REVIEW ON AGRICULTURAL

MACHINERY AND
EQUIPMENT
by
Engr. Alexis T. Belonio
Department of Agricultural Engineering and
Environmental Management
College of Agriculture
Central Philippine University
Iloilo City
 Learning Objectives
 To be able to define agricultural machinery and
agricultural mechanization;
 To classify the various agricultural machines
used in the field and in the farmstead;
 To classify the various agricultural machines
according to use or operation; and
 To be able to describe the various agricultural
machines
 Presentation Outline
 Introduction
 Classifications of Agricultural Machines
 Classifications of Agricultural Machines
According to Operations
 Brief Description of Various Common
Agricultural Machines
 Important Terms
 References
 Introduction
 Agricultural Machinery – It deals with the
study of application, use, and management of
various agricultural machines, tools, and
equipment used for production and post-
production operation.
 Agricultural Mechanization - It is the
development, manufacture and extension of
appropriate agricultural tools, implements, and
machinery using animal, human, mechanical,
electrical, and other renewable sources of
energy for agricultural production and
development and post harvest operations.
 Classifications of Agricultural
Machines
 Agricultural Field Equipment
– Agricultural Field Implement -
– Agricultural Tractors
 Farmstead Equipment
1. Agricultural Field Equipment – This are equipment designed
primarily for agricultural field operation. This includes
agricultural tractors, self-propelled machines, implements, and
their combinations.
(1) Agricultural Tractors – A traction machines designed
primarily to supply power to agricultural implements and
farmstead equipment. It propel itself and provide a force to
the direction of travel to enable attached soil engaging and
other agricultural implement to perform its intended function.
(2) Agricultural Implement - An implement that is
designed to perform agricultural operations. This are further
classified into: (a) towed, mounted, and semi-mounted
implements.
(3) Self-Propelled Machines – An implement designed
with integral power unit to provide both mobility and power
for performing agricultural operations.
2. Farmstead Equipment – This are equipment
other than agricultural field equipment used in
agricultural operation for the production of
food and fiber. This includes livestock
equipment, waste handling system, crop
drying and milling systems, material handling
systems, and others.
 Classifications According to
Operation
1. Tillage Equipment - This includes plow and
harrow used to prepare the land to make it ready
for seeding and planting operation.
2. Seeding and Planting Equipment – This are
equipment used to place seeds or plant parts
into the prepared seedbed.
3. Crop Maintenance Equipment – This includes
cultivating. weeding, spraying, dusting, as well
as irrigation equipment aim to make sure that
the crop grows to produce its potential yield.
4. Harvesting and Threshing Equipment - This
are equipment used to gather and separate the
produced from the panicles and make it ready
for primary processing operation.
5. Drying Equipment - This are equipment
used to reduce the moisture of the product to a
level that it can be stored with minimum loss
from spoilage.
6. Milling Equipment - This are equipment used
to process the product ready for consumption.
7. Storage Equipment - This are equipment
used to keep the product safe from
deterioration or spoilage for prolong period of
storage.
 Agricultural Tractors
 Machine used primarily
for traction or pulling
purposes. It can also
deliver both power for
stationary and mobile
jobs. It can pull or tow
implement through
traction from drive
wheel and or pull
implement through the
draft developed from
the drawbar.
 Plows
 They are used as primary tillage
implement which constitutes the
initial major soil-working operation,
normally designed to reduce soil
strength, cover plant materials, and
rearrange aggregates.
– Moldboard Plow – invert soil
– Disk Plow – loosen and invert soil
– Chisel Plow – loosen soil
– Rotary Plow – mix soil
– Subsoiler – deep loosening of soil
or hardpan
 Harrows
 Use as secondary tillage
implement which are
designed to control weed
growth and to create specific
soil surface configuration
before seeding
– Disk Harrow
– Peg-Tooth Harrow
– Spring Tooth Harrow
– Comb Harrow
– Power Harrow
 Power Tillers
 A hand operated
machines use to till small
sizes of land enough to
replace draft animals.
– Hand Tractor
– Floating-Type Floating
Tiller
 Seeders
 Machines used to place
seeds in a prepared soil
– Drill planter
– Row Planter
– Broadcaster
 Planters
 Machine use to place
seedlings or plant parts
in a prepared soil.
– Rice Transplanter
– Sugar Planter
 Sprayers
 Machines used to
break the liquid into
droplets of effective
size and distributes
them uniformly over
the surface or space
to be protected.
– Compressed Air
Sprayer
– Knapsack Sprayer
– Power Sprayer
– Aerosol Sprayer or
Fogging Machine
Reaper Harvester
 Reaper-Windrower – A
harvesting machine used
to cut the standing crops
and lay them down on the
field in an orderly manners
in a row.
 A Reaper-Binders – A
harvesting machine use to
both cut and binds the
crops and afterwards lay
the stalks bundles on the
ground
 Stripper Harvester
 It is a machine that
combines harvesting and
threshing into a single
operation. It differs with the
combine in that it permits
the removal of grain directly
from the head or panicle
without cutting the stalks.
Combine Harvesters
 It a a self propelled
machine which harvest
and thresh the grain at the
same time to make it
ready for drying and
storage.
– Check-Row or Oriental-
Type
– Reel-Type or Western-
Type
 Rice Threshers
 A machine that separates
the rice grain from the
panicle.
– Hold-on or Thrown-In
– Axial Flow or Radial Flow
– Peg-Tooth, Wire Loop, or
Rasp Bar
– With or Without a Cleaner
or Mobile with cleaner
 Shellers
 Machine used to
separates seeds from the
cobs or pods.
– Corn Sheller
– Peanut Sheller
– Coffee Bean Sheller
– Coffee Sheller
 Grain Dryers
 Machine used to reduce
the moisture of the grain
from a level that is in
equilibrium with the
atmosphere or at about
14%.
– Flatbed Dryer
– Re-circulating Dryer
– Continuous Flow Dryer
– In Storage Bin Dryer
– Warehouse Dryer
– Flash Dryer
 Rice Mill
 Machine that is used to
convert paddy into milled
rice.
– Single Pass Rice Mill and
Multiple Pass Rice Mill
– Rubber Roll, Stone Disc,
Steel Flueted Mill, and
Centrifugal Huller
 Pumps
 Machine use to lift water at
a given flow rate and head.
– Axial Pump
– Centrifugal Pump
– Mixflow Pump
– Lift Pump
– Screw Pump
 Size Reduction
Equipment

