Lydia ipse miraculum vidi, illud quidem a Phormidis equo diversum,
nec tamen minus magorum artis expers. Sunt in Lydis, qui Persici
cognomine vocantur, urbium Hierocæsareæ quæ dicitur et
Hypæporum templa. In utroque templo est cella cum ara; super ea
cinis alio longe colore a vulgari cinere. (6) Huc ingressus magus ubi,
foco aridis lignis impositis, tiara caput velarit, invocat deum nescio
quem: ex libro enim carmen recitat barbaricum, lingua plane ignota
Græcis. Ubi peroravit, sponte sua e lignis, nullo igne admoto,
purissima emicat flamma. Sed ut redeat, unde huc digressa est
oratio, (7) inter Phormidis donaria ipsius Phormidis statua visitur
cum hoste cominus dimicans, uno, et item altero ac tertio.
Adscriptum est, pugnantem illum militem Phormin Mænalium esse:
dedicatum fuisse a Syracusano Lycorta. Satis perspicuum cuivis esse
potest, dedicasse Lycortam necessitudine adductum Phormidis. A
Græcis (Ab Eleis?) tamen, quæ Lycortæ fuerunt dona, Phormidis
appellantur. (8) At Mercurius arietem sub ala portans, galea caput
armatus, idemque amictus tunica et chlamyde, nihil omnino is ad
Phormidis donaria pertinet. Olympio enim Jovi Pheneatæ ex Arcadia
illum dedicarunt. Fecisse Onatam Æginetam, et cum eo simul
Callitelem, indicat inscriptio. Fuit autem Onatæ vel discipulus vel
filius, uti ego arbitror, Calliteles. Non longe a Pheneatarum dono
aliud est Mercurii signum: caduceum is tenet: testatur inscriptio
positum a Glaucia Rhegino, opificem fuisse Callonem Eleum. (9)
Duæ item ex ære boves ibidem sunt: alteram Corcyræi, Eretrienses
alteram dedicarunt, Eretriensis Philesii opus. Quam ob rem vero
Corcyræi bovem in Olympia unam, et unam item Delphis dedicarint,
quum ad Phocensium res pervenerit historia, exponemus. Jam quod
de Olympica eorum bove me audire memini, id hujusmodi est: (10)
parvulum puerum, quum sub ea bove sedens pronus luderet,
sublatum temere caput tam vehementer æri impegisse, ut ex eo
vulnere non ita multis post diebus e vita excesserit. Elei bovem
cædis ream extra Altin exportare in animo habebant; sed Apollinis
Delphici oraculo moniti sunt, ut bovem eo ritu expiarent, quo solent
Græci inconsultæ cædis fraudem eluere. (11) Est sub platanis circa
medium fere Altis ambitum æneum tropæum: titulus in affixo ibi
clypeo incisus docet, Eleos victis Lacedæmoniis illud erexisse. Hæc
nempe illa fuit pugna, in qua miles iste animam exhalavit, cujus
cadaver, quum Junonis templum sartum tectum curarent, inter tecti
fastigium et lacunar cum armis repertum est. (12) Mendæorum, qui
sunt in Thracia, donum propemodum me fefellit, ut quinquertionis
statuam esse putarem. Posita illa quidem est juxta Eleum
Anauchidan, halteres priscos tenens. Verum in ejus femore inscriptio
elegiacis versibus hæc est incisa,
Mendæi, Sipte sævo Mavorte subacta,
primitias summo hic me posuere Jovi.

Sipte Thraciæ castellum vel urbs esse videtur. Mendæi ipsi e Græcia
atque adeo ex Ionia oriundi sunt. Sedes eorum ab eo mari, quod
Ænum urbem alluit, tendunt versus superiorem regionis partem.
 PAUSANIÆ DESCRIPTIONIS GRÆCIÆ ELIACA
POSTERIORA SIVE LIB. VI.

CAPUT I.

