DISCOVERING COMPUTERS 2018

Digital Technology, Data, and Devices

Chapter 2
The System unit

Presented and
modified by

Hind abdallah

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publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
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How a Computer Works:

1-Power Supply to Computer Components:

- When the computer is connected to a power source and the

power button is pressed, alternating current is converted to

direct current to supply the computer components with the

necessary power.

- If there are no errors, signals are sent to the motherboard and

processor to start the startup process.

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How a Computer Works:

2. Power-on Self Test (POST):
- After ensuring that all components are receiving the
appropriate power, the computer performs a self-test
to ensure that the main components are working
properly.

- Basic information such as the system time and date

and information about the installed devices is loaded.

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How a Computer Works:

3. Loading the Operating System:
- After passing the self-test, the computer begins
loading the operating system through a small program
known as the boot loader.

- The boot loader loads the operating system into

memory, allowing for startup and organizing work
between subsystems and applications.

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How a Computer Works:

4.Data Input:

- Data is entered into the computer via input devices

such as a keyboard, mouse, or scanner.

- Data can also be entered via internal application

programs in the form of programmed instructions.

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How a Computer Works:

How a Computer Works:

5. *Data Processing*:
- Data is processed by the Central Processing Unit
(CPU), which is the core of the computer.
- The CPU executes instructions and processes data
at a very high speed.
6. *Data Output*:
- After the data is processed, the results are sent to
output units such as a monitor, printer, or speakers.

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How does the processor work

1-Data Input:
The data processing process begins with entering
data into the computer via input devices such as a
keyboard, mouse, or scanner.
The input data can be text, numbers, images, or any
other type of data.
2-Fetch:
The CPU fetches instructions and data from RAM.
This is done by a program counter that holds the
addresses of the instructions.
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How a Computer Works:

3-Decode:
After fetching the instructions, the CPU decodes them
to understand what to do.
The instructions are converted into signals that the
CPU can understand and execute.
4-Execute:
The CPU executes the decoded instructions.
These instructions can include arithmetic, logical, or
data transfer operations between different parts of the
computer.
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How a Computer Works:

5-Storage:
After executing the instructions, the results are stored
in memory or sent to output devices such as a monitor
or printer.
The processed data is stored in memory for future use.
6-Output:
The processed data is output to the user via output
devices.
Results can be text displayed on the screen, printed
reports, or sounds through the speakers.
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Types of memories in the computer and their functions:

Random Access Memory Read-Only Memory

(RAM) (ROM)

Cache Memory Secondary Storage

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Types of memories in the computer and their functions:

Random Access Memory (RAM):

Stable Random Dynamic

Access Memory Random Access
(SRAM) Memory (DRAM)

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Types of memories in the computer and their functions:

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Types (RAM):
1-Stable Random Access Memory
(SRAM):
Used in cache memory and is characterized
by its high speed but is expensive.
2-Dynamic Random Access
Memory (DRAM):
Used in the main memory of the computer
and needs to be constantly updated with
data.
Function: Stores data and instructions that
the processor needs quickly to perform
operations.
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Types of memories in the computer and their functions:

Read-Only Memory (ROM)

PROM EPROM EEPROM

- *Function*: Stores the basic programs

that the computer needs to start up.

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Cache Memory

-Definition: A small, fast memory used

to store data that is frequently
accessed by the processor.

- Function: Speed ​up access to

frequent data and reduce access time.

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Secondary Storage-
Definition: Storage devices used to
store data permanently.
-Types:-
1- Hard Disks (HDD): Used to store
large amounts of data.-
2- Solid State Drives (SSD): Faster
than traditional hard drives and
used to store data permanently.

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# Types of storage devices
3. **Memory Cards**:
- Used in portable devices such as
cameras and smartphones to store data.
- Comes in different sizes and capacities,
and usually uses flash memory.
4. USB Flash Drives:
- Portable storage devices that use flash
memory.
- Easy to use, and allows data to be easily
transferred between devices.

