Research Proposal
Proposed By
Md. Jamsedul Islam
Assistant Professor
Department of Tourism & Hospitality Management
Noakhali Science & Technology University
Exploring the Environmental Management System (EMS) for Hotel industry in Bangladesh
1.Introduction: According to (Erdogan & Baris, 2007), environmental factors have received great
importance in the tourism industry. Tourism industry are causing degradation of the natural environment
due to several reasons such as the excessive use of natural resources, high numbers of tourist arrivals and
over development of tourism facilities (Robinot & Giannelloni, 2010). According to Bohdanowicz and
Martinac (2003) the tourism industry are most environmentally harmful industry producing vast amounts
of non-durable goods, wastewater, and energy and carbon emission. The tourism industry is viewed as
being “resource-hungry” (Sharpley, 2009) as it devours significant volumes of natural resources, both in
its development and operation phases (Knowles, Macmillan, Palmer, Grabowski, & Hashimoto, 1999;
Lozano-Oyola, Blancas, González, & Caballero, 2012; Mensah, 2006; Michailidou, Vlachokostas, &
Moussiopoulos, 2015; Rodríguez-Antón, del Mar Alonso-Almeida, Celemín, & Rubio, 2012; Sucheran,
2015).
An integral part of the tourism industry is the accommodation sector and hotels form a major component
of this sector. Due to its function, operating characteristics and services provided, the hotel sector leaves
the most “visible and permanent footprint” on the environment and is often guilty of “environmental
malpractice” (Weaver, 2012; Zhao & Li, 2018). Hotels consume significant amounts of energy and water
resources while also generating large amounts of waste (Bohdanowicz, 2005; Hsieh & Kung, 2013;
Ustad, 2010).
Therefore, sustainable management practices become vital approach in managing the industries (Araújo
& Moreira, 2020; Claver-Cortés, Molina-Azorín, Pereira-Moliner, & López-Gamero, 2007). Moreover,
many tourists favor destinations that practice environmental protection (Alexander & Kennedy, 2002;
Han, Hsu, Lee, & Sheu, 2011; Lee, Hsu, Han, & Kim, 2010). Hotels are now faced with the pressure to
give attention to environmental issues and policies at every phase of their business venture. This has
prompted hotels to explore sustainable practices aimed at environmental management (Hoogendoorn,
Grant, & Fitchett, 2015; Kim, Lee, & Fairhurst, 2017; Miao & Wei, 2013; Nimri, Patiar, & Kensbock,
2017; Rogerson & Sims, 2012; Yusof & Jamaludin, 2013).
Environmental management systems (EMS) are the key to evaluate hotels’ performs regarding
environmental protection. The idea of an assessment system of green hotels is to protect the environment
by minimizing the negative impact of resource consumption and to motivate the consumers (Bonilla
Priego & Avilés Palacios, 2008; Chan & Hawkins, 2010; Chan & Hsu, 2016; Dief & Font, 2010; Wan,
Chan, & Huang, 2017).
Moreover, lodging industry especially hotelier are seriously taking part in greening the industry because
of few driving factors. The driving factors are financial benefits studied by (Molina-Azorín, Claver-
Cortés, Pereira-Moliner, & Tarí, 2009), ecological responsibility, competitiveness, legitimation studied by
(Bansal & Roth, 2000) and the emergence of green consumers mentioned by (Nair & Anantharajah,
2012). Previous studies reported that EMS is a reliable and workable tool that helps hotel organizations to
achieve their environmental targets (Meade & Pringle, 2001; Tinsley & Pillai, 2012). Some researchers
further specified that the implementation of EMS can bring benefits to a company not only in financial
terms but also by improving the company‘s image with the general public and other stakeholders (Kirk,
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1995, 1998; Mensah, 2006). Research undertaken by Chan and Wong (2006) and Eng Ann, Zailani, and
Abd Wahid (2006) also found that many hotels initiated green measures because of financial
considerations, while some others were motivated more by government regulations than concern for
guests.
Tourism is a growing industry in Bangladesh. It generated 1, 25,000 international tourists in 2014 and
international tourism generated US$ 1.5 trillion in export earnings and international tourist arrivals grew
by 4.3% in 2014 to 1.133 billion. According to WTTC direct employment support by travel and tourism
is forecast to raise by 2.9 percent per annum to 1,785,000 jobs or 1.9 percent of total employment in 2023
(Sultana, 2016). Government of Bangladesh has emphasized on accommodation facilities and its
management (Rakib & Hassan, 2020). About twenty nine motels and restaurants are directly established
and supervised by the Bangladesh Parzatan Corporation (Annual Report, BPC, 2019). National Hotel and
Tourism Training Institute (NHTTI) is an institute for professional tourism management training. NHTTI
was established in 1974 under Bangladesh Parjatan Corporation. This institute offers courses to ensure
trained personnel for hotel and tourism industry. NHTTI started a two-year long diploma course in hotel
management in 1994 (Roy & Roy, 2015). In addition, there are about 44 international standard hotels in
Bangladesh (International Hotel association). Apart from these, more than two thousand small and
medium sized hotels are in full swing across the country.