Post exordium recensentur signa et donaria insigniorum in ludis Olympicis

victorum Olympiæ posita.
Postulat dehinc suscepti operis ordo, ut post votivorum donariorum
expositionem, equos certaminibus nobiles, et athletas, eos etiam qui
athleticam non profitebantur, persequamur. Et eorum quidem, qui
victores e ludis Olympicis discessere, non omnium positæ sunt
statuæ: sed multi sunt, qui vel certantes præclare se gesserunt, vel
virtutis alio modo specimen aliquod dedere, statuarum tamen
honorem non sunt consecuti. (2) Hos præterire me jubet ratio
operis. Neque enim athletas, qui in Olympicum stadium descendere,
quibusve palma delata est, persequi mihi propositum; sed quum in
reliquis donis, tum vero maxime in statuis exponendis hæc fuit opera
sumenda. Quin ex iis etiam, quibus posita statua fuit, multos mihi
prætermittendos censui, quum scirem non paucos per sortis
fortuitam aleam, non virtute, esse oleastrum adeptos. At eorum
omnium, qui vel merito suo gloriam assecuti sunt, vel quorum
statuæ artificio ceteris præstant, ego faciam mentionem. (3) Ad
dexteram Junonis templi palæstrici hominis imago est: patria Eleus
fuit, Symmachus Æschyli filius: prope quem ex Pheneo Arcadiæ
Neolaidas est Proxeni filius, qui e puerorum pugilatu palmam tulit.
Post hos Archedamus Xeniæ filius, pueris in palæstra superatis, ipse
etiam Eleus. Horum, quos jam nominavi, imagines fecit Alypus
Sicyonius, Argivi Naucydis discipulus. (4) Sileni vero filium
Cleogenem inscriptio ex indigenis unum esse testatur; et desultorio
equo de suo ipsius grege vicisse. Adhæret Cleogeni Dinolochus
Pyrrhi et Troilus Alcini filius, quibus est itidem ex Elide genus. Non
vero ejusdem ludicri palma iis obtigit: nam Troilus illo tempore
præfectus Hellanodica, simul de equiriis præmia tulit: bigis enim
integræ ætatis equorum et pullorum curru vicit secunda supra
centesimam Olympiade. (5) Lege vero post hanc victoriam cautum
ab Eleis est, ne quis ex Hellanodicis in posterum equos in certamen
mitteret. Hujus fecit statuam Lysippus. Dinolochi vero mater per
visum in quiete videre sibi visa est filium se coronatum in
complexum suum recepisse. Eo somnio monitus Dinolochus strenue
se ad gymnicorum certamina exercebat et pueros cursu antevertit;
ejus statuam fecit Cleon Sicyonius. (6) De Cynisca vero Archidami
filia, ejusque genere, omnia et in Olympicis palmis et ea in parte
historiæ sunt explicata, qua in enumerandis Lacedæmoniorum
regibus operam sumsimus. Prope Troili statuam crepido quædam
lapidea exstat, superque ea equorum quadrigæ et auriga; ipsius
etiam Cyniscæ statua ab Apelle facta, cum aliquot in eam
inscriptionibus. (7) Post Cyniscam sunt Lacedæmonii aliquot
deinceps positi, qui equis vicere. Primus Anaxander de curuli
certamine renunciatus est. Testatur inscriptio, Anaxandri avum ante
hunc quinquertii coronam cepisse. Est hic quidem in modum deo
vota nuncupantis ornatus. Succedit Polycles, qui Polychalci
cognomen cepit, quadrigis et ipse victor, tæniam dextera tenet.
Adsistunt pusiones duo: eorum alter trochum præfert, tæniam alter
appetit. Idem vero Polycles, ut testatur inscriptio, etiam e Pythicis,
Isthmicis et Nemeis equestri certamine victor rediit.