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# Types of storage devices
5. Optical Discs (CD/DVD/Blu-ray):
- Used to store data optically.
- Usually used to distribute
programs and movies, but is less
common in everyday storage.
- Function: Store data and programs
permanently even after the
computer is turned off.

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Difference between ROM and Hard Drive

1. ROM (Read Only Memory): It is a type of permanent

memory that retains data even when the device is turned

off. It is used to store firmware and the operating system,

and its contents cannot be easily modified.

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 Difference between ROM and Hard Drive

2. Hard Disk : It is a permanent data storage device used

to store large amounts of data and files.
- Its contents can be easily modified, and it is used to
store the operating system, programs, and personal
data.
3. Function:
- ROM is used to store basic instructions for operating the device,
while hard drive is used to store data and files in general.
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Ports and Buses

Ports are the connection points used to connect

external devices to the computer. There are different
types of ports, each with a specific function

HDMI Ethernet Audio

USB port
port port port

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Ports and Buses

1. USB port:- Used to connect a variety of

devices such as mice, keyboards,
printers, and external hard drives.- It is
easy to use and transfers data quickly.
2. . HDMI port: Used to connect the
computer to displays and televisions.- It
transmits high-quality video and audio

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Ports and Buses

3. Ethernet port:-Used to connect the

computer to the Internet or local
networks. Provides a fast and stable
connection.
4. Audio port:-Used to connect
headphones and microphones.- Usually
available in the form of a 3.5 mm port.

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Ports and Buses

Definition of Buses: Buses are paths or communication

lines that connect different computer components, such as
the central processing unit (CPU), memory, and input and
output devices. They can be likened to roads that connect
parts of a city.

function Buses play a vital role in a computer system,

acting as a means of transmitting data and signals between
different computer components.
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Ports and Buses

Definition of Buses: Buses are paths or communication

lines that connect different computer components, such as
the central processing unit (CPU), memory, and input and
output devices. They can be likened to roads that connect
parts of a city.

function Buses play a vital role in a computer system,

acting as a means of transmitting data and signals between
different computer components.
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Ports and Buses

Address Control
Data Bus
Bus Bus

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 Ports and Buses

1. Data Bus:- *Function*: Transfers data between the CPU

and other components.- *Features*: It can be 8, 16, 32,
or 64 bits wide, and the wider the bus, the more data
can be transferred at one time.

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 Ports and Buses

2. Address Bus:- *Function*: Transfers memory

addresses that are used to locate data in memory.-
*Features*: The number of wires on the address bus
determines the amount of memory the computer can
access. For example, a 32-bit address bus can address 4 GB
of memory.

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 Ports and Buses

3. Control Bus:- *Function*: Transfers control

signals between the CPU and other components.-

*Features*: Includes signals such as read and write
signals, timing signals, and interrupt signals.

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 The role of buses in a computer system-

1*Facilitating communication*:Buses enable communication

between different computer components, allowing data and
instructions to be transferred quickly and efficiently.

- 2*Organizing operations*: Helps organize operations within

the computer by transmitting control signals that determine when
and how operations are performed.-

3 *Increasing performance*: Contributes to increasing computer

performance by providing fast and efficient paths for data transfer.

Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted
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to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
 The role of buses in a computer system-

1*Facilitating communication*:Buses enable communication

between different computer components, allowing data and
instructions to be transferred quickly and efficiently.

- 2*Organizing operations*: Helps organize operations within

the computer by transmitting control signals that determine when
and how operations are performed.-

3 *Increasing performance*: Contributes to increasing computer

performance by providing fast and efficient paths for data transfer.

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 Assignment

1. How does the system unit affect computer

performance?

2. What is the role of the motherboard in the

system unit?

3. How can I upgrade the system unit?

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Discovering Computers Enhanced Edition
Tools, Apps, Devices, and the Impact of Technology

Chapter 2
The
System
unit
Chapter 2 Complete

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