Most of the researchers have concentrated on development, economic contribution, and challenges of
tourism industry in Bangladesh (Parveen, 2013; Roy & Roy, 2015; Sultana, 2016). To date, there is no
specific research on accommodation facilities and management, an integral part of tourism. It is essential
to accommodate Environmental Management System in Hotels as growing demand of national and
international stakeholders (Azam, Rashid, & Zainol, 2019; Butler, 2008; Kirk, 1998).
Moreover, according to the report of the Department of Environment (DOE) UK inform that by applying
green approaches can reduce energy saving up to 20%. Green hoteliers can gain profit by lowering the
cost of energy, waste, water, emission cost, operational and maintenance cost (Butler, 2008). A LEED
certified building typically can save up to 30 to 50 % in energy usage, 35% in carbon emissions, 40% in
water consumption and 70% of solid waste (Jenkins & Karanikola, 2014; Mrsc, 2010; Yusof &
Jamaludin, 2013).
Against this backdrop, this study has aimed to explore the EMS of hotels of Bangladesh. First of all, it
will unveil the existing practice and finally will develop an EMS for hotels in Bangladesh.
2. Objectives of the study: The main objective of the study is to explore an Environmental Management
System for hotel industry of Bangladesh. A set of secondary tasks are set below to reach the principal
objective.
a. To know the existing practice of various dimensions of EMS
b. To explore the feasibility of the various dimensions of EMS
c. To establish an EMS for hotels in Bangladesh
3. Methodology of the Study: In this study, ISO14000 will be referred as a base from which to construct
EMS indicators that are specific to the hotel sector. The study indicators will be refined in consultation
with scholars and industry experts before determining priority for their implementation through the
analysis of their importance and feasibility.
According to the standard, ten dimensions are selected such as environmental policy, water resource,
energy, solid waste, health and safety, green purchasing, corporate management, staff education, public
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and community relationship, and consumer education. About 67 indicators will be used to explore the
expected EMS for hotels in Bangladesh.
Sample: This study will consider all state-owned hotels (controlled by BPC) and international standard
hotels in Bangladesh. Therefore, the population and the sample size will be equal. The number of the
samples will be approximately (29+44) =73.
Moreover, this study will consider the opinions of a large number of scholars and experts on EMS of
Hotel industry.
Method: This study will apply Delphi technique to sort out the important and implementable
environmental dimensions out of the 67 indicators.
Measure: This study will measure feasibility level by applying a 5-point likert scale starting from very
low important to very high important and very low implementable to very high implementable. On the
other hand, it will measure the execution level by using the same scale stating very low applied and
extremely applied.
4. Potential benefits: A variety of benefits will occur after adaptation of EMS in hotel. These are
improved stakeholder relations, enhanced marketing benefits, increased operational efficiency and profits,
and fulfilled social responsibility (Park, Jeong Kim, & McCleary, 2012). According to Rahman,
Reynolds, and Svaren (2012) competitiveness in terms of going green can improve profitability in the
long term by lowering expenses and return the saving to the customers.
5. Literature Review: Literatures suggest the concept and importance of green hotels. According to Mrsc
(2010) the concept of green and sustainability should be incorporated in the tourism industry. Green
hotels dedicate themselves to save energy and water and minimize solid waste, so that the environmental
impact is to be reduced (Ayala, 1995; Tseng & Kuo, 2013). As per green concept, green hotels provide
customers green production and service by using eco-friendly facilities (Australia et al., 1998). In
addition, green hotels based on safety and health actively advocate green management and consumption,
ecology protection, and resource conservation (Commission, 2003). Green hotels are, therefore,
emphasize energy conservation, environmental protection and sustainable management by practicing
recycling, reusing and resource saving. This study defines a green hotel as one that is successfully,
“providing tourists with a comfortable, natural, healthy and safe lodging service infrastructure on the
basis of environmental protection, focusing on sustainable development and minimizing the negative
impact on the environment.” Ustad (2010) revealed that hotels in New Zealand showed greater
involvement in energy, water and waste management practices than hotels examined by previous
researchers in different geographical areas. It was noted that New Zealand hotel managers have a limited
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understanding of the term EMS. López-Gamero, Claver-Cortés, and Molina-Azorín (2011) demonstrated
that the attitude and perceptions of managers appear to be essential factors for investment in preventive
environmental technologies. Among other findings, the study found that managers respond favorably to
voluntary norms, rather than environmental legislation; stakeholder pressure seems to have a negative
effect on managers’ perceptions of the competitive opportunity inherent in sustainability; and the
availability of complementary resources encourages managers’ perceptions of sustainability as a
competitive opportunity.
Park et al. (2012) indicated that top managers’ perceived advantages, derived from environmental
management, mediate the proposed relationship. In other words, top managers’ environmental attitudes
influence hotels’ environmental management activities through perceived benefits of the environmental
program.