CAPUT II.
Statuæ Lacedæmoniorum equis alendis inclitorum — de statua Thrasybuli vatis et
prisca ex animalium extis vaticinandi ratione — Iamidis vatibus — Timosthenis
et Antipatri aliorumque statuis — Messenii e Peloponneso ejecti victoriarum in
ludis Olympicis expertes sunt et reducti illarum participes evadunt.
Pancratiastæ vero, quæ proxima est, statuam elaboravit Lysippus.
Primus ille quidem vir quum reliquorum Acarnanum, tum eorum qui
Stratum urbem incolunt palmam pancratii tulit: ** Xenarces ei
nomen; Philandridæ filius fuit, Lacedæmonii certe post irruptionem
Persarum in Græciam Græcis omnibus equos alendi studio
præstitere. Quare, præter eos, quorum superius mentionem feci, hi
alii sunt e Spartanis equis alendis nobilitati, quorum imagines post
Acarnanis athletæ effigiem positæ, Xenarces, Lycinus, Arcesilaus, et
Arcesilai filius Lichas. (2) Et Xenarces quidem insuper etiam
Delphica, Argolica et Corinthiaca victoria claruit. Lycinus quum ad
ludos in Olympiam pullos adduxisset et eorum unus deterior visus
esset, in equorum jam adultorum certamine hos pullos commisit et
per eos victoriam est adeptus. Dedicavit ille in Olympia statuas duas,
quas Myron Atheniensis fecit. Arcesilao Lichæ patri Olympiæ victoriæ
duæ obtigerunt: Lichas vero, quum Lacedæmoniis tunc ludorum
aditu interdictum esset, Thebani populi nomine currum introduxit,
victoremque aurigam sua ipse manu tænia redimivit: atque ob eam
rem flagellarunt eum Hellanodicæ. (3) Hunc propter Licham
Lacedæmonii Agidis regis ductu cum exercitu Eleos invaserunt
pugnamque intra Altin cum eis commiserunt. Finito bello, hoc in loco
statuam Lichas posuit. Indicant Eleorum literæ quibus victores
Olympici recensentur, non Lichæ, sed Thebano populo eam palmam
decretam. (4) Non longe a Licha statua posita est Thrasybulo Æneæ
filio vati, ex Iamidarum familia, qui suam Mantinensibus contra
Agidem Lacedæmoniorum regem, Eudamidæ filium, operam navavit;
qua de re agam pluribus, quum ad Arcadum res venero. Per
Thrasybuli dexterum humerum in effigie stellio repit: prope canis
jacet bipartito dissectus, nudato jecinore. (5) Vetus est et antiquitus
hominibus instituta ex hœdis, agnis, vitulis aruspicina. Suem primi
omnium Cyprii addidere. Cane vero ad extorum significationes nullæ
omnino gentes utuntur. Peculiarem itaque credi facile potest e
caninis visceribus divinationem sibi Thrasybulum instituisse. Vates,
qui Iamidæ nuncupantur, ab Iamo oriundi sunt, quem Apollinis satu
ortum et a patre divinandi peritiam accepisse, carmine prodidit
Pindarus. (6) Prope Thrasybuli effigiem Timosthenes Eleus positus
est, qui pueros in stadio vicit. Milesius deinde Antipater, Clinopatri
filius, qui pueros in pugilatu perculit. Hujus Antipatri patrem Dionysii
Syracusani legati ad Olympium Jovem cum muneribus missi, pecunia
delinitum adduxerant ut filium victorem Syracusanum renunciari
vellet. At Antipater contemptis tyranni donis, Milesium se esse et ex
Ionibus primum in Olympia statuam dedicasse; elogio testatus est.
(7) Fecit eam statuam Polycletus: Timosthenis effigiem elaboravit
Eutychides Sicyonius, Lysippi discipulus. Hic idem Eutychides Syris
quoque Orontæ accolis Fortunæ signum fecit, quod magna cum
religione apud eas gentes colitur. (8) Proxime ad Timosthenis
statuam in Alti Timon positus est, et cum eo Æsepus filius tener
adhuc, equo insidens, qua scilicet ætate equo injuge vicit. Timon
quidem de curuli certamine victor renunciatus est. Ejus et filii
effigiem fecit Dædalus Sicyonius, qui etiam, victis prœlio Laconibus,
tropæum Eleis in Alti erectum elaboravit. (9) Posita etiam est Samio
pugili statua cum inscriptione, quæ dicatam testatur a Mycone
gymnicorum magistro; eademque Samiis in athleticis certaminibus et
navalibus pugnis præ ceteris Ionibus laudem summam tribuit: de
pugile autem ipso nominatim nulla mentio. (10) Positus ibidem est
Messenius Damiscus, qui annos natus duodecim palmam ex
Olympicis ludis tulit. Fuit autem ea mihi res haud minus quam alia
quævis admirationi, quod eadem ferme fortuna Messeniis et patriam
et Olympicorum ludorum gloriam eripuerit. Neque enim postquam e
Peloponneso ejecti sunt, aut ex Naupacto, aut e Sicilia, præter
Leontiscum et Symmachum freti accolas, quisquam e Messeniis
victor declaratus est; quum tamen Siculi hos non Messenios, sed de
priscis Zanclæis fuisse contendant. (11) Sed postquam in
Peloponnesum rediere, pristina etiam eos comitata est fortuna
Olympica: siquidem uno post Messenen restitutam anno ludos Eleis
facientibus hic ipse Damiscus pueros stadio vicit; et quinquertii post
hanc ei partim Nemeæ, partim vero Isthmicæ victoriæ obtigere.
 CAPUT III.

