EE-463 STATIC POWER CONVERSION-I

Basic Concepts
Ozan Keysan
keysan.me
O�ce: C-113 • Tel: 210 7586

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Let's start with a simple DC-DC Converter

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Let's start with a simple DC-DC Converter

Can you design this converter?

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Resistive Voltage Divider

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Series Regulator (Transistor in linear mode)

E�ciency= 50% !

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Use an Ideal (Two Position) Switch

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With L-C (Low-Pass) Filter

Notice high e�ciency

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A more realistic example (Buck converter)

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Generating AC: Single-Phase Inverter

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Common Points

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Common Points
Avoid lossy elements!

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Ideal Switch

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Ideal Switch

Which factors make a switch ideal?

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Ideal Switch

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Ideal Switch
• No voltage drop in the on-state

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Ideal Switch
• No voltage drop in the on-state
• Zero switching time

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Ideal Switch
• No voltage drop in the on-state
• Zero switching time
• No leakage current in the o�-state

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Ideal Switch
• No voltage drop in the on-state
• Zero switching time
• No leakage current in the o�-state
• In�nite breakdown voltage and current capacity

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What happens if you turn o� a inductive
load?

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What happens if you turn o� a inductive
load?
or
What happens if turn-on with a capacitive
load?

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Practical Switch

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Practical Switch
• Conduction losses (voltage drop, leakage current)

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Practical Switch
• Conduction losses (voltage drop, leakage current)
• Finite switching time

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Practical Switch
• Conduction losses (voltage drop, leakage current)
• Finite switching time
• Switching losses

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Practical Switch
• Conduction losses (voltage drop, leakage current)
• Finite switching time
• Switching losses
• Limited current and voltage capacity

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Practical Switch
• Conduction losses (voltage drop, leakage current)
• Finite switching time
• Switching losses
• Limited current and voltage capacity
• Limited dv/dt and di/dt rating

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General Rules in Power Electronics

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General Rules in Power Electronics
Do not short circuit voltage sources (Unless V=0)

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General Rules in Power Electronics
Do not short circuit voltage sources (Unless V=0)
Do not open (turn-o� ) current sources (Unless I=0)

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General Rules in Power Electronics
Do not short circuit voltage sources (Unless V=0)
Do not open (turn-o� ) current sources (Unless I=0)
Inductors behave like current sources

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General Rules in Power Electronics
Do not short circuit voltage sources (Unless V=0)
Do not open (turn-o� ) current sources (Unless I=0)
Inductors behave like current sources
Capacitors behave like voltage sources

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Inductors in Steady-State Operation

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Inductors in Steady-State Operation
a.k.a. Inductor Volts-Seconds Balance
Average value of inductor voltage is zero in steady-state

(Positive and negative areas of inductor voltage cancel each other)

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Capacitors in Steady-State Operation
a.k.a. Capacitor Charge (or Ampere-seconds) Balance

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Capacitors in Steady-State Operation
a.k.a. Capacitor Charge (or Ampere-seconds) Balance
(Positive and negative areas of capacitor current cancel each other)

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Performance Parameters for Waveforms

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Performance Parameters for Waveforms
i.e. How do you decide an output is better than
another?

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For example, can you tell which one of the DC supply
voltage is better?
• 5 + 0.5sin(x)

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or

• 5+0.25sin(x)+0.25sin(10*x)

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Or can you tell which "more sinusoidal"?

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Or can you tell which "more sinusoidal"?
• sin(x) + 0.3sin(3x)

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Or can you tell which "more sinusoidal"?
• sin(x) + 0.3sin(3x)

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or

• sin(x) - 0.3sin(3x)

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or

• sin(x) - 0.3sin(3x)

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RMS

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RMS(Root Mean Square)

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RMS(Root Mean Square)
−−−−−−−−−−
1 T 2
IRMS = √ ∫0 i (t)dt
T

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RMS(Root Mean Square)
−−−−−−−−−−
1 T 2
IRMS = √ ∫0 i (t)dt
T
What is the physical meaning?

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RMS(Root Mean Square)
−−−−−−−−−−
1 T 2
IRMS = √ ∫0 i (t)dt
T
What is the physical meaning?

Average power dissipated if connected to 1 Ω

resistor

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RMS (Root Mean Square)
What is the RMS of a signal with harmonics?
I = I1 + I2 + I3 . . .

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RMS (Root Mean Square)
What is the RMS of a signal with harmonics?
I = I1 + I2 + I3 . . .
−− −−− − − − −−−−−− −−−−
IRMS = √I1RMS + I2RMS + I3RMS . . .
2 2 2

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Distortion Factor

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Distortion Factor
Ratio of Fundamental RMS to Total RMS

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Distortion Factor
Ratio of Fundamental RMS to Total RMS
I1RMS
DF =
IsRMS
Quick Question: What is the DF for a square wave?

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Displacement Power Factor

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Displacement Power Factor
Power factor for the fundamental component

i.e. DPF=cos(ϕ) , where ϕ is the phase di�erence

between the FUNDAMENTAL components of V and I.

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(True) Power Factor

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(True) Power Factor
Ratio of Real Power (P) to Apparent Power (S)

P
PF =
S
True Power Factor includes all harmonics, whereas DPF
includes only the fundamental component.

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(True) Power Factor
For perfect sine wave

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(True) Power Factor
For perfect sine wave
DF = 1 and DPF = PF

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(True) Power Factor
For perfect sine wave
DF = 1 and DPF = PF
For distorted waves

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(True) Power Factor
For perfect sine wave
DF = 1 and DPF = PF
For distorted waves
DF<1 and PF<DPF

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For this waveform:

displacement power factor (DPF) = 1

but true power factor is < 1
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THD

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THD (Total Harmonic Distortion)

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THD (Total Harmonic Distortion)
Ratio of the RMS of the harmonics (excluding the
fundamental) to RMS of the fundamental component

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THD (Total Harmonic Distortion)
Ratio of the RMS of the harmonics (excluding the
fundamental) to RMS of the fundamental component
−∞
−−−−
√ ∑ Ih
2
h=2
T HD =
I1

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THD (Total Harmonic Distortion)
Ratio of the RMS of the harmonics (excluding the
fundamental) to RMS of the fundamental component
−∞
−−−−
√ ∑ Ih
2
h=2
T HD =
I1
i.e. ratio of power in harmonics to power in the
fundamental component 29 / 33
THD (Total Harmonic Distortion)
Very important for power quality, and limited by many
standards.

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THD (Total Harmonic Distortion)
Very important for power quality, and limited by many
standards.
Used to be less than 5% for LV

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THD (Total Harmonic Distortion)
Very important for power quality, and limited by many
standards.
Used to be less than 5% for LV

In 2014, it was increased to 8%. Why?

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THD (Total Harmonic Distortion)
−∞
−−−−
√ ∑ Ih2
h=2
T HD =
I1

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THD (Total Harmonic Distortion)
−∞
−−−−
√ ∑ Ih2 −−−−−−
h=2 √Is2 − I12
T HD = =
I1 I1

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THD (Total Harmonic Distortion)
−∞
−−−−
√ ∑ Ih2 −−−−−−
h=2 √Is2 − I12
T HD = =
I1 I1
Distortion factor can be expressed in terms of THD

1
DF = −−−−−−−−−
√1 + T HD2
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Quick Question: Derive the THD of a square waveform

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You can download this presentation from: keysan.me/
ee463

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