In Bangladesh, researches on tourism have been prioritized focusing economic contribution, opportunities
and challenges. Environmental management of lodging industry is in fact ignored as a research area in
Bangladesh although world-wide it has given top priority. Parveen (2013) highlighted the current position
of tourism industry, its contribution to the economic development and share of Bangladesh tourism as per
SAARC comparison. Roy and Roy (2015) tried to focus on the attractive tourist spots of Bangladesh and
the contribution of tourism in the Bangladesh economy. Sultana (2016) tried to show the current scenario
of tourism industry of Bangladesh and the contribution on GDP. Ananya, Islam, and Kuri (December.
2019) proposed a strategy that how the tourism organizations can collaboratively do their activities to
make the industry more sustainable in respect of environmental, economic, socio-cultural and political
issues. GhulamRabbany, Afrin, Rahman, Islam, and Hoque (2013) studied that the effects of tourism on
natural resources, environmental pollution, physical environment and tourist activities in the national
park. In addition, it explained environmental impacts of tourism on global scale, positive impacts of
tourism and, finally, how tourism can contribute to environmental conservation.
It is clear that researches on EMS of hotels in developed and developing countries have been occurred
frequently but to date, it is absent in Bangladesh. Therefore, the study aims to explore the existing EMP
of hotels and to develop an EMS for hotels in Bangladesh.
6. Rationale of the study: According to literature review, it is observed that there is no specific research
on Environmental Management Practice of Hotels in Bangladesh. Few researches indicate that EMS is
quite difficult to establish in hotels due to variety of barriers. Chan (2008) stated that barriers can be
divided into two broad categories: internal (organizational) or external (industrial). It is evident from past
studies that implementation cost, lack of professional advice and lack of knowledge and skills were
considered as the most important barriers impeding the adoption and implementation of EMS. Yusof and
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Jamaludin (2013) addressed few significant barriers of EMS implementation of Hotels such as lack of
green experts, lack of resources, and difficulty in balancing the quality of service with environmental
performance. Murillo-Luna, Garcés-Ayerbe, and Rivera-Torres (2007) empirically identify the following
five possible external barriers: the high opportunity cost of environmental investment; limited
infrastructure services; the rigidity of legislation and bureaucratic complexity; lack of knowledge or
difficulty understanding the legislation; and troubles derived from the competitive pressure. However,
González‐Torre, Alvarez, Sarkis, and Adenso‐Díaz (2010) reaches the conclusion that these external
barriers only constitute a real problem when the firm’s environmental proactivity levels are high.
As a result, this study attempts to establish an EMS system which is feasible and cost effective for hotels
in Bangladesh.
7. Conclusions: Bangladesh is full of natural beauty and tourism industry is a growing sector for
economic development. One of the inevitable part of tourism is hotel industry. In order to get foreigners’
attractions, there is no alternative of environmental friendly lodgings. This project will assess the existing
environmental management system of hotels and will establish an accommodative environmental
management system for all. In fine, the industry will become global and the economy will go faster.
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BUDGET SUMMARY
Title of the Exploring the Environmental Management System (EMS) for Hotel industry in
project: Bangladesh
Name of PI Md. Jamsedul Islam
Department Tourism & Hospitality Management
Sl. No. Items Amount (Tk)
1 Honorarium and fellowship (from 10.1)
Part-time research staff 30,000.00
Honorarium of Project Investigator (PI) 10,000.00
Sub-total 40,000.00
2 Equipment and tools (from 10.2)
Operational tools (Max 25%) 58,900.00
Sub-total 58,900.00
3 Operational cost (from 10.3)
3.1 Labour wages 60000.00
Unskilled labour
3.2 Field/Lab consumables
3.3 Vehicle hire for transportation 25000.00
3.4 Travel allowances 10000.00
3.5 Seminar/workshop 24000.00
3.6 Printing and publications (max. 15%) 30000.00
3.7 Office supplies and contingency 15000.00
3.8 Internet Bill 18000.00
3.9 Miscellaneous 19,100.00
Sub-total 2,01,100.00
Total Tk. 3,00,000.00
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DECLARATION/CERTIFICATION
It is certified that –
(a) The same project has not been submitted to any other agency / agencies for financial support.
(b) The research work proposed in this project is not a duplicate work already done or being done in the field
(i.e. area of research)
(c) We agree to present our research output at a seminar arranged by NSTU
(d) We agree to publish at least one scientific article in a recognized journal for each of the total grant received.
(e) Principal Investigator assures the responsibility (N.B: hand over the project to other teacher/researcher
with concern of respective head and Director of NSTU Research Cell in case he/she leaves the
institution/Organization/Study leave/Lien.
(f) Project will be provided with access to all available facilities from the department/faculty/organization/lab/
field experience etc.
--------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------
Signature of the Co-Principal Investigator Signature of the Principal Investigator
Date & Seal Date & Seal
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