Recensio signorum athletarum Olympiæ positorum continuata — de tempore

expeditionis Eleorum et Thebanorum contra Sicyonios — statua Cratini ex
Ægira, illius ætatis hominum pulcherrimi — statua Œbotæ, quem pugnæ ad
Platæas non interesse potuisse ex temporum ratione patet — statua Diconis
Cauloniatæ et de Cauloniæ urbis fatis — statua Lysandri Lacedæmonii.
Damisco proxima est viri nescio cujus statua: nomen enim ejus non
produnt. Dedicavit Ptolemæus Lagi filius; qui se Macedonem
inscribendum curavit, quum Ægypti rex esset. Chæream Sicyonium
pugilem puerum titulus docet adolescentulum palmam meruisse,
Chæremone patre genitum: nominat item statuæ opificem
Asterionem Æschyli filium. (2) Post Chæream Sophius Messenius
puer et Eleus vir Stomius collocati sunt: in cursu ille pueros
antevertit; Stomius vero quinquertii Olympicis ludis unam, tres
Nemeis palmas tulit. Hoc amplius ei inscriptio tribuit, Eleorum
equitatum duxisse et hoste fuso tropæa erexisse, hostium ducem ex
provocatione occidisse. (3) Fuisse vero illum ex Sicyone et Sicyoniis
imperasse Elei referunt: arma vero se cepisse contra Sicyonem
adductos Thebanorum amicitia, et Bœotiorum tunc auxilia præsto
sibi fuisse. Bellum igitur cum Sicyoniis ab Eleis et Thebanis gestum
existimari potest post Lacedæmoniorum Leuctricam cladem. (4)
Positus deinceps est Labax Euphronis filius, pugil e Lepreo Eleorum;
Thrasidis præterea filius Aristodemus vir palæstrita ex ipsa Elide, cui
duæ etiam Pythicæ obtigere victoriæ. Effigiem Aristodemi fecit
Sicyonius Dædalus, discipulus Patroclis. (5) Hippum Eleum, pugilatu
puerorum victorem, fecit Damocritus Sicyonius, qui ad quintum a se
retro magistrum Atticum Critium refertur. Ptolichus enim Corcyræus
ab ipso didicit Critio: is Amphionem docuit; Amphionis discipulus fuit
Pison e Calaurea; a quo artem Damocritus didicit. (6) Positus etiam
Cratinus ex Ægira Achaici conventus civitate, qui quum sui temporis
omnium esset formosissimus, luctandi etiam arte longo intervallo
omnibus præstitit. Is pueris in palæstra dejectis obtinuit ab Eleis, ut
ludicræ exercitationis magister proximo sibi loco statueretur. Statuam
ejus fecit Sicyonius Cantharus, Alexide genitus, artem ab Eutychida
edoctus. (7) Eupolemi Elei imaginem Dædalus idem Sicyonius
elaboravit: indicat inscriptio vicisse Eupolemum in stadio ludis
Olympicis viros, et quinquertii e Pythicis coronas duas, unam e
Nemeis reportasse. De Eupolemo proditus est sermo, quum curriculo
Hellanodicæ tres præessent, ex iis duos palmam Eupolemo dedisse,
tertium Leonti Ambraciotæ: Leontem eorum utrumque, quorum
sententia inferior discesserat, apud Olympicum senatum acceptæ
pecuniæ accusasse. (8) Œbotæ statuam Achæi ex Apollinis Delphici