 Machines use to reduce the

size of material in granular
or powdered form either by
cutting, shearing, impact or
their combinations.
– Hammer Mill
– Burr Mill
– Steel-Flueted Mill
 Biomass Shredder
 Machine used to reduce
the size of fibrous
materials and shattered its
fiber through impact action
of the beaters or hammers.
 Grain Storage
Equipment
 Equipment used to safely
store the grain
immediately after drying
without significant loss in
their quality.
– Bin and Silos
 Important Terms
 Effective field capacity - Actual rate of land
or crop processed in a given time.
 Theoretical field capacity -Rate of
performance obtained if a machine performs its
function 100% of the time at a given operating
speed using 100% of its theoretical width.
 Field efficiency - Ratio of effective field
capacity to field capacity, expressed in percent.
 Effective operating width - The width
over which the machine actually works. It
may be more or less than the measured
width of the machine.
 Theoretical operating width - The
measured width of the working portion of a
machine. For row crop machines, it is the
average row width times the number of rows.
 Functional efficiency - Ratio of the actual
effectiveness of a machine to its theoretical
effectiveness, expressed in percent.
Threshing efficiency of a combine is an
example of a functional efficiency.
Material Capacity - expressed in terms of
mass/time.

Throughput Capacity - is the time rate of

processing a total mass of material through a
machine (includes the straw, grains and
weeds).
 Field speed - Average rate of machine travel in the field
during an uninterrupted period of functional activity. For
example, functional activity would be interrupted when the
implement is raised out of the soil.
 Field time - The time a machines spends in the field
measured from the start of functional activity to the time
the functional activity for the field is completed.
 Economic life of machine - The useful service life of a
machine before it becomes unprofitable for its original
purpose due to obsolescence of wear.
 References
 AMDP. 1987. Handbook on Agricultural
Mechanization in the Philippines. AMDP.
College of Engineering and Agro-Industrial
Technology. U.P. at Los Banos, College,
Laguna.
 ASAE. ASAE Standards 1997. American Society
of Agricultural Engineers. 2960 Niles RoadSt.
Joseph, MI. USA.