responso posuere Olympiade octogesima, cui Olympiade sexta palma
de stadio est adjudicata. Qui ergo Œbotas potuit in Græcorum acie
ad Platæas prœliari, quum Olympiade septuagesima quinta ad
Platæas Persæ duce Mardonio fusi fuerint? Ea quidem quæ ferunt
Græci necesse habui commemorare, credere vero omnia nulla me
res cogit. At Œbotæ ejusdem casus alios non prætermittam, quo
loco Achæorum res persequar. (9) Antiochi statuam Nicodamus fecit.
Fuit Antiochus ex Lepreo oriundus. Is pancratio viros in Olympia
semel, in Isthmicis et Nemeis quinquertio bis utroque certamine
superavit. Neque enim Lepreatas quominus ad Isthmia accederent
quicquam deterrebat, uti Eleos. Sic Hysmo Eleus, cui prope
Antiochum erecta statua est, quum ad quinquertii certamen se
applicuisset, Olympicis unam, Nemeis alteram palmam tulit; ab
Isthmicis vero æque hic atque ceteri Elei exclusus est. (10) Huic
quum puer adhuc esset fluxum in nervos descendisse ferunt,
eumque hanc ob causam ad quinquertium adjecisse animum, ut
scilicet isto laboribus pulso morbo sanitatem recuperaret. Atque erat
ei hæc disciplina multas et illustres postea victorias paritura. Statua
ejus Cleonis opus est, et priscos halteres tenet. (11) Secundum
Hysmonem positus est palæstrita puer ex Heræa Arcadum civitate,
Nicostratus Xenoclidæ filius. Pantias hanc statuam fecit, qui ab
Aristocle Sicyonio per manus traditam artem septimo ejus
discipulorum gradu accepit. (12) Dicon Callimbroti filius quinque e
Pythico curriculo, tres ab Isthmico, quattuor e Nemeis; ex Olympicis
unam de pueris, duas de viris palmas tulit. Atque ei quidem totidem
statuæ quot victoriæ fuere erectæ sunt in Olympia. Et puer sane,
Cauloniates, sicuti etiam erat, renunciatus est: at largitionibus postea
corruptus Syracusanum se renunciari curavit. Est Caulonia in Italiam
ab Achæis colonia deducta: dux ejus coloniæ fuit Typhon Ægiensis.
(13) Bello autem a Pyrrho Æacidæ filio et Tarentinis contra Romanos
suscepto multæ Italiæ civitates a Romanis aliæ, aliæ vero ab Epirotis
ad vastitatem et solitudinem redactæ sunt. Inter eas Caulonia fuit a
Campanis capta et deleta, quorum maxime auxiliis Romani
nitebantur. (14) A ** Diconis statua non longe distat Xenophon
Menephyli filius, ab Ægio Achivorum pancratiasta; et Ephesius
Pyrilampes in longiore curriculo (δόλιχον vocant Græci) victor. Illi
effigiem fecit Olympus; huic cognominis et statuarius Pyrilampes,
non is Sicyone, sed Messenæ ad Ithomen natus. (15) Lysandrum
Aristocriti filium Spartanum in Olympia posuerunt Samii, a quibus
inscriptiones duæ positæ, quarum altera hæc est:
Supremi Jovis hæc decora in prædivite fano
Publicitus Samii constituere viri.

Hæc qui dedicarint docet. Altera ipsum Lysandrum ornat inscriptio:

Quod tua Aristocritum et patriam virtute beasti,
Lysander, meritis stant monumenta tuis.

(16) Ex quo quidem facile intelligas, Samios et Ionas reliquos de una

fidelia (uti ipsorum verbum est) parietes duos dealbasse. Etenim
quum Alcibiades Atheniensium classem instructam et ornatam circa
Ioniam haberet, plerique Iones eum colebant, atque adeo Samii
statuam ei æneam in Junonis erexerunt. Superatis vero navali prœlio
ad Ægospotamos Atheniensibus iidem Samii Lysandro in Olympia
statuam posuere. Quin et Ephesii in Dianæ templo Lysandri,
Eteonici, Pharacis et alioram Spartanorum minime clari inter Græcos
nominis, imagines dedicarunt. (17) Jam vero commutata rursum
fortuna quum ad Cnidum et Dorium montem ab Atheniensibus
Cononis ductu classe victi fuissent Lacedæmonii, eousque Ionum
studia in diversa abierunt, ut Cononem ex ære, Timotheum etiam,
Sami apud Junonem positos videas, itidemque Ephesi apud deam
Ephesiam. Et profecto eadem quovis tempore fuit omnibus gentibus
quæ Ionibus mens, ut hominum studia ad eos qui opibus ac viribus
præstarent propensiora essent.
 CAPUT IV.

Recensionis signorum athletarum Olympiæ positorum pars reliqua — statua

Sostrati Sicyonii cognomine Acrochersitæ et Leontisci — Olympias CIV ab Eleis
non notata, quia Pisæi et Arcades tunc ludos celebrarunt — puer tænia
redimitus, unicum Olympiæ signum a Phidia confectum — Chilonis Patrensis
signum — Aristotelis Stagiritæ — Archidami, regis Lacedæmoniorum —
Ergotelis Cretensis.
Proxima est Lysandri statuæ effigies Ephesii pugilis, qui de puerorum
certamine victoriam est adeptus: nomen ei fuit Alhenæus. Adsistit
etiam Sostratus Sicyonius, pancratiastes; cui cognomen fuit
Acrochersites, quod adversariorum summas manus fam fortiter
apprehendebat, ut non prius eos dimitteret quam elisis digitis dolore
confectos intelligeret. (2) Duodecim ei partim Nemeorum, partim
vero Isthmiorum palmæ datæ sunt; Pythicæ duæ, Olympicæ tres.
Quartam vero supra centesimam Olympiadem, qua Sostratus
primum vicit, non conscribunt in suis commentariis Elei: pro illis enim
ejus Olympiadis ludos ordinarunt Pisæi et Arcades. (3) Prope
Sostratum positus est palæstrita Siciliensis Leontiscus, e Messana
quæ ad fretum est. Coronam is ab Amphictyonibus et bis ab Eleis
accepit. Et in lucta quidem Leontiscus haud alio more quam
Sostratus in pancratio adversarios perculisse fertur: neque enim
colluctantes sternendi callidum fuisse, sed victoriam digitis
collidendis extorsisse. (4) Statuam ei fecit Pythagoras Rheginus,
fingendi peritia si quis alius sollers. Didicisse eum artem ferunt a
Clearcho Rhegino, Euchiri discipulo: Euchirum autem esse
Corinthium, et præceptoribus usum Syadra (?) et Charta Spartanis.
(5) Puer tænia caput redimitus, Phidiæ causa et eximiæ ejus in
fingendis statuis sollertiæ nobis non fuit prætermittendus, quod
scilicet alioqui neminem novimus cujus effigiem expresserit Phidias.
Satyrus Eleus Lysianacte patre genitus, ex Iamidarum gente, e
Nemea quinque de pugilatu, duas e Pythicis ludis et ex Olympicis
totidem palmas tulit. Ejus fecit statuam Atheniensis Silanion. At
Polycles et ipse Attici nominis fictor, Stadiei Atheniensis discipulus,
Amyntam fecit pancratiasten, puerum ex Epheso, Hellanici filium